Analysis of Bone Mineral Density, Biochemical Index and Nutrient Intakes of 30–70 Years Old Women -Based on 2011 KNHANES–

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2014;19(4):328-341

Publication date (electronic) : 2014 January 20

doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.4.328

Department of Home Economics, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea

^†Corresponding author Jae Ok Koo Department of Home Economic, Korea National Open University, Jonroku Dongsungdong 169, Seoul 110-791, Korea Tel: (02) 3668-4643 Fax: (02) 3668-4188 E-mail: cokoo@knou.ac.kr

This research was supported by grants from Korea National Open University 2013 the second half.

Received 2014 July 07; Revised 2014 August 01; Accepted 2014 August 05.

Abstract

Objectives

This study was carried out to investigate bone mineral density (BMD), blood pressure, age and biochemical index and nutrient intakes, and to analyze the relationship between BMD, blood pressure, biochemical index, nutrient intakes of Korean women.

Methods

The study subjects were 499 women with a age range of 30–79 years living in Seoul and Kyunggi area who participated in 2011 KNHANES. The study subjects were divided into 5 age groups: 30 years (145), 40 years (110), 50 years (102), 60 years (85) and 70 years (57), and 3 BMD groups: normal 258 (50.4%), osteopenia 163 (32.9%) and osteoporosis 78 (16.7%).

Results

The average waist circumference, BMI and body fat increased with age, but fat free mass decreased with age. Average BMD and T-score was decreased from 0.84, 0.74 g/cm² in 30 years to 0.05, −1.05 g/cm² in 70 years. The rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis increased significantly 22% in 30∼40 years, 47% in 50 years and 56% in 60∼70 years. Systolic blood pressure and cholesterol were significantly increased with age. The rates of hypertension was significantly increased 2.1% in 30 years, 30.4% in 50 years 89.5% in 70 years. Average nutrient intakes such as protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A and C were significantly decreased with age. There were significant negative correlations between age and calcium, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride.

Conclusions

In this study, we found the risk of osteoporosis and hypertension were significantly increase with over 50 years age. Calcium and protein intake decreased with age. Therefore, in order to prevent osteoporosis and hypertension, adult women need to be educated regarding the importance of protein, calcium and other nutrients in their diet.

Keywords: Bone mineral density; blood pressure; hypertension; osteoporosis; nutrient intake

Fig. 1.

The distribution of the BMD and hypertension of the subjects by the age categories

Table 1.

Socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects by age

Table 2.

Anthropometric characteristics and body composition of the study subjects by the age categories

Table 3.

Bone mineral density, T-score, blood pressure and biochemical variables by age

Table 4.

BMD of normal and risk of the subjects by age and T-score, blood pressure, cholesterol and triglyceride

Table 5.

Nutrients intake of the subjects by age

Table 6.

Food habits of the study subjects by the age categories

Table 7.

The correlation coefficients between BMD and anthro-pometrics, age, food habit and nutrients intakes

References

Chang HS. 2012;A study of nutrient intakes, blood lipids and bone mineral density according to obesity degree by percentage of body fat and age between male and female teacher in Jeonbuk province, Korea. Korean J Community Nutr 17(1):49–68.

Choi M, Kim MH. 2007;A study on bone mineral density, dietary habits and nutritional status of adult women in the three age groups. Korean J Food Cult 22(6):833–840.

Choi YJ, Im R, La SH, Choi MK. 2006;Correlation between nutrient intakes and bone mineral density in carpus of female university students. J Korean Diet Assoc 12(1):10–17.

Ferrara A, Barrett-Connor E, Shan J. 1997;Total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol decrease with age in older men and women. The Rancho Bernardo Study 1984–1994. Circulation 96(1):37–43.

Florence AT, Jean MP, Claude AR. 1996;Relative influence of age and menopause on total age and regional body composition changes in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175(6):1594–1600.

Garnero P, Delmas PD. 1996;New developments in biochemical markers for osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int59 Suppl 1:S2–S9.

Han GH, Lee JH, Ryff C, Marks N, Ok SH, Cha SE. 2003;Health status and health behavior of middle-aged Korean men and women: focused on gender and age-group differences. J Korean Home Econ Assoc 41(1):213–229.

Hong MS, Pak HO, Sohn CY. 2012;Comparative study of food behaviors and nutrients intake according to the bone mineral density of female university students. Korean J Food Nutr 25(1):156–162.

