Comparison of 24-hour Recalls with a Food Frequency Questionnaire in Assessing Coffee Consumption: The Health Examinees (HEXA) Study

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2020;25(1):48-60

Publication date (electronic) : 2020 January 20

doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.48

An Na Kim ¹⁾, Jiyoung Youn ¹⁾, Hyun Jeong Cho ¹⁾, Taiyue Jin ¹⁾, Sangah Shin ²⁾, Jung Eun Lee ³⁾^,⁴⁾^,

¹⁾Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Student

²⁾Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, Professor

³⁾Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Professor

⁴⁾The Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Professor

^†Corresponding author Jung Eun Lee Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08226, Korea Tel: (02) 880-6834 Fax: (02) 884-0305 E-mail: jungelee@snu.ac.kr

Received 2019 December 06; Revised 2020 February 13; Accepted 2020 February 14.

Abstract

Objectives

Most cohort studies used food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to evaluate coffee consumption as it assesses habitual dietary patterns, whereas some studies have used the 24-hour recalls (24HR) as it elicits in-depth description of foods and the amount eaten. The aim of this study was to compare FFQs and 24HR to assess the consumption of various types of coffee

Methods

We included 25,904 participants aged 40 years or older from the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study (KoGES). Each participant completed one FFQ and one-day (n=11,280) or two-day 24HR (n=14,624). We classified coffee types into: black coffee, coffee with sugar and cream, and coffee with sugar alone or cream alone. We compared the proportions of nondrinkers, black coffee, and coffee with sugar and cream through FFQ and 24HR.

Results

Among those who completed one FFQ and one-day 24HR, 39.4% of “nondrinkers” on one-day 24HR reported that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Whereas among those who complete two-day 24HR, 71.2% of “nondrinkers” on two-day 24HR said that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Among those who completed one FFQ and one-day 24HR, 58.3% marked “black coffee” on one-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. Among those who complete two-day 24HR, 58.8% marked “black coffee” on two-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. The kappa coefficients and percent agreements were 0.4 and 59.6%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and one-day 24HR, and 0.6 and 72.8%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and two-day 24HR.

Conclusions

We found discrepancies between FFQs and 24HR in the types of coffee consumed. Such limitations should be considered when using the 24HR data to examine the effect of coffee consumption on disease development.

Keywords: coffee; comparison; food frequency questionnaire; 24-hour recalls; the Health Examinees study

Fig. 1.

Difference in proportions of types of coffee consumed by dietary assessment instrument: FFQ or one-day 24 HR Abbreviations: FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; 24 HR, 24-hour recall

Fig. 2.

Difference in proportions of types of coffee consumed by dietary assessment instrument: FFQ or two-day 24 HR Abbreviations: FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; 24 HR, 24-hour recall

Table 1.

General characteristics of the study population according to the responses to dietary assessment instruments

Table 2.

General characteristics of the study population according to the type of coffee consumed by one-day 24-hour recall

Table 3.

General characteristics of the study population according to the type of coffee consumed by two-day 24-hour recall

Table 4.

General characteristics of the study population according to the type of coffee consumed from food frequency questionnaire

Table 5.

Agreement of types of coffee between food frequency questionnaire and one-day 24-hour recall

Table 6.

Agreement of types of coffee between food frequency questionnaire and two-day 24-hour recall

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Article information Continued

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Fig. 1.

Difference in proportions of types of coffee consumed by dietary assessment instrument: FFQ or one-day 24 HR Abbreviations: FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; 24 HR, 24-hour recall

Fig. 2.

Difference in proportions of types of coffee consumed by dietary assessment instrument: FFQ or two-day 24 HR Abbreviations: FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; 24 HR, 24-hour recall

Table 1.

General characteristics of the study population according to the responses to dietary assessment instruments

