Warning: mkdir(): Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 81

Warning: fopen(upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-11.txt): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 83

Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 84
Nutrient Composition and Content of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements and Their Appropriateness for Pregnant and Lactating Women in Korea


Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.

Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.

Nutrient Composition and Content of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements and Their Appropriateness for Pregnant and Lactating Women in Korea

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2018;23(4):341-351
Publication date (electronic) : 2018 August 31
doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.4.341
Young-Hee Han, Jeong-Hyeon Seo, Gu-Rum Shin, Ju-Young Shin, Ye-Young Jo, Taisun Hyunorcid_icon
Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
Corresponding author: Taisun Hyun. Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. Tel: (043) 261-2790, Fax: (043) 267-2742, taisun@cbnu.ac.kr
Received 2018 June 12; Revised 2018 August 02; Accepted 2018 August 02.

Abstract

Objectives

Use of dietary supplements containing vitamins and minerals is growing in Korean adults, especially in pregnant and lactating women. Vitamin and mineral supplements are available in different composition and in a wide range of contents. The purposes of the study were to examine nutrient composition and content of vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women and assess their appropriateness as dietary supplements.

Methods

Information on the name, manufacturer, nutrient composition, and usage of vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women were obtained from the homepage of the Food Safety Information Portal managed by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, and Korean Index of Medical Specialties. A total of 264 products were identified.

Results

Among 264 products, 26.1% were single nutrient products, and 73.9% were multinutrient products. The most commonly included nutrient was iron (70.1%), folic acid (66.3%), vitamin B12 (45.8%), vitamin C (38.6%), and vitamin B6 (38.6%). Although more than 50% of products contained nutrients less than 150% of Recommended Nutrient Intakes or Adequate Intakes for daily use, some products contained inappropriately high amounts of nutrients. When a maximum daily dose of supplements was taken as described on the label, iron in 73 products (39.5%), folic acid in 14 products (8.0%) were likely to be consumed in amounts greater than Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. Most products were assessed as inappropriate for pregnant women due to the possibility of excessive intake of vitamins or minerals when compared with Dietary Reference Intakes.

Conclusions

Pregnant and lactating women need to carefully select dietary supplements containing adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. Nutritionists should provide guidelines regarding selection of appropriate vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women.