Jang JY, Chung HY, Hwang YC, Jeong IK, Ahn KJ, Kwon MK, Chon S, Oh S, Woo JT, Kim SW, Kim JW, Kim YS. 2008;Dietary calcium intake and bone metabolism in Korean postmenopausal women. Korean J Bone Metab 15(2):143–149.

Jeon GH, Kim SR, Kim SH, Chae HD, Kim CH, Kang BM. 2008;Prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in women in Kangwon provinece: geographical comparison study. Korean J Bone Metab 15(2):135–141.

Kang BM, Kim MR, Yoon BK, Lee BS, Chung HW, Choi H, Park HM, Kim JG. The Study Group of Menopause. 2007;The influence of exercise on bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women. J Korean Soc Menopause 13(2):131–136.

Kang TH, Park YK, Kim EH, Kim SM, Oh HJ. 2002;Spinal bone mineral density related with YSM in Korean menopausal women. J Korean Acad Fam Med 23(2):224–232.

Kim HJ. 2003;Research on relation of nutrients intake, health status, and bone mineral density in middle-aged women. J Korean Diet Assoc 9(4):307–315.

Kim JM. 2005;An analysis of related factors and nutrients intake affecting bone mineral density of college women in Daegu area. J Korean Diet Assoc 11(1):86–94.

Kim KR, Kim KH, Lee EK, Lee SS. 2000;A study on the factors affecting bone mineral density in adult women: besed on the mothers of elementary school students. Korean J Nutr 33(3):241–249.

Kim MS, Koo JO. 2007;Analysis of factors affecting bone mineral density with different age among adult women in Seoul area. Korean J Community Nutr 12(5):559–568.

Kim MS, Koo JO. 2008;Comparative analysis of food habits and bone density risk factors between normal and risk women living in the Seoul area. Korean J Community Nutr 13(1):125–133.

Koo JO. 2013;Association of bone mineral density and blood pressure, calcium intake among adult women in Seoul, Kyunggi area: based on 2011 KNHANES. Korean J Community Nutr 18(3):269–282.

Koo JO, Ahn HS, Yoo SY. 2008;Study of bone mineral density, body composition and dietary habits of 20∼30 years women. Korean J Community Nutr 13(4):489–498.

Koo JO, Park S. 2010;Analysis of BMI menopose, blood pressure and dietary habits affecting born mineral density of 30∼60 years women. Korean J Community Nutr 15(3):403–414.

Kwak HK, Kim MJ. 2009;Age-related circulating inflammatory markers and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Korean women. Korean J Community Nutr 14(4):451–461.

Lee EN. 2000;Comparison of bone mineral density and risk factors of osteoporosis between normal and rheumatoid arthritis in postmenopausal women. J Rheumatol Health 7(1):89–101.

Lee HJ, Choi MJ, Lee IK. 1996;The effect of anthropometric measurement and body composition on bone mineral density of Korean women in Taegu. Korean J Nutr 29(7):778–787.

Lee JS, Yu CH, Chung CE. 2006;Relation between milk consumption and bone mineral density of female college students in Korea. Korean J Nutr 39(5):451–459.

Lee JY, Jeong KA, Cha YJ, Kim HY. 2009;The relationship between body composition, serum lipid profile and bone mineral density in Korean women. J Korean Soc Osteoporos 7(3):159–167.

Lee KC, Yoon CH, Lee JB. 2005;Comparison of body weight and body mass index as predictors for osteoporosis among postmenopausal Korean women. J Korean Acad Fam Med 26(10):609–613.

Lee KG 2007. ): The correlation between bone mineral status and body composition, muscle strength, blood biochemical, and blood pressure in Korean women. Ph.D dissertation, Kyung Hee University, pp. 14–49.

Lee SH 2012. ): Association of bone mineral density with dietary intake and health-related behavior among Korean postmenopausal women. Ph.D dissertation, Myongji University, pp. 25–76.

Ley CJ, Lees B, Stevenson JC. 1992;Sex- and menopause-associated changes in body-fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutr 55(5):950–954.

McFarlane SI, Muniyappa R, Francisco R, Sowers JR. 2002;Clinical review 145: pleiotropic effects of statins: lipid reduction and beyond. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(4):1451–1458.

