Associations between Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Consumption Frequencies of Vitamin D Rich Foods in Korean Adults and Older Adults

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2014;19(2):122-132

Publication date (electronic) : 2014 April 30

doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.122

Areum Yu , Jihye Kim , Oran Kwon ¹, Se-young Oh ², Junghyun Kim ³, Yoon Jung Yang ⁴

Department of Clinical Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 136-714, Korea.

¹Department of Food and Nutrition, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.

²Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.

³Department of Home Economics Education, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea.

⁴Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 136-714, Korea.

Corresponding author: Yoon Jung Yang. Department of Food and Nutrtion, Dongduk Women's University, 13 Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-714, Korea. Tel: (02) 940-4465, Fax: (02) 940-4193, yjyang@dongduk.ac.kr

Received 2013 November 25; Revised 2014 January 13; Accepted 2014 March 30.

Abstract

Objectives

This study was conducted to investigate the vitamin D status and to determine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods in Korean adults and older adults.

Methods

Subjects were 10,374 adults and 2,792 older adults participating in the 2008-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods were estimated by using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Eleven food items such as beef, egg, mackerel, tuna, yellow corvina, pollack, anchovy, mushroom, milk, yogurt, and ice cream were selected as vitamin D rich foods based on previous research.

Results

The proportions of deficiency (< 12 ng/mL), inadequacy (12-20 ng/mL) and sufficiency (≥ 20 ng/mL) of serum 25(OH)D concentrations from June to November and December to May in adults were 8.8%, 42.3%, 48.8%, and 28.2%, 52.8%, 19.1%, respectively. The proportions of deficiency, inadequacy and sufficiency of serum 25 (OH)D concentrations from June to November and December to May in older adults were 10.1%, 32.4%, 57.5%, and 24.1%, 45.4%, 30.5%, respectively. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in adults were positively related to the consumption frequencies of mackerel, anchovy, all fish, milk and milk·dairy products. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in older adults were positively related to the consumption frequencies of yellow corvina and negatively related to the consumption frequencies of ice cream.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that Korean adults were more deficient in serum 25(OH)D concentrations than older adults. The consumption of vitamin D rich foods may affect vitamin D status in Korean adults. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Keywords: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; Vitamin D Rich Foods; Adults; Older Adults; KNHANES

Notes

The research was supported by a grant (12162KFDA155) from Korea Food & Drug Administration in 2012.

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Article information Continued

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Funded by : Korea Food & Drug Administration in 2012

Award ID : 12162KFDA155

Fig. 1

Means of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations by month.

Fig. 2

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status by season.

Table 1

Characteristics of the subjects according to the quintiles of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations by season in Korean adults aged 19 to 64 years

1) Mean ± SD for each quartile: 12.05 ± 0.07, 16.53 ± 0.04, 20.02 ± 0.03, 24.12 ± 0.05, 31.33 ± 0.16

2) Analysis of variance for continuous variables and and chi-square test for categorical variables

3) Mean ± SD for each quartile: 9.15 ± 0.07, 12.41 ± 0.03, 14.99 ± 0.03, 18.06 ± 0.04, 24.63 ± 0.16

4) Mean ± SD

5) N (%)

Table 2

Characteristics of the subjects according to the quintiles of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations by season in Korean older adults aged 65 and older years

1) Mean ± SD for each quartile: 11.91 ± 0.23, 17.89 ± 0.09, 22.12 ± 0.08, 26.77 ± 0.09, 33.90 ± 0.27 ng/mL

2) Analysis of variance for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables

3) Mean ± SD for each quartile: 9.28 ± 0.18, 13.50 ± 0.06, 16.73 ± 0.08, 20.58 ± 0.10, 27.70 ± 0.30 ng/mL

4) Mean ± SD

5) N (%)

Table 3

Regression coefficient (95% CI) for association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and daily consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods by season in Korean adults aged 19 to 64 years

Adjusted for age, sex, sunlight exposure time, supplement use

Table 4

Adjusted for age, sex, sunlight exposure time, supplement use