Keywords: pregnant women; lactating women; vitamin and mineral supplements

References

1. Brown JE. Nutrition through the life cycle 4th edth ed. Belmont, CA, USA: Wadsworth Publishing; 2011. p. 87–221.
2. Hanson MA, Bardsley A, De-Regil LM, Moore SE, Oken E, Poston L. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) recommendations on adolescent, preconception, and maternal nutrition: “Think Nutrition First”. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015;131(S4):S213–S253.
3. World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience [Internet] 2016. updated 2016 Jun 2. cited 2018 May 31. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250796/9789241549912-eng.pdf;jsessionid=7C2FF8ABD56C565A3483987F1DA21796?sequence=1.
4. Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans 2015 Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2015.
5. Kim JS, Park MS, Lee JW. Nutritional status and eating behavior of lactating women in Daejeon. Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):37–50.
6. Bae HS. Lifestyle, nutrient intake, iron status, and pregnancy outcome in pregnant women of advanced maternal age. Nutr Res Pract 2011;5(1):52–59.
7. Oh JS, Cho MS. Comparison of eating habits based on weight gain during pregnancy: centered on recommended standards of the institute of medicine. J Korean Diet Assoc 2011;17(2):99–117.
8. Kim CI. Dietary intake survey of physiologically vulnerable population for risk assessment National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; 2013. 11. Report No. 11162MFDS732.
9. Kim SM. Recognition and intake of health functional food among pregnant women living in metropolitan area [master's thesis] Chung-Ang University; 2016.
10. Park E, Lee HC, Han JY, Choi JS, Hyun T, Han Y. Intakes of iron and folate and hematologic indices according to the type of supplements in pregnant women. Clin Nutr Res 2012;1(1):78–84.
11. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2016: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-1) Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2017.
12. Lee JS. Why are vitamin supplements classified as over-the-counter medicine? [Internet] Aju Economics; 2017. updated 2017 Jun 2. cited 2018 May 31. Available from: http://www.ajunews.com/view/20170601102913070.
13. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Standards and specifications of health functional food [Internet] Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; 2018. cited 2018 May 10. Available from: http://www.mfds.go.kr/brd/m_211/view.do?seq=13842.
14. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Manufacturing standards of medicine [Internet] Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; 2017. cited 2018 May 10. Available from: http://www.mfds.go.kr/index.do?mid=1013&pageNo=1&seq=14066&sitecode=2018-05-08&cmd=v.
15. American Medical Association. AMA drug evaluation 4th edth ed. Chicago: American Medical Association; 1980.
16. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal care for uncomplicated pregnancies [Internet] 2008. updated 2017 Jan. cited 2018 May 31. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg62.
17. Haider BA, Bhutta ZA. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;4CD004905.
18. UNICEF, World Health Organization, United Nations University. Composition of a multi-micronutrient supplement to be used in pilot programmes among pregnant women in developing countries: report of a United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations University workshop [Internet] 1999. cited 2018 May 31. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/75358.
19. Milman N, Paszkowski T, Cetin I, Castelo-Branco C. Supplementation during pregnancy: beliefs and science. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016;32(7):509–516.
20. Andersen SL, Laurberg P. Iodine supplementation in pregnancy and the dilemma of ambiguous recommendations. Eur Thyroid J 2016;5(1):35–43.
21. Becker DV, Braverman LE, Delange F, Dunn JT, Franklyn JA, Hollowell JG. Iodine supplementation for pregnancy and lactation-United States and Canada: recommendations of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid 2006;16(10):949–951.
22. Han MR, Ju DL, Song YJ, Paik HY, Song Y. An iodine database for common Korean foods and the association between iodine intake and thyroid disease in Korean adults. Int J Thyroidol 2015;8(2):170–182.
23. Bell LS, Fairchild M. Evaluation of commercial multivitamin supplements. J Am Diet Assoc 1987;87(3):341–343.
24. Kang M, Kim DW, Baek YJ, Moon SH, Jung HJ, Song YJ. Dietary supplement use and its effect on nutrient intake in Korean adult population in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007-2009) data. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014;68(7):804–810.
25. Kim M, Lee Y, Park K. Vitamin and mineral supplement use among Korean adults: baseline data from the trace element study of Korean adults in Yeungnam area. Nutrients 2018;10(1):pii: E50.

Article information Continued

Copyright © 2018 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Evaluation of the appropriateness of multivitamin and mineral products for pregnant women. HFF: Health functional food, OTC: Over-the-counter drug

Table 1

Manufacturing standards of vitamin and mineral supplements and Dietary Reference Intakes for pregnant women

Table 1

DRI: Dietary Reference Intake, RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intake, AI: Adequate Intake, UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level

1) Reference [13], 2) Reference [14], 3) 19 – 49 years, 4) Not established, 5) 1 μg supplemental β-Carotene = 0.5 μgRAE, 6) Applied to the amounts consumed from supplements, not from foods

Table 2

Type of vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women

Table 2

1) N (%)

Table 3

Nutrient contained in supplements for pregnant and lactating women

Table 3

1) N (%)

Table 4

Nutrient contents in one tablet compared with Dietary Reference Intakes for pregnant women1)

Table 4

RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intake, AI: Adequate Intake, UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level, NA: Not applicable

1) 19 – 49 years, 2) N (%)

Table 5

Nutrient contents in a daily dose of supplement compared with Dietary Reference Intakes for pregnant women1)

Table 5

RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intake, AI: Adequate Intake, UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level, NA: Not applicable

1) 19 – 49 years, 2) N (%)

Table 6

Number of the products likely to be consumed more than Tolerable Upper Intake Level

Table 6