Meyer HE, S⊘gaard AJ, Falch JA, J⊘rgensen L, Emaus N. 2008;Weight change over three decades and the risk of osteoporosis in men: the Norwegian Epidemiological Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS). Am J Epidemiol 168(4):454–460.

Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2012. ): Korea Health Statistics 2011: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-2). Available from. http://knhanes.cdc.go.kr. [cited April 2, 2014].

Mun SO, Kim J, Yang YJ. 2013;Factors associated with bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women aged 50 years and above: using 2008–2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korean J Community Nutr 18(2):177–186.

Na HB. 2004;Factors affecting bone mineral density in Korean women by menopause. Korean J Community Nutr 9(1):73–80.

Nam TH, Oh DJ, Han SS, Cha SU, Kim YW. 1997;A preliminary research on osteoporosis in women before and after menopause. J Phys Educ Sport Sci 13:227–244.

Oh SI, Lee HS, Lee MS, Kim CI, Kwon IS, Park SC. 2002;Some factors affecting bone mineral status of postmenopausal women. Korean J Community Nutr 7(1):121–129.

Oh SI, Lee HS, Lee MS, Kim CI, Kwon IS, Park SC. 2003;Factors affecting bone mineral status of premenopausal women. Korean J Community Nutr 8(6):927–937.

Park JC, Kweon HJ, Oh YK, Do HJ, Oh SW, Lym YL, Choi JK, Joh HK, Cho DY. 2010;Association of the metabolic syndrome and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Korean J Fam Med 31(1):9–15.

Park SK, Cho YC. 2013;Relationship among serum lipid levels, obesity and blood pressure in health examined adult women. J Korean Acad Ind Coop Soc 14(9):4342–4348.

Philosophe R, Seibel MM. 1991;Menopause and cardiovascular disease. NAACOGS Clin Issu Perinat Womens Health Nurs 2(4):441–451.

Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Ades PA, Rosen CJ. 1997;Menopause-associated changes in plasma lipids, insulin-like growth factor I and blood pressure: a longitudinal study. Eur J Clin Invest 27(4):322–326.

Shin JH, Hwang YN, Kim WW, Kim HS, Song SW. 2007;The relationship between the level of serum lipids and bone metabolism among pre and postmenopausal women. Korean J Obes 16(4):162–169.

Son SM, Lee Y. 1998;Bone density of the middle aged women residing in urban area and the related factors: I. distribution of bone density according to age and the prevalence of osteoporosis in the middle aged women residing in urban area. Korean J Community Nutr 3(3):380–388.

Song YJ, Paik HY. 2002;Effect of dietary factors on bone mineral density in Korean college women. Korean J Nutr 35(4):464–472.

Statistics Korea 2012. ): The statistics of chronic disease 2011. Available from. http://www.kosis.kr. [cited March 15, 2014] Statistics Korea (2013): The statistics of life table 2012. Available from. http://www.kosis.kr. [cited March 12, 2014].

Sung CJ, Baek SK, Lee HS, Kim MH, Choi SH, Lee SY, Lee DH. 2001;A study of body anthropometry and dietary factors affecting bone mineral density in Korean pre- and postmenopausal women. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 30(1):159–167.

Swezey RL. 1996;Exercise for osteoporosis–is walking enough? The case for site specificity and resistive exercise. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 21(23):2809–2813.

Uusi-Rasi K, Sievänen H, Pasanen M, Oja P, Vuori I. 2002;Associations of calcium intake and physical activity with bone density and size in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study. J bone Miner Res 17(3):544–552.

Yeon JY, Sung CJ. 2011;A study on dietary mineral intakes, urinary mineral excretions, and bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women. Korean J Community Nutr 16(5):569–579.

Yoon EH, Noh H, Lee HM, Hwang HS, Park HK, Park YS. 2012;Bone mineral density and food-frequency in Korean adults: the 2008 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korean J Fam Med 33(5):287–295.

You MH, Son BS, Park JA, Kim JO, Yang WH. 2004;Patterns of bone mineral density of adult women and its causal factors in Suwon, Korea. Korean J Sanit 19(3):71–80.

Youk JI 2004. ): Female bone mineral density in an Urban Area and its relation with contributing factors. Master thesis, Chungnam National University, pp. 26–30.

Yu CH, Lee JS, Lee L, Kim SH, Lee SS, Jung IK. 2002;Nutritional factors related to bone mineral density in the different age groups of Korean women. Korean J Nutr 35(7):779–790.

Yu CH, Lee YS, Lee JS. 1998;Some factors affecting bone density of Korean college women. Korean J Nutr 31(1):36–45.

Article information Continued

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Fig. 1.

The distribution of the BMD and hypertension of the subjects by the age categories

Table 1.

Socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects by age

		30 − 39	40 − 49	50 − 59	60 − 69	70 ≥	Total	F or χ²-value
		(145)	(110)	(102)	(85)	(57)	(499)	F or χ²-value
Age		35.18 ±	44.5 ±	54.13 ±	64.28 ±	74.58 ±	54.5 ±	2,026.132∗∗∗
Age		0.23¹⁾	0.28	0.29	0.33	0.42	0.38	2,026.132∗∗∗
Education Level	Elementary	1 (60.7)²⁾	8 (67.3)	22 (21.6)	45 (52.9)	40 (70.2)		253.112∗∗∗
	Middle	2 (61.4)	7 (66.4)	23 (22.5)	14 (16.5)	7 (12.3)
	High	50 (34.5)	51 (46.4)	34 (33.3)	19 (22.4)	10 (17.5)
	University	92 (63.4)	44 (40.0)	23 (22.5)	7 (68.2)	0
Marital status	Married, cohabitation	131 (90.3)	95 (86.4)	85 (83.3)	61 (71.8)	27 (47.4)		154.326∗∗∗
	Married, Separated	1 (60.7)	1 (60.9)	0	1 (61.2)	0
	Separation by death	0	4 (63.6)	5 (64.9)	21 (24.7)	29 (50.9)
	Divorce	0	4 (63.6)	9 (68.8)	1 (61.2)	1 (61.8)
	Unmarried	13 (69.0)	6 (65.5)	3 (62.9)	1 (61.2)	0
Occupation	Office worker	33 (22.8)	24 (21.8)	16 (15.7)	2 (62.4)	1 (61.8)		975.705∗∗∗
	Service	20 (13.8)	35 (31.8)	36 (35.3)	16 (18.8)	4 (67.0)
	Housewife	92 (63.4)	50 (45.5)	46 (45.1)	63 (74.1)	48 (84.2)
	Farmers and fisherman	0	1 (60.9)	4 (63.9)	4 (64.7)	4 (67.0)
Monthly income (10,000won)	< 100	4 (62.8)	5 (64.5)	8 (67.9)	26 (30.6)	26 (45.6)
	100 − < 200	18 (12.4)	19 (17.3)	20 (19.6)	14 (16.5)	9 (15.8)		108.935∗∗∗
	200 − < 300	31 (21.4)	23 (20.9)	19 (18.6)	17 (20.0)	6 (10.5)
	300 − < 400	34 (23.4)	17 (15.5)	11 (10.8)	8 (69.4)	6 (10.5)
	≥ 400	58 (40.0)	46 (41.8)	44 (43.1)	20 (23.5)	10 (17.6)
No. of family Member	1 − 2	7 (64.8)	5 (64.5)	25 (24.5)	38 (44.7)	28 (49.1)		112.121∗∗∗
	3 − 4	107 (73.8)	94 (85.5)	63 (61.8)	39 (45.9)	17 (29.8)
	5 ≥	31 (21.4)	11 (10.0)	14 (13.7)	8 (69.4)	12 (21.1)

¹⁾

Mean ± SD 2) N (%) ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 2.

Anthropometric characteristics and body composition of the study subjects by the age categories

