Warning: mkdir(): Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 81

Warning: fopen(upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-09.txt): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 83

Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 84
Validation of Food Security Measures for the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey


Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.

Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.

Validation of Food Security Measures for the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2011;16(6):771-781
Publication date (electronic) : 2011 December 31
doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.771
Kirang Kim, Seo Ah Hong, Sung Ok Kwon1), Bo Youl Choi, Ga-Young Kim1), Se-Young Oh1)
Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University, College of Medicine, Institute for Community Health, Seoul, Korea.
1)Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
Corresponding author: Se-Young Oh, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoigi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea. Tel: (02) 961-0649, Fax: (02) 959-0649, seyoung@khu.ac.kr
Received 2011 October 01; Revised 2011 October 24; Accepted 2011 December 02.

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of food security measures, which was developed based on the US household food security survey module (US HFSSM) with content validity in the Korean population. The reliability and validity were assessed by internal consistency, construct validity and criterion-related validity. The study included 446 households. Among those, 46.2% were households with children. The proportion of food insecure households was 33.3%. Among those, 35.4% and 64.6% households were food insecure with hunger and without hunger, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.84 and the infit value by the Rasch model analysis ranged from 0.68 to 1.43. The scale item response curves by food insecurity severity explained well the nature and characteristics of food security, indicating the highest proportion of "yes" for the items on diet quality, followed by those with diet quantity. The result of criterion-related validity showed that food insecurity status was significantly related in a dose-response manner with the household income level, food expenditure, subjective health state, subjects' educational level. Household food security status was also related to dietary diversity regarding protein foods, fruits and fruit juice, and milk and dairy product. These findings suggest that the food security instrument is reliable and valid and would be used to assess food security status in the Korean population.

Keywords: food security; validity; reliability; measurement; KNHANES

Notes

This research was supported by grants from the Korean Center of Disease and Control(Project No. 2010E0075600, Principal investigator, Se-Young Oh).

