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Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity and Their Association with Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Postmenopausal Women: Results for the 2008-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey


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Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity and Their Association with Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Postmenopausal Women: Results for the 2008-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2016;21(4):378-385
Publication date (electronic) : 2016 August 31
doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.378
Misung Kim, Cheongmin Sohnorcid_icon
Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.
Corresponding author: Cheongmin Sohn. 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea. Tel: (063) 850-6656, Fax: (063) 850-7301, ccha@wku.ac.kr
Received 2016 August 01; Revised 2016 August 25; Accepted 2016 August 25.

Abstract

Objectives

This study was conducted to investigate the association between sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in Korean postmenopausal women.

Methods

We analyzed data of 2,019 postmenopausal women aged 50-64 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2008-2011 and were free of cardiovascular disease history. Blood pressure, height, and weight were measured. We analyzed the serum concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Waist circumference was used to measure obesity. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sarcopenia was defined as the appendicular skeletal muscle mass/body weight<1 standard deviation below the gender-specific means for healthy young adults. The estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk was calculated by Pooled Cohort Equation. Subjects were classified as non-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, or sarcopenic obesity based on status of waist circumference and appendicular skeletal muscle mass.

Results

The prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity was 16.3% (n=317) and 18.3% (n=369), respectively. The 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk in the sarcopenic obesity group was higher (3.82 ± 0.22%) than the normal group (2.73 ± 0.09%) and sarcopenia group (3.17 ± 0.22%) (p < 0.000). The odd ratios (ORs) for the ≥7.5% 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk were significantly higher in the sarcopenic obesity group (OR 3.609, 95% CI: 2.030-6.417) compared to the sarcopenia group (OR 2.799, 95% CI: 1.463-5.352) (p for trend < 0.000) after adjusting for independent variables (i.e., exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) score, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake and hormonal replacement therapy).

Conclusions

Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity appear to be associated with higher risk factors predicting the 10-year risks of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women. These findings imply that maintaining normal weight and muscle mass may be important for cardiovascular disease risk prevention in postmenopausal women.

Keywords: sarcopenia; sarcopenic obesity; cardiovascular disease risk; postmenopausal women

Acknowledgments

This paper was supported by Wonkwang University in 2016.

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Article information Continued

Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Funded by : Wonkwang Universityhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002569

Table 1

General characteristics and anthropometric characteristics in postmenopausal women

Table 1

1) ANCOVA-test

2) Mean±SEM

3) ASM:appendicular skeletal muscle

4) ASM/Wt:appendicular skeletal muscle/weight Adjusted for exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

5) Adjusted for exercise, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

6) Adjusted for exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

Table 2

Metabolic parameters and ASCVD risk in postmenopausal women

Table 2

1) ANCOVA-test

2) Mean±SEM

3) ASCVD risk: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk Adjusted for exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

Table 3

Odds ratios (ORs) for 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women according to sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity

Table 3

1) Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals)

2) Adjusted for exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy