Milk Intake is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome - Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2010

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2012;17(6):795-804

Publication date (electronic) : 2012 December 31

doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.795

Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hyojee Joung, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Daehak-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. Tel: (02) 880-2716, Fax: (02) 762-9105, hjjoung@snu.ac.kr

Received 2012 October 11; Revised 2012 December 18; Accepted 2012 December 20.

Abstract

This study aimed to examine associations between milk intake and metabolic syndrome. The subjects included 1,928 males and 3,103 females, aged 19 to 64 years, from the data of 'The Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2007-2010'. Daily intake of milk and dairy products was obtained by a 24 hour dietary recall method and divided into two categories by equivalent weight of one serving. The average individual intakes of milk and dairy products were 59.4 g and 74.1 g per day respectively. Milk intake was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.54~0.89), central obesity (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62~0.91), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.59~0.90). The total intake of dairy products was also inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.60~0.92), central obesity (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62~0.86), hypertension (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65~0.99). The association between intakes of milk and dairy products and metabolic syndrome was significant in women, but not in men. These results indicate that increased consumption of milk and its products is associated with a reduced likelihood of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome risk factors. Further research on causal relationship and dose-response association between milk intake and metabolic syndrome risk is necessary prior to applying the observed results in nutrition policies and programs to prevent the metabolic syndrome.

Keywords: milk; dairy products; cardiovascular disease; metabolic syndrome

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Fig. 1

Flow Chart for the criteria used in selection of the subjects.

Fig. 2

Distribution of subjects according to dairy intake categories.

Table 1

Comparison of characteristics between subjects with and without metabolic syndrome

1) Experience of drinking alcohol in lifetime

2) Cigarette smoking more than 5 packs in lifetime

3) 3 times a week for at least 20 minutes of vigorous intensity exercise

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by χ²-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test

Table 2

Comparison of characteristics between two categories of subjects by dairy intake

See Table 1 for definitions of demographic and life style variables

Table 1

Comparison of characteristics between subjects with and without metabolic syndrome

1) Presence of at least three among the five metabolic risk factors (NCEP ATP III 2001 definition)

2) Body mass index ≥ 25kg/m²

3) Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm(man), ≥ 80 cm (woman)

4) Fasting plasma triacylglycerol ≥ 150 mg/dL

5) Fasting plasma HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL (man), < 50 mg/dL (woman)

6) Blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg

7) Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL

^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by χ²-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test

Table 3

Odds ratios (95% C.I.) for metabolic syndrome and risk factors according to dairy intakes obtained from 24 hour recall method

See Table 2 for definitions of metabolic syndrome and risk factors

Table 2

Comparison of characteristics between two categories of subjects by dairy intake

Confounding variables include age, sex, family income, smoking, drinking and daily energy intake

1) Odds ratio and 95% CI were obtained using binary logistic regression

2) The number of metabolic syndrome risk factors, Odds ratio and 95% CI were obtained using ordinal logistic regression

Table 4

Odds ratios (95% C.I.) for metabolic syndrome and risk factors according to the frequency of milk intake obtained from food frequency questionnaire method

See Table 3 for definitions of variables.

Table 3

Odds ratios (95% C.I.) for metabolic syndrome and risk factors according to dairy intakes obtained from 24 hour recall method

Confounding variables include age, sex, family income, smoking, drinking and daily energy intake