	30 − 39 (145)	40 − 49 (110)	50 − 59 (102)	60 − 69 (85)	70 (57) ≥	Total (499)	F or χ²-value
Height (cm)	160.1 1± 0.41¹⁾	157.45 ± 0.48	156.62 ± 0.5	155.0 1± 0.61	150.72 ± 0.59	156.86 ± 0.26	138.967∗∗∗
Weight (kg)	156.41 ± 0.75	157.56 ± 0.81	157.95 ± 0.75	159.17 ± 0.84	157.5 1± 1.1	157.57 ± 0.37	N.S
Waist circumference (cm)	173.44 ± 0.67	175.15 ± 0.73	178.06 ± 0.86	182.42 ± 0.91	184.86 ± 1.13	177.6 1± 0.41	130.364∗∗∗
BMI, kg/cm²	121.99 ± 0.27	123.21 ± 0.3	123.64 ± 0.3	124.61 ± 0.3	125.29 ± 0.44	123.42 ± 0.15	116.369∗∗∗
Fat free mass (kg)	132.39 ± 0.49	132.16 ± 0.44	133.12 ± 0.56	134.13 ± 0.59	135.13 ± 0.75	133.1 1± 0.25	113.221∗
Fat mass (kg)	118.81 ± 0.49	117.96 ± 0.39	119.41 ± 0.54	119.98 ± 0.5	119.87 ± 0.69	119.06 ± 0.23	112.471∗
Body fat (%)	132.39 ± 0.49	132.16 ± 0.44	133.12 ± 0.56	134.13 ± 0.59	135.13 ± 0.75	133.11 ± 0.25	114.069∗∗
Menopause No	106 (73.1)²⁾	80 (72.7)	38 (37.3)	15 (17.6)	0		115.199∗∗∗
Yes	39 (26.9)	30 (27.3)	64 (62.7)	70 (82.4)	57 (100.0)
BMI Underweight (BMI < 18.5)	10 (16.9)	3 (12.7)	2 (12.0)	1 (11.2)	0		171.256∗∗∗
Normal (BMI = 18.5 − 23)	95 (65.5)	55 (50.0)	45 (44.1)	22 (25.9)	15 (126.3)
Overweight (BMI = 23 − 25)	13 (19.0)	27 (24.5))	25 (24.5)	28 (32.9)	18 (131.6)
Obesity (BMI > 25.0)	27 (18.6)	25 (22.7)	30 (29.4)	34 (40.0)	24 (142.1)

¹⁾

Mean ± SD 2) N (%) ∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 3.

Bone mineral density, T-score, blood pressure and biochemical variables by age

		30 − 39 (145)	40 − 49 (110)	50 − 59 (102)	60 − 69 (85)	70 (57) ≥	Total (499)	F-value
BMD (g/cm²)	Total femur	990.84 ± 0.01¹⁾	990.86 ± 0.01	990.84 ± 0.01	990.78 ± 0.01	990.74 ± 90.02	990.82 ± 0.01	14.127∗∗∗²⁾
	Femora neck	990.71 ± 0.01	990.72 ± 0.01	990.79 ± 0.01	990.64 ± 0.01	990.62 ± 90.02	990.69 ± 0.01	14.386∗∗∗
	Lumbar spine	990.95 ± 0.01	990.98 ± 0.02	990.91 ± 0.01	990.82 ± 0.02	990.81 ± 90.02	990.91 ± 0.01	20.867∗∗∗
T-score	Total femur	990.04 ± 0.08	990.13 ± 0.1	9−0.17 ± 0.09	9−0.74 ± 0.11	9−1.05 ± 90.14	9−0.24 ± 0.05	23.298∗∗∗
	Femora neck	9−0.06 ± 0.08	9−0.68 ± 0.11	9−1.03 ± 0.09	9−1.64 ± 0.11	9−1.96 ± 90.14	9−1.04 ± 0.05	30.305∗∗∗
	Lumbar spine	9−0.26 ± 0.09	9−0.13 ± 0.11	9−0.88 ± 0.1	9−1.56 ± 0.14	9−1.72 ± 90.19	9−0.75 ± 0.06	35.984∗∗∗
Blood pressure	Systolic (mmHg)	104.83 ± 0.87	111.94 ± 1.27	120.94 ± 1.74	129.73 ± 1.93	135.32 ± 92.23	117.41 ± 0.82	67.012∗∗∗
Blood pressure	Diastolic (mmHg)	970.21 ± 0.62	974.12 ± 0.88	977.52 ± 0.91	979.18 ± 0.99	976.71 ± 91.35	974.84 ± 0.42	18.123∗∗∗
Total -cholesterol (mg/dL)		180.82 ± 2.91	193.30 ± 3.01	199.68 ± 2.95	201.89 ± 3.62	195.72 ± 95.59	192.72 ± 1.56	97.217∗∗∗
Triglyceride (mg/dL)		991.23 ± 5.10	105.45 ± 5.20	126.44 ± 8.66	146.18 ± 8.85	160.47 ± 11.79	118.83 ± 3.44	13.935∗∗∗
Vitamin D (µg)		913.91 ± 0.41	913.27 ± 0.41	915.31 ± 0.67	915.03 ± 0.61	915.86 ± 91.3	914.44 ± 0.27	92.897∗
Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)		194.33 ± 5.15	195.89 ± 4.63	234.14 ± 6.31	249.83 ± 7.52	255.52 ± 14.25	216.12 ± 3.23	21.529∗∗∗

1) Mean ± SD

2) Significantly different between groups by ANOVA ∗: p < 0.05, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 4.