Variables	Subject with FFQ⁴⁾ and one-day 24HR^1),4) (n=11,280) S	Subject with FFQ and two-day 24HR²⁾ (n=14,624)
Age (years old)	52.8 ± 998.1	53.5 ± 998.2
Sex
Men	3,886 (34.5)	4,571 (31.3)
Women	7,394 (65.5)	10,053 (68.7)
Education level³⁾
Under middle school	1,315 (11.8)	1,745 (12.1)
High school	5,850 (52.7)	7,921 (55.1)
College or more	3,941 (35.5)	4,723 (32.8)
BMI^3),4) (kg/m²)
< 18.5	262 (92.3)	308 (92.1)
18.5∼ < 23	4,514 (40.0)	5,808 (39.7)
23∼ < 25	2,957 (26.2)	4,011 (27.4)
≥ 25	3,546 (31.4)	4,496 (30.8)
Smoking status
Never	7,978 (70.7)	10,835 (74.1)
Former	1,724 (15.3)	2,112 (14.5)
Current	1,578 (14.0)	1,673 (11.4)
Alcohol drinking
Never	5,647 (50.0)	7,780 (53.2)
Former	368 (93.3)	497 (93.4)
Current	5,265 (46.7)	6,343 (43.4)
Regular exercise
No	5,558 (49.3)	6,851 (46.9)
Yes	5,722 (50.7)	7,769 (53.1)
Dietary intake from FFQ³⁾
Total energy (kcal/d)	1,706.1 ± 539.0	1,717.5 ± 546.3
Carbohydrate (% energy)	70.9 ± 997.2	71.2 ±99 7.1
Protein (% energy)	13.5 ± 992.6	13.4 ± 992.5
Fat (% energy)	14.6 ± 995.6	14.4 ±99 5.6

n (%) or Mean ± SD 1) Participants completed one-day 24HR and FFQ. 2) Participants completed two-day 24HR and FFQ. 3) A few participants did not provide information. 4) Abbreviations: FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; 24HR, 24-hour recall; BMI, body mass index

Table 2.

General characteristics of the study population according to the type of coffee consumed by one-day 24-hour recall

Variables	Types of coffee						P-value¹⁾
Variables	Nondrinkers (n=4,998)	Black coffee only²⁾ (n=1,870)	Coffee with sugar only²⁾ (n=501)	Coffee with cream only²⁾ (n=30)	Coffee with sugar and cream or 3-in-1 coffee only²⁾ (n=3,551) C	Combinations of four types of coffee²⁾ (n=330)	P-value¹⁾
Age (years old)	53.5 ± 998.1	51.6 ±99 8.1	1 54.6 ± 997.9	53.7 ±99 8.4	52.5 ± 998.1	50.1 ± 997.5	< .0001
Sex
Men	1,718 (34.4)	536 (28.7)	142 (28.3)	8 (26.7)	1,389 (39.1)	93 (28.2)	< .0001
Women	3,280 (65.6)	1,334 (71.3)	359 (71.7)	22 (73.3)	2,162 (60.9)	237 (71.8)
Education level³⁾
Under middle school	674 (13.7)	147 (8.0)	78 (15.9)	1 (83.5)	388 (11.1)	27 (88.3)	< .0001
High school	2,593 (52.8)	861 (46.5)	296 (60.3)	11 (37.9)	1,950 (55.7)	139 (42.6)
College or more	1,643 (33.5)	842 (45.5)	117 (23.8)	17 (58.6)	1,162 (33.2)	160 (49.1)
BMI^3),4) (kg/m²)
< 18.5	131 (82.6)	38 (82.0)	10 (82.0)	3 (10.0)	73 (82.1)	8 (82.4)	0.0091

18.5∼ < 23	2,021 (40.4)	785 (42.0)	178 (35.5)	13 (43.3)	1,370 (38.6)	147 (44.4)
23∼ < 25	1,300 (26.0)	463 (24.8)	148 (29.5)	9 (30.0)	949 (26.7)	88 (26.8)
≥ 25	1,546 (30.9)	584 (31.2)	165 (33.0)	5 (16.7)	1,159 (32.6)	87 (26.4)
Smoking status
Never	3,614 (72.3)	1,366 (73.0)	367 (73.3)	21 (70.0)	2,371 (66.8)	239 (72.4)	< .0001
Former	757 (15.1)	273 (14.6)	62 (12.4)	5 (16.7)	573 (16.1)	54 (16.4)
Current	627 (12.6)	231 (12.4)	72 (14.3)	4 (13.3)	607 (17.1)	37 (11.2)
Alcohol drinking
Never	2,666 (53.3)	896 (47.9)	246 (49.1)	14 (46.7)	1,658 (46.7)	167 (50.6)	< .0001
Former	171 (83.5)	59 (83.2)	16 (83.2)	2 (86.6)	112 (83.2)	8 (82.4)
Current	2,161 (43.2)	915 (48.9)	239 (47.7)	14 (46.7)	1,781 (50.1)	155 (47.0)
Regular exercise
No	2,499 (50.0)	874 (46.7)	234 (46.7)	13 (43.3)	1,789 (50.4)	149 (45.2)	0.0408
Yes	2,499 (50.0)	996 (53.3)	267 (53.3)	17 (56.7)	1,762 (49.6)	181 (54.9)
Dietary intake from FFQ 3),4)
Total energy (kcal/d)	1,680.7 ± 540.1 1	1,737.2 ± 554.4	4 1,647.6 ± 491.1 1	,698.5 ± 485.4	1,735.2 ± 538.7	1,690.4 ± 483.4	< .0001
Carbohydrate (% energy)	71.2 ± 997.3	69.8 ± 997.4	4 72.0 ± 996.9	69.8 ± 998.5	70.9 ± 996.8	70.3 ±99 6.8	< .0001
Protein (% energy)	13.5 ± 992.7	13.9 ± 992.6	6 13.5 ± 992.4	14.1 ± 993.0	13.2 ± 992.4	13.4 ± 992.3	< .0001
Fat (% energy)	14.1 ± 995.7	15.4 ± 995.8	8 13.7 ± 995.5	15.3 ± 996.4	14.9 ± 995.3	15.4 ± 995.5	< .0001