References

1. Core indicators of nutritional state for difficult-to-sample populations. J Nutr 1990. 120Suppl 11. 1559–1600.
2. Coates J, Frongillo EA, Rogers BL, Webb P, Wilde PE, Houser R. Commonalities in the experience of household food insecurity across cultures: what are measures missing? J Nutr 2006. 136(5)1438S–1448S.
3. Connell CL, Nord M, Lofton KL, Yadrick K. Food security of older children can be assessed using a standardized survey instrument. J Nutr 2004. 1342566–2572.
4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2001 2002a. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations;
5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Measurement and assessment of food deprivation and undernutrition. International Scientific Symposium 2002b. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations;
6. Frongillo EA. Validation of measures of food insecurity and hunger. J Nutr 1999. 129506S–509S.
7. Frongillo EA, Nanama S. Development and validation of an experience-based measure of household food insecurity within and across seasons in Northern Burkina Faso. J Nutr 2006. 136(5)1409S–1419S.
8. Gonzalez W, Jimenez A, Madrigal G, Munõoz LM, Frongillo EA. Development and validation of measure of household food insecurity in urban costa rica confirms proposed generic questionnaire. J Nutr 2008. 138587–592.
9. Gulliford MC, Nunes C, Rock EB. The 18 household food security survey items provide valid food security classifications for adults and children in the Caribbean. BMC Public Health 2006. 626.
10. Habicht JP, Pelto G, Frongillo EA, Rose D. Conceptualization and instrumentation of food insecurity. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Measurement of Food Insecurity and Hunger 2004. Washington DC: National Academy Press;
11. Hamilton WL, Cook JT, Thompson WW, Buron LF, Frongillo EA, Olson CM, Wehler CA. Household food security in the United States in 1995. Summary report of the food security measurement project 1997. Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture;
12. Jeong JH, Hwang DS, Kum JH, Lee BH, Park CY. A study on the working poor in Korea. Report no. 2005-03 2005. Seoul: Korea Labor Institute;
13. Kendall A, Olson CM, Frongillo EA. Validation of the Radimer/Cornell measures of hunger and food insecurity. J Nutr 1995. 1252793–2801.
14. Kim K, Hong SA, Kim MK. Nutritional status and food insufficiency of Korean population through the life-course by education level based on 2005 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Korean J Nutr 2008. 41(7)667–681.
15. Kim K, Kim MK. Development and validation of food security measure. Korean J Nutr 2009. 42(4)374–385.
16. Kim K, Kim MK, Shin YJ. Household food insecurity and its characteristics in Korea. Health Soc Welf Rev 2009. 29(2)268–292.
17. Kim K, Kim MK, Shin YJ, Lee SS. Factors related to household food insecurity in the Republic of Korea. Public Health Nutr 2011. 14(6)1080–1087.
18. Korea Health Industry Development Institute. Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, In depth analysis - Nutrition survey 2003. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare;
19. Korea Health Industry Development Institute. The third(2005) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, In depth analysis - Nutrition survey 2007. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare;
20. Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intake for Koreans 2010. Seoul: Hanarum; 23–553.
21. Kwon SO, Oh SY. Associations of household food insecurity with socioeconomic measures, health status and nutrient intake in low income elderly. Korean J Nutr 2007. 40(8)762–768.
22. Lee HJ, Kim MG, Noe DM, Kang SH, Son BD, You JY, Lim WS. The structure of poverty in Korea. Report no. 2006-10 2006. Seoul: Korean Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Ministry of Health and Welfare;
23. Linacre JM. A user's guide to WINSTEPS MINISTEPS: Rasch model computer programs 2004. Chicago: Winsteps.com;
24. Melgar-Quinonez HR, Zubieta AC, MkNelly B, Nteziyaremye A, Gerardo MF, Dunford C. Household food insecurity and food expenditure in Bolivia, Burkina Faso, and the Philippines. J Nutr 2006. 136(5)1431S–1437S.
25. Wunderlich GS, Norwood JL, eds. National Research Council. Food insecurity and hunger in the United States: An assessment of the measure. Panel to Review U.S. Department of Agriculture's Measurement of Food Insecurity and Hunger. Committee on National Statistics, Division of Behaviroal and Social Science and Education 2006. Washington DC: The National Academies Press;
26. Nord M, Andrews M, Carlson S. Household Food Security in the United States in 2005 2006. Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture;
27. Nord M, Andrews M, Carlson S. Household Food Security in the United States in 2007 2008. Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture;
28. Nord M, Bickel G. Measuring children's food security in US household, 1995-99 2002. Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service;
29. Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2.2, Nutrition (2004) - Income-related household food security in Canada. Health Canada. Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Health Products and Food Branch 2007. cited 2011 January 5. Ottawa, Ontario: Available from http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/collection_2007/hc-sc/H164-42-2007-1E.pdf.
30. Oh S-Y, Hong MJ. Food security is associated with dietary intake and body size of Korean children from low-income families in urban area. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003. 57(12)1598–1604.
31. Oh S-Y, Kim K, Kwon SO, Hong SA. Development and validation of Korean food security measures 2010. Seoul: Center for Disease Control & Prevention;
32. Pérez-Escamilla R, Segall-Corra AM, Kurdian Maranha L, Sampaio Md, Marin-Leon L, Panigassi G. An adapted version of the US department of agriculture food insecurity module is a valid tool for assessing household food insecurity in campinas. J Nutr 2004. 1341923–1928.
33. Radimer KL, Olson CM, Campbell CC. Development of indicators to assess hunger. J Nutr 1990. 120Suppl 11. 1544–1548.
34. Shim JS, Oh K, Nam CM. Association of household food security with dietary intake - Based on the third (2005) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III). Korean J Nutr 2008. 41(2)174–183.
35. Swindale A, Bilinsky P. Development of a universally applicable household food insecurity measurement tool: Process, current status, and outstanding issues. J Nutr 2006a. 1361449S–1452S.
36. Swindale A, Bilinsky P. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) for measurement of household food access: Indicator guide 2006b. cited 2010 May 5. Available from http://www.fantaproject.org/publications.
37. Temple JB. Severe and moderate forms of food insecurity in Australia: are they distinguishable? Aust J Soc Issues 2008. 43649–668.
38. US Department of Agriculture. Guide to measuring household food security 2000. Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture;
39. Webb P, Coates J, Frongillo EA, Rogers BL, Swindale A, Bilinsky P. Measuring household food insecurity: why it's so important and yet so difficult to do. J Nutr 2006. 136(5)1404S–1408S.
40. Wilde PE. Differential response patterns affect food-security prevalence estimates for households with and without children. J Nutr 2004. 1341910–1915.

Article information Continued

Copyright © 2011 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Assessment of food security questionnaire severity according to household income

1='Worried food would run out before we got money to buy more.', 2='Food bought didn't last and we didn't have money to get more.', 3='Couldn't afford to eat balanced meals.', 4='Adult cut size of meals or skipped meals.', 5='Respondent ate less than felt he/she should.', 6='Respondent hungry but didn't eat because couldn't afford.', 7='Respondent lost weight.', 8='Adult did not eat for whole day.', 9='Relied on few kinds of low-cost food to feed children.', 10='Couldn't feed children balanced meals.', 11='Children were not eating enough.', 12='Cut size of children's meals.', 13='Children skipped meals.', 14='Children were hungry but didn't eat because couldn't afford.', 15='Children did not eat for whole day.', Questions of 4-1, 8-1, and 13-1 indicate 'how often.'

Table 1

General characteristics of household

Table 1

Values are N (%)

Table 2

Household food security status

Table 2

Table 3

Sensitivity and specificity of food insufficiency questionnaire with food security status by the developed questionnaire

Table 3

Values are N (%)

Table 4

Meeting degree coefficient after elimination of questions

Table 4

Table 5

Infit mean square using Rasch model

Table 5

Table 6

Relations of household food security status with socioeconomic status and level of subjective health state

Table 6

Values are Mean ± SE

a, b: Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 by Tukey's test

1) General linear model test

Table 7

Relations of household food security status with variety score of diet

Table 7

Values are Mean ± SE

a, b: Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 by Tukey's test

1) Rices, noodles, rice cakes for soups and breads

2) Cereals(corn flake), potatoes, Muk(Korean jellied food), Korean glass noodles, nuts, and rice cakes

3) General linear model test