BMD of normal and risk of the subjects by age and T-score, blood pressure, cholesterol and triglyceride

30 − 39 (145)			40 − 49 (110)			50 − 59 (102)			60 − 69 (85)			70 (57) ≥			Total (499)			F-value
Normal (109)	Osteop-enia (32)	Osteoporosis (4)	Normal (77)	Osteop-enia (29)	Osteoporosis (4)	Normal (41)	Osteop-enia (53)	Osteoporosis (8)	Normal (21)	Osteop-enia (30)	Osteoporosis (34)	Normal (10)	Osteop-enia (19)	Osteoporosis (28)	Normal (258)	Osteop-enia (163)	Osteoporosis (78)	F-value
T-score Total femur 990.32 ± 990.08¹⁾	9–0.70 ± 990.12	9–1.45 ± 990.39	990.53 ± 990.10	9–0.65 ± 990.11	9–1.98 ± 990.15 9 9	990.47 ± 990.10	9–0.49 ± 990.09	9–1.35 ± 990.28	990.39 ± 990.10	9–0.73 ± 990.12	9–1.45 ± 990.14	990.33 ± 990.16	9–0.71 ± 990.16	9–1.79 ± 990.12	990.41 ± 990.05	9–0.63 ± 990.05	9–1.59 ± 990.09	259.947∗∗∗
Femora neck 9–0.25 ± 990.08	9–1.59 ± 990.10	9–1.87 ± 990.56	9–0.22 ± 990.11	9–1.62 ± 990.09	9–2.76 ± 990.15 9 9	9–0.28 ± 990.10	9–1.42 ± 990.08	9–2.33 ± 990.23	9–0.36 ± 990.09	9–1.70 ± 990.09	9–2.37 ± 990.12	9–0.48 ± 990.23	9–1.66 ± 990.16	9–2.68 ± 990.11	9–0.26 ± 990.05	9–1.57 ± 990.05	9–2.47 ± 990.69	349.571∗∗∗
Lumar spine 990.09 ± 990.09	9–1.18 ± 990.14	9–2.37 ± 990.19	990.25 ± 990.11	9–0.84 ± 990.12	9–2.22 ± 991.03 9 9	9–0.11 ± 990.10	9–1.26 ± 990.11	9–2.31 ± 990.35	9–0.15 ± 990.12	9–1.44 ± 990.14	9–2.54 ± 990.18	9–0.28 ± 990.17	9–1.25 ± 990.18	9–2.56 ± 990.26	990.07 ± 990.05	9–1.2 9± 990.06	9–2.59 ± 990.14	281.027∗∗∗
pressureSystolic 105.22 ± Blood 990.98	102.03 ± 991.99	108.25 ± 994.61	112.06 ± 991.6	110.17 ± 992.33	109.75 ± 993.82 1 9	120.59 ± 992.43	121.42 ± 992.70	114.50 ± 995.34	126.81 ± 993.18	130.73 ± 993.74	129.76 ± 992.83	138.60 ± 994.66	133.53 ± 994.29	133.82 ± 993.13	113.06 ± 990.96	119.32 ± 991.59	127.84 ± 992.01	922.632∗∗∗
Diastolic971.10 ± 990.67	968.31 ± 991.54	971.00 ± 995.24	974.26 ± 991.14	973.45 ± 991.56	72.50 ± 993.30 9 9	977.54 ± 991.40	977.89 ± 991.43	974.13 ± 993.31	979.29 ± 991.84	978.40 ± 991.60	979.06 ± 991.71	979.20 ± 993.55	976.05 ± 992.56	975.11 ± 991.85	973.99 ± 990.55	975.25 ± 990.79	976.75 ± 991.09	992.809
Total -cholesterol (mg/dL) 180.18 ± 993.42	182.41 ± 996.84	188.50 ± 912.63	193.51 ± 993.74	197.86 ± 995.52	158.75 ± 998.12 2 9	200.49 ± 994.73	200.22 ± 994.34	194.00 ± 911.95	208.05 ± 997.50	201.00 ± 996.82	198.38 ± 996.48	211.40 ± 910.43	178.53 ± 999.65	201.79 ± 998.05	190.29 ± 992.11	194.00 ± 992.73	196.62 ± 994.21	991.025
Triglyceride (mg/dL) 989.09 ± 995.67	998.38 ± 912.43	992.25 ± 928.78	101.70 ± 995.86	120.48 ± 911.85	968.50 ± 915.41 1 9	128.29 ± 916.52	125.70 ± 910.66	121.88 ± 936.42	155.33 ± 920.23	139.57 ± 912.40	146.35 ± 914.95	182.90 ± 912.93	134.79 ± 911.23	169.89 ± 921.99	108.11 ± 994.48	123.02 ± 995.39	145.53 ± 911.25	997.649∗∗