Table 3.

General characteristics of the study population according to the type of coffee consumed by two-day 24-hour recall

Variables	Types of coffee						P-value¹⁾
Variables	Nondrinkers (n=3,497)	Black coffee only²⁾ (n=2,715)	Coffee with sugar only²⁾ (n=602)	Coffee with cream only²⁾ (n=29)	Coffee with sugar and cream or 3-in-1 coffee only²⁾ (n=4,701) C	Combinations of four types of coffee²⁾ (n=3,080)	P-value¹⁾
Age (years old)	55.7 ± 888.1	51.8 ± 887.7	54.5 ± 887.7	54.0 ± 887.6	53.5 ±88 8.2	52.2 ± 888.1	< .0001
Sex
Men	940 (26.9)	721 (26.6)	150 (24.9)	7 (24.1)	1,829 (38.9)	924 (30.0)	< .0001
Women	2,557 (73.1)	1,994 (73.4)	452 (75.1)	22 (75.9)	2,872 (61.1)	2,156 (70.0)
Education level³⁾
Under middle school	582 (17.0)	197 (87.3)	93 (15.7)	1 (83.6)	597 (12.9)	275 (89.0)	< .0001
High school	1,949 (57.1)	1,307 (48.8)	377 (63.6)	12 (42.9)	2,688 (58.1)	1,588 (52.2)
College or more	885 (25.9)	1,177 (43.9)	123 (20.7)	15 (53.5)	1,345 (29.0)	1,178 (38.7)
BMI^3),4) (kg/m²)
< 18.5	105 (83.0)	50 (81.8)	7 (81.2)	1 (83.5)	83 (81.8)	62 (82.0)	< .0001
18.5∼ < 23	1,522 (43.5)	1,100 (40.5)	209 (34.7)	11 (37.9)	1,811 (38.5)	1,155 (37.5)
23∼ < 25	946 (27.1)	714 (26.3)	172 (28.6)	7 (24.1)	1,277 (27.2)	895 (29.1)
≥ 25	923 (26.4)	851 (31.4)	214 (35.5)	10 (34.5)	1,530 (32.6)	968 (31.4)
Smoking status
Never	2,837 (81.1)	2,079 (76.6)	462 (76.7)	21 (72.4)	3,158 (67.2)	2,278 (74.0)	< .0001
Former	449 (12.9)	395 (14.6)	70 (11.6)	3 (10.3)	773 (16.4)	422 (13.7)
Current	209 (86.0)	240 (88.8)	70 (11.6)	5 (17.2)	770 (16.4)	379 (12.3)
Alcohol drinking
Never	2,322 (66.4)	1,312 (48.3)	333 (55.3)	15 (51.7)	2,309 (49.1)	1,489 (48.4)	< .0001
Former	139 (84.0)	84 (83.1)	26 (84.3)	2 (86.9)	164 (83.5)	82 (82.7)
Current	1,034 (29.6)	1,318 (48.6)	243 (40.4)	12 (41.4)	2,228 (47.4)	1,508 (49.0)
Regular exercise
No	1,557 (44.5)	1,182 (43.6)	281 (46.7)	12 (41.4)	2,360 (50.2)	1,459 (47.4)	< .0001
Yes	1,938 (55.5)	1,532 (56.4)	321 (53.3)	17 (58.6)	2,341 (49.8)	1,620 (52.6)	< .0001
Dietary intake from FFQ^3),4)
Total energy (kcal/d)	1,624.6 ± 523.0	1,746.8 ± 603.6	1,713.8 ± 509.7 1	,687.7 ± 453.3	1,745.6 ± 515.0	1,755.5 ± 561.3	< .0001
Carbohydrate (% energy)	72.8 ± 887.0	70.1 ± 887.4	71.6 ± 887.2	67.8 ±88 7.8	71.2 ± 886.8	70.5 ± 886.9	< .0001
Protein (% energy)	13.2 ± 882.5	13.9 ± 882.7	13.5 ±88 2.6	14.1 ± 882.7	13.2 ± 882.4	13.4 ± 882.4	< .0001
Fat (% energy)	12.8 ± 885.5	15.2 ± 885.8	13.9 ± 885.5	17.2 ± 885.9	14.6 ± 885.4	15.2 ± 885.5	< .0001

