Warning: mkdir(): Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 81

Warning: fopen(upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-11.txt): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 83

Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 84
Vitamin D intake, Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-OH Vitamin D Concentrations of Korean Postmenopausal Women by Season and by Age


Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.

Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.

Vitamin D intake, Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-OH Vitamin D Concentrations of Korean Postmenopausal Women by Season and by Age

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2015;20(2):120-128
Publication date (electronic) : 2015 April 30
doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.2.120
Jin-Sook Yoon, Min-Kyoung Song
Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.
Corresponding author: Jin-Sook Yoon. Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, 1000 Shindang-dong, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Korea. Tel: (053) 580-5873, Fax: (053) 580-5885, jsook@kmu.ac.kr
Received 2015 March 24; Revised 2015 April 24; Accepted 2015 April 28.

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine the relative impact of seasonal differences and age on dietary vitamin D intakes, outdoor activity time and serum vitamin D status among Korean postmenopausal women.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 164 free-living postmenopausal women (mean age=55.4 years) in Daegu, Korea. Dietary intake, daily physical activity patterns and fasting blood samples were collected during summer and winter. We compared the results from 75 women during summer and 89 women during winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24-hour recall method. Daily outdoor activity time was derived from physical activity diary.

Results

The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants was 3.7 µg during summer, 3.3 µg during winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. The average time spent on outdoor activities was not significantly different between summer (=35.1 ± 75.0 min/d) and winter (=48.5 ± 76.8 min/d). The average serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentrations of participants was 17.5 ± 7.5 ng/mL in the summer and 13.4 ± 4.3 ng/mL in the winter, showing no significant differences by season. Dietary intake of vitamin D was not related to age. When total subjects were divided into two groups by age, the average serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentration was significantly higher in older group (p=0.047) and time spent on outdoor activities was also (p=0.018) significantly higher in the older group.

Conclusions

In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean postmenopausal women, nutrition education programs should focus more on adequate intake of vitamin D, while maintaining enough outdoor activities over the season.

Keywords: postmenopausal women; vitamin D intake; 25-OH-vitamin D; outdoor activities

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Reserch Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST 2010-0241)

References

1. Adams JS, Clemens TL, Parrish JA, Holick MF. Vitamin-D synthesis and metabolism after ultraviolet irradiation of normal and vitamin-D-deficient subjects. N Engl J Med 1982;306(12):722–725.
2. Baker MR, Peacock M, Nordin BE. The decline in vitamin D status with age. Age Ageing 1980;9(4):249–252.
3. Binkley N, Krueger D, Drezner MK. Low vitamin D status: time to recognize and correct a Wisconsin epidemic. WMJ 2007;106(8):466–472.
4. Buchanan JR, Santen R, Cauffman S, Cavaliere A, Greer RB, Demers LM. The effect of endogenous estrogen fluctuation on metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Calcif Tissue Int 1986;39(3):139–144.
5. Cinar N, Harmanci A, Yildiz BO, Bayraktar M. Vitamin D status and seasonal changes in plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in office workers in Ankara, Turkey. Eur J Intern Med 2014;25(2):197–201.
6. Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, Arnaud S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Meunier PJ. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int 1997;7(5):439–443.
7. Choi EY. 25(OH)D status and demographic and lifestyle determinants of 25(OH)D among Korean adults. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2012;21(4):526–535.
8. Choi SH, Lee DJ, Kim KM, Kim BT. Association between seasonal changes in vitamin D and Bone mineral density. J Korean Soc Menopause 2011;17(2):88–93.
9. Darling AL, Hart KH, Gibbs MA, Gossiel F, Kantermann T, Horton K, Johnsen S, Berry JL, Skene DJ, Eastell R, Vieth R, Lanham-New SA. Greater seasonal cycling of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased parathyroid hormone and bone resorption. Osteoporos Int 2014;25(3):933–941.
10. Dattani JT, Exton-Smith AN, Stephen JM. Vitamin D status of the elderly in relation to age and exposure to sunlight. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1984;38(2):131–137.
11. Dawson-Hughes B. Racial/ethnic considerations in making recommendations for vitamin D for adult and elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(6):1763S–1766S.
12. Devgun MS, Paterson CR, Johnson BE, Cohen C. Vitamin D nutrition in relation to season and occupation. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34(8):1501–1504.
13. Holick MF. Mccollum award lecture, 1994: vitamin D-new horizons for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60(4):619–630.
14. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357(3):266–281.
15. Kim HB, Park JG. A study on the solar UVA and UVB doses at Kongju. Korean J Dermatol 1987;25(1):16–24.
16. Kluczynski MA, Lamonte MJ, Mares JA, Wactawski-Wende J, Smith AW, Engelman CD, Andrews CA, Snetselaar LG, Sarto GE, Millen AE. Duration of physical activity and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of postmenopausal women. Ann Epidemiol 2011;21(6):440–449.
17. Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans Seoul, Korea: 2010. p. 590–592.
18. Lamberg-Allardt C. Vitamin D intake, sunlight exposure and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in the elderly during one year. Ann Nutr Metab 1984;28(3):144–150.
19. Lee MK, Yoon BK, Chung HY, Park HM. The serum vitamin D nutritional status and its relationship with skeletal status in Korean postmenopausal women. Korean J Obstet Gynecol 2011;54(5):241–246.
20. Lim HJ, Kim JI. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in wintertime in premenopausal working women. Korean J Nutr 2006;39(7):649–660.
21. Lim HJ. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and associated factors in premenopausal working women. Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(1):79–90.
22. Lips P, Chapuy MC, Dawson-Hughes B, Pols HAP, Holick MF. An international comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements. Osteoporos Int 1999;9(5):394–397.
23. Lund B, Sørensen OH. Measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum and its relation to sunshine, age and vitamin D intake in the Danish population. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1979;39(1):23–30.
24. MacLaughlin J, Holick MF. Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest 1985;76(4):1536–1538.
25. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Dannenberg MJ, Hollis BW, Lu Z, Holick MF. Clothing prevents ultraviolet-B radiationdependent photosynthesis of vitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75(4):1099–1103.
26. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Hollis BW. Use of topical sunscreen for the evaluation of regional synthesis of vitamin D3. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22(5 Pt 1):772–775.
27. Ministy of Health and Welfare & Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea health statistics 2010: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1) Seoul: Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 2012. p. 341–434.
28. Moon SJ, Kim JH. The effects of vitamin D status on bone mineral density of Korean adults. Korean J Nutr 1998;31(1):46–61.
29. Park HM, Kim JG, Choi WH, Lim SK, Kim GS. The vitamin D nutritional status of postmenopausal women in Korea. Korean J Bone Metab 2003;10(1):47–55.
30. Park SY, Yim CH, Kim SH, Han KO, Yoon HK. Changes of serum parathyroid hormone and bone turnover status according to serum vitamin D levels in Korean postmenopausal women. Korean J Bone Metab 2008;15(1):17–24.
31. Scragg R, Camargo CA. Frequency of leisure-time physical activity and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in the US population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168(6):577–586.
32. Thuesen B, Husemoen L, Fenger M, Jakobsen J, Schwarz P, Toft U, Ovesen L, Jørgensen T, Linneberg A. Determinants of vitamin D status in a general population of Danish adults. Bone 2012;50(3):605–610.
33. Van Dam RM, Snijder MB, Dekker JM, Stehouwer CD, Bouter LM, Heine RJ, Lips P. Potentially modifiable determinants of vitamin D status in an older population in the Netherlands: the Hoorn Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(3):755–761.
34. Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: Exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67(2):373–378.
35. Webb AR, Pilbeam C, Hanafin N, Holick MF. An evaluation of the relative contributions of exposure to sunlight and of diet to the circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in an elderly nursing home population in Boston. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51(6):1075–1081.
36. World Health Organization. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis (WHO Technical Report Series 843) Geneva, Switzerland: 1994. p. 5–6.
37. Yoon JS, Song MK. Seasonal differences in outdoor activity time and serum 25-(OH) vitamin D status of Korean young women. Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(3):231–240.

Article information Continued

Copyright © 2015 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Funded by : Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
Award ID : MEST 2010-0241

Table 1

Physical characteristics of subjects by season

Table 1

1) p-value: Independent sample t-test

2) Mean±SD

3) Range of values indicates (minimum~maximum).

4) Body mass index

5) Bone mineral density

Table 2

Bone health status of subjects by season

Table 2

1) T-score ≥ -1.0

2) N (%)

3) -1.0 < T-score < -2.5

4) NS: statistically not significant by chi-square test

5) T-score ≤ -2.5

Table 3

Daily energy and nutrients intake of subjects by season

Table 3

1) %KDRIs mean % EER (Estimated energy requirement) for energy; %AI (Adequate intake) for Na, vitamin D, % RNI (Recommended nutrient intake) for other nutrients.

2) p-value: Independent sample t-test

3) Mean±SD

4) Range of values indicates (minimum~maximum).

Table 4

Time spent on outdoor activities by season

Table 4

1) p-value: Independent sample t-test.

2) Mean±SD

Table 5

Serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentrations by season

Table 5

1) Mean±SD

2) p-value: Independent sample t-test

3) Vitamin D status: classified by Holick (2007)

4) N (%)

5) p-value: chi-square test

Table 6

Comparison of BMD, dietary intake, serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D and outdoor activities by age groups

Table 6

1) p-value: Independent sample t-test

2) Mean±SD