¹⁾

Mean ± SD ∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 5.

Nutrients intake of the subjects by age

	30 − 39 (140)	40 − 49 (100)	50 − 59 (97)	60 − 69 (77)	70 (55) ≥	Total (469)	F-value
Energy (kcal)	1,822.10 ± 963.16¹⁾	1,841.86 ± 974.73	1,651.03 ± 960.15	1,614.71 ± 956.40	1,324.94 ± 966.68	1,698.58 ± 931.01	97.383²⁾∗∗∗
Water (g)	1,015.45 ± 952.93	1,890.05 ± 946.31	1,861.50 ± 950.13	1,804.45 ± 962.48	1,488.66 ± 940.17	1,860.45 ± 925.08	10.334∗∗∗
Protein (g)	1,569.40 ± 992.82	1,565.30 ± 993.08	1,558.24 ± 992.64	1,554.40 ± 992.69	1,540.41 ± 992.42	1,560.35 ± 991.37	12.096∗∗∗
Carbohydrate (g)	1,289.74 ± 910.35	1,308.75 ± 913.25	1,285.18 ± 910.32	1,293.83 ± 910.23	1,251.79 ± 912.82	1,289.07 ± 995.24	92.323
Fat (g)	1,542.18 ± 992.24	1,539.14 ± 992.73	1,531.22 ± 992.20	1,527.08 ± 992.25	1,518.86 ± 991.89	1,534.05 ± 991.14	13.111∗∗∗
Crud fiber (g)	1,956.48 ± 990.38	1,957.36 ± 990.48	1,957.08 ± 990.47	1,957.23 ± 990.53	1,955.17 ± 990.50	1,956.76 ± 990.21	94.902∗∗
Calcium (mg)	1,532.03 ± 927.08	1,512.46 ± 929.19	1,444.39 ± 924.66	1,448.90 ± 931.96	1,351.43 ± 931.97	1,474.88 ± 913.32	94.902∗∗
Phosphorus (mg)	1,127.66 ± 942.39	1,117.45 ± 943.67	1,013.41 ± 938.45	1,000.42 ± 944.78	1,766.05 ± 940.89	1,038.56 ± 920.28	98.244∗∗∗
Iron (mg)	1,512.85 ± 990.60	1,914.39 ± 990.77	1,512.85 ± 990.66	1,512.91 ± 990.96	1,959.04 ± 990.76	1,912.74 ± 990.34	94.974∗∗
Sodium(mg)	4,215.37 ± 190.19	4,707.83 ± 302.02	4,300.07 ± 289.71	4,179.94 ± 341.21	3,299.53 ± 332.50	4,224.67 ± 125.72	92.428∗
Potassium (mg)	2,886.09 ± 116.17	2,957.96 ± 141.28	2,775.27 ± 125.16	2,698.19 ± 160.45	1,853.61 ± 127.82	2,726.56 ± 962.46	97.364∗∗∗
Vitamin A (µgRE)	1,832.33 ± 961.91	1,854.08 ± 959.04	1,824.13 ± 126.81	1,653.37 ± 977.15	1,475.76 ± 117.59	1,764.07 ± 939.48	92.54∗
Thiamine (mg)	1,951.24 ± 990.50	1,951.22 ± 990.06	1,951.04 ± 990.05	1,951.09 ± 990.06	1,950.89 ± 990.07	1,951.12 ± 990.03	98.031∗∗∗
Riboflavin (µg)	1,951.26 ± 990.06	1,951.22 ± 990.06	1,951.04 ± 990.05	1,950.92 ± 990.06	1,950.69 ± 990.06	1,951.08 ± 990.03	13.467∗∗∗
Niacin (µg)	1,515.84 ± 990.63	1,515.59 ± 990.71	1,514.17 ± 990.67	1,512.96 ± 990.66	1,958.84 ± 990.50	1,514.15 ± 990.32	12.983∗∗∗
Vitamin C (mg)	1,129.99 ± 910.46	1,122.25 ± 999.96	1,113.87 ± 998.76	1,107.79 ± 911.43	1,558.87 ± 996.19	1,113.09 ± 994.73	95.239∗∗∗

¹⁾

Mean ± SD ∗: p < 0.05, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 6.