n (%) or Mean ± SD 1) P-value was evaluated by ANOVA for continuous variables and by the chi-square test for categorical variables P < 0.05. 2) Participants either only consumed one type of coffee or consumed a combination of different types of coffee (represented as combinations of four types of coffee) from 24 HR. 3) A few participants did not provide information. 4) Abbreviations: FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; BMI, body mass index

Table 4.

General characteristics of the study population according to the type of coffee consumed from food frequency questionnaire

Variables	Types of coffee					P-value¹⁾
Variables	Nondrinkers (n=5,029)	Black coffee (n=5,154)	Coffee with sugar (n=2,323)	Coffee with cream (n=207)	Coffee with sugar and cream (n=13,191)	P-value¹⁾
Age (years old)	55.5 ± 888.0	51.5 ± 887.8	54.1 ± 888.0	53.0 ± 888.4	52.8± 888.2	< .0001
Sex
Men	1,232 (24.5)	1,297 (25.2)	708 (30.5)	72 (34.8)	5,148 (39.0)	< .0001
Women	3,797 (75.5)	3,857 (74.8)	1,615 (69.5)	135 (65.2)	8,043 (61.0)
Education level²⁾
Under middle school	895 (18.2)	409 (88.0)	327 (14.3)	9 (84.4)	1,420 (10.9)	< .0001
High school	2,710 (55.2)	2,464 (48.4)	1,326 (57.9)	105 (51.0)	7,166 (55.2)
College or more	1,309 (26.6)	2,223 (43.6)	637 (27.8)	92 (44.7)	4,403 (33.9)
BMI^2),3) (kg/m²)
< 18.5	174 (83.5)	106 (82.1)	34 (81.5)	6 (82.9)	250 (81.9)	< .0001
18.5∼ < 23	2,271 (45.2)	2,011 (39.0)	841 (36.2)	80 (38.7)	5,119 (38.8)
23∼ < 25	1,330 (26.5)	1,387 (26.9)	653 (28.1)	59 (28.5)	3,539 (26.8)
≥ 25	1,253 (24.9)	1,650 (32.0)	795 (34.2)	62 (29.9)	4,282 (32.5)
Smoking status
Never	4,188 (83.3)	4,002 (77.6)	1,684 (72.5)	142 (68.6)	8,797 (66.7)	< .0001
Former	571 (11.4)	694 (13.5)	339 (14.6)	32 (15.5)	2,200 (16.7)
Current	268 (85.3)	458 (88.9)	300 (12.9)	33 (15.9)	2,192 (16.6)
Alcohol drinking
Never	3,448 (68.6)	2,530 (49.1)	1,133 (48.8)	93 (44.9)	6,223 (47.2)	< .0001
Former	187 (83.7)	155 (83.0)	87 (83.8)	8 (83.9)	428 (83.3)
Current	1,392 (27.7)	2,469 (47.9)	1,103 (47.5)	106 (51.2)	6,538 (49.6)
Regular exercise
No	2,279 (45.3)	2,243 (43.5)	1,070 (46.1)	96 (46.4)	6,721 (51.0)	< .0001
Yes	2,748 (54.7)	2,911 (56.5)	1,253 (53.9)	111 (53.6)	6,468 (49.0)
Dietary intake from FFQ^2),3)
Total energy (kcal/d)	1,574.3 ± 500.0	1,688.1 ± 571.9	1,706.6 ± 548.7	1,760.6 ± 623.0	1,775.0 ± 534.5	< .0001
Carbohydrate (%) energy	72.9 ± 887.3	69.9 ± 887.5	71.6 ± 887.1	69.3 ± 888.0	70.8 ±88 6.7	< .0001
Protein (% energy)	13.3 ± 882.6	14.2 ± 882.6	13.5 ±88 2.5	13.9 ± 883.0	13.2 ± 882.4	< .0001
Fat (% energy)	12.6 ± 885.7	15.1 ± 885.8	13.9 ± 885.5	15.9 ± 886.0	15.0 ±88 5.3	< .0001

n (%) or Mean ± SD 1) P-value was evaluated by ANOVA for continuous variables and by the chi-square test for categorical variables P < 0.05. 2) A few participants did not provide information. 3) Abbreviations: FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; BMI, body mass index

Table 5.

