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A Study on the Health and Nutritional Characteristics according to Household Income and Obesity in Korean Adults Aged over 50 -Based on 2005 KNHANES-


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A Study on the Health and Nutritional Characteristics according to Household Income and Obesity in Korean Adults Aged over 50 -Based on 2005 KNHANES-

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2012;17(4):463-478
Publication date (electronic) : 2012 August 31
doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.4.463
So Hyun Ahn, Sook Mee Son, Hye Kyeong Kim
Department of Food Science & Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea.
Corresponding author: Hye-Kyeong Kim, Department of Food Science & Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, 43-1 Yeokgok 2-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Korea. Tel: (02) 2164-4314, Fax: (02) 2164-4314, hkyeong@catholic.ac.kr
Received 2012 May 25; Revised 2012 July 21; Accepted 2012 July 30.

Abstract

This study investigated the health and nutritional characteristics according to household income level and obesity in Koreans aged over 50 years based on the 2005 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were classified into 3 groups by average household income with reference to the minimum monthly living expenses (MLE): low (n = 319, < 100% MLE), middle (n = 222, < 200% MLE), high (n = 411, ≥ 200% MLE) and each group was compared by BMI index. With increasing income level, the prevalence of systolic hypertension and hyperlipidemia was increased. In the low income group, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose were higher in the obese compared with the normal. In the middle and high income groups, the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and diastolic hypertension were higher in the obese. Subjects had nutritional imbalance, such as inadequate intake of calcium and potassium. With increasing income level, the percentages of protein and fat to total calorie were increased in addition to the intakes and density of nutrients. The obese in the low income group had higher intakes of energy, protein, phosphorus and higher consumption frequency of cereals and potatoes compared with the normal. It was shown that the obese of the middle and high income groups tended to have lower consumption frequency of Korean cabbage and higher frequency of fruits. The obese of high income group also had binge drinking habit. Therefore, this study suggests that specific approaches based on economic status should be considered in developing nutrition education program for the elderly.

Keywords: elderly; income; nutritional status; obesity

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Article information Continued

Copyright © 2012 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

Table 1

General characteristics of subjects

Table 1

1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001)

2) Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)

3) Pure alcohol intake (g/time) : a glass of Soju = 45 g, alcohol concentration in a glass of soju-20%, quantity of pure alcohol in a glass of Soju = 45 × 0.2 = 9 g

4) N (%)

5) The degree of usual activity

  1. Stable status : almost lying down or spending a sedentary life

  2. Light : a white-collar worker, a office manager, a technical worker, a housewife do light household cores or a worker in a similar position

  3. Moderate : a housewife doing heavy household chores

  4. Hard : who works in farming, fishing, civil engineering, building industry or something like this

  5. Severe : a very heavy blue-collar worker such as transporting wooden or an athlete and so on.

Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.

Table 2

Anthropometric measurement and biochemical factors of subjects

Table 2

1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001)

2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)

3) BMI (kg/m2) = weight (kg)/height (m2), 4) ALT = Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L), GPT, 5) AST = Aspartate transminase, GOT (IU/L), 6) BUN = Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL), 7) HDL = low density lipoprotein, 8) LDL (low density lipoprotein) = Total cholesterol-HDL-cholesterol-Triglyceride/5, 9) Total cholesterol/HDL = Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, 10)

FBS = Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)

Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.

Table 3

Distribution of the subjects according to anthropometric measurement and biochemical factors of subjects

Table 3

1) N (%): by χ2-test among the income groups (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001)

2) N (%): by χ2-test between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001)

3) N (%): by χ2-test between normal and obesity in each income group (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)

Table 4

Nutrient intakes of subjects

Table 4

1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group.

2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)

Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.

Table 5

Nutrient intakes per 1000kcal of subjects

Table 5

1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group.

2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)

Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.

Table 6

Proportion of nutrients intake of subjects

Table 6

1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group.

2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)

3) N (%): †: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001, χ2-test

4) The subjects consuming below 75% EER (estimated energy requirement) and below EAR (estimated average requirement) in Ca, Fe, Vit A, riboflavin.

5) The subjects consuming over 125% EER and beyond optimal proportion of fat to energy.

Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.

Table 7

Food consumption frequency of subjects

Table 7

1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001)

2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)

Score: 3 times/day = 3.0, 2 times/day = 2.0, 1 time/day = 1.0, 4-6 times/week = 0.71, 2-3 times/week = 0.36, 1 time/week = 0.14, 2-3 times/month = 0.09, 1 time/month = 0.04, 6-11 times/year = 0.02, seldom = 0

Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.