Food habits of the study subjects by the age categories

		30 − 39	40 − 49	50 − 59	60 − 69	70 ≥	Total	χ²-value
		(140)	(100)	(97)	(77)	(55)	(469)	χ²-value
Eating breakfast	Yes	111 (79.3)¹⁾	83 (83.0)	83 (85.6)	73 (94.8)	51 (92.7)	401	12.561∗
Eating breakfast	No	29 (20.7)	17 (17.0)	14 (14.4)	4 (65.2)	4 (67.2)	68	12.561∗
Eating lunch	Yes	131 (93.6)	94 (94.0)	94 (96.9)	73 (94.8)	52 (94.5)	444	61.390
Eating lunch	No	9 (66.4)	6 (66.0)	3 (63.1)	4 (65.2)	3 (65.5)	25	61.390
Eating dinner	Yes	136 (97.1)	94 (94.0)	94 (96.9)	73 (94.8)	53 (96.4)	450	62.003
Eating dinner	No	4 (62.9)	6 (66.0)	3 (63.1)	4 (65.2)	2 (63.6)	19	62.003
Healthy food	Yes	57 (40.7)	49 (49.0)	60 (61.9)	44 (57.1)	29 (52.7)	239	11.889∗
Healthy food	No	83 (59.3)	51 (51.0)	37 (38.1)	33 (42.9)	26 (47.3)	230	11.889∗
Frequency of eating out	5∼6 times over/week	31 (22.1)	26 (26.0)	26 (26.8)	2 (62.6)	1 (61.8)	86	84.198∗∗∗
	3∼4 time/week	12 (68.6)	15 (15.0)	7 (67.2)	5 (66.5)	2 (63.6)	41
	1∼4 time/month	94 (67.1)	54 (54.0)	50 (51.5)	56 (72.7)	32 (58.2)	286
	Not at all	3 (62.1)	5 (65.0)	14 (14.4)	14 (18.2)	20 (36.4)	56
Frequency of fried food intake	4∼6 times/week	0	2 (62.0)	0	1 (61.3)	2 (63.6)	5	94.859∗∗∗
	2∼3 times/week	11 (67.9)	4 (64.0)	2 (62.1)	1 (61.3)	1 (61.8)	19
	1 times/week	107 (76.4)	61 (61.0)	47 (48.4)	22 (28.6)	15 (27.3)	252
	Not at all	22 (15.7)	33 (33.0)	48 (49.5)	53 (68.8)	37 (67.3)	193

¹⁾

N (%)

^∗

: p < 0.05, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 7.

The correlation coefficients between BMD and anthro-pometrics, age, food habit and nutrients intakes

Correlation coefficients (r)
Anthropometrics and body composition	Height	−0.315∗∗
	Weight	−0.230∗∗
	Waist circumference	−0.062
Age and food habits	BMI	−0.063
	SBP	−0.213∗∗
	DBP	−0.052
	Total -cholesterol	−0.010
	Triglyceride	−0.113∗
	ALP	−0.320∗∗
	Vitamin D	−0.068
	Age	−0.456∗∗
	Whether or not eat breakfast	−0.052
	Healthy food	−0.045
	Frequency of eating out	−0.174∗∗
	Frequency of fried food intake	−0.125∗∗
Nutrient intake	Energy	−0.059
	Water	−0.137∗∗
	Protein	−0.171∗∗
	Fat	−0.206∗∗
	Carbohydrate	−0.067
	Crude fiber	−0.018
	Calcium	−0.109∗
	Phosphors	−0.106∗
	Iron	−0.060
	Sodium	−0.088
	Potassium	−0.077
	Vitamin A	−0.131∗∗
	Thiamine	−0.097∗
	Riboflavin	−0.155∗∗
	Niacin	−0.138∗∗
	Vitamin C	−0.056

^∗

: p < 0.05, ∗∗: p < 0.01