Agreement of types of coffee between food frequency questionnaire and one-day 24-hour recall

Coffee intake assessed from FFQ³⁾	Coffee intake assessed from one-day 24HR³⁾						% Agreement¹⁾	Cohen's kappa²⁾
Coffee intake assessed from FFQ³⁾	Nondrinkers only	Black coffee only	Coffee with sugar only	Coffee with cream only	Coffee with sugar and cream or 3-in-1 coffee only	Combination s of four types of coffee	% Agreement¹⁾	Cohen's kappa²⁾
Nondrinkers	1,971 (39.4)	34 (81.8)	8 (81.6)	2 (86.7)	81 (82.3)	4 (81.2)	59.6	0.4
Black coffee, 1 or more cups per day	801 (16.0)	1,090 (58.3)	50 (10.0)	11 (36.7)	234 (86.6)	68 (20.6)
Coffee with sugar, 1 or more cups per day	343 (86.9)	105 (85.6)	383 (76.5)	0 (80.0)	132 (83.7)	39 (11.8)
Coffee with cream, 1 or more cups per day	27 (80.5)	11 (80.6)	3 (80.6)	13 (43.3)	27 (80.8)	7 (82.1)
Coffee with sugar and cream, 1 or more cups per day	1,856 (37.1)	630 (33.7)	57 (11.4)	4 (13.3)	3,077 (86.7)	212 (64.2)

n (%) 1) Exact agreement of types of coffee between FFQs and one-day 24 HR 2) Cohen's kappa coefficient 5×5; Agreement between nondrinkers only (from one-day 24 HR) and nondrinkers only (from FFQ), black coffee only (from one-day 24 HR) and black coffee only (from FFQ), coffee with sugar only (from one-day 24 HR) and coffee with sugar (from FFQ), coffee with cream only (from one-day 24 HR) and coffee with cream only (from FFQ), and coffee with sugar and cream or 3-in-2 coffee only (from one-day 24HR) and coffee with sugar and cream (from FFQ). 3) Abbreviations: FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; 24 HR, 24-hour recall

Table 6.

Agreement of types of coffee between food frequency questionnaire and two-day 24-hour recall

Coffee intake assessed from FFQ³⁾	Coffee intake assessed from two-day 24 HR³⁾						% Agreement¹⁾	Cohen's kappa²⁾
Coffee intake assessed from FFQ³⁾	Nondrinkers only	Black coffee only	Coffee with sugar only	Coffee with cream only	Coffee with sugar and cream or 3-in-1 coffee only	Combinations of four types of coffee	% Agreement¹⁾	Cohen's kappa²⁾
Nondrinkers	2,490 (71.2)	147 (85.4)	27 (84.5)	0 (80.0)	244 (85.2)	21 (80.7)	72.8	0.6
Black coffee, 1 or more cups per day	280 (88.0)	1,595 (58.8)	72 (12.0)	15 (51.7)	312 (86.6)	626 (20.3)
Coffee with sugar, 1 or more cups per day	126 (83.6)	189 (87.0)	374 (62.1)	3 (10.3)	177 (83.8)	452 (14.7)
Coffee with cream, 1 or more cups per day	12 (80.3)	23 (80.9)	4 (80.7)	6 (20.7)	30 (80.6)	44 (81.4)
Coffee with sugar and cream, 1 or more cups per day	589 (16.8)	761 (28.0)	125 (20.8)	5 (17.2)	3,938 (83.8)	1,937 (62.9)

n (%) 1) Exact agreement of types of coffee between FFQs and two-day 24 HR 2) Cohen's kappa coefficient 5x5; Agreement between nondrinkers only (from one-day 24 HR) and nondrinkers only (from FFQ), black coffee only (from one-day 24 HR) and black coffee only (from FFQ), coffee with sugar only (from one-day 24 HR) and coffee with sugar (from FFQ), coffee with cream only (from one-day 24 HR) and coffee with cream only (from FFQ), and coffee with sugar and cream or 3-in-2 coffee only (from one-day 24HR) and coffee with sugar and cream (from FFQ). 3) Abbreviations: FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; 24 HR, 24-hour recall