Warning: mkdir(): Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 81

Warning: fopen(upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-11.txt): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 83

Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 84
Dietary Behaviors Related to Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults


Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.

Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.

Dietary Behaviors Related to Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2012;17(5):664-675
Publication date (electronic) : 2012 October 31
doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.664
Jinkyung Park, Sanghui Kweon, Yangha Kim, Myoung-Jin Jang, Kyungwon Oh
Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Center for Disease Prevention, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea.
Corresponding author: Kyungwon Oh, Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Center for Disease Prevention, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong Health Technology/Administration Complex, 187, Osong-sengmyung-2-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Korea. Tel: (043) 719-7460, Fax: (043) 719-7527, kwoh27@korea.kr
Received 2012 May 29; Revised 2012 August 03; Accepted 2012 September 05.

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the cross-sectional associations between dietary factors and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 12,755 subjects (males 5,146, females 7,609) aged 19 years or above using data from the 4th (2007-2009) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The prevalence of MetS in Korean adults was 23.6% (males 26.1%, females 20.9%) with the criteria for modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. While males had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high blood pressure than females, the prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol level was higher in females than in males. Among dietary guidelines, the response of 'yes' for asking practice of 'avoiding salty foods', and 'eating moderately and increasing physical activity for healthy weight' were significantly associated with the decreased risk of MetS in both males and in females. Especially, the risk of MetS was significantly lower in the subjects that responded the practice of all items of Korean Dietary Guidelines. Significantly negative associations with MetS were also found in the responding for practice of 'limiting consumption of alcoholic beverages' in males, and taking dietary supplements in females. Skipping breakfast was positively associated with the risk of MetS. In conclusion, dietary behaviors such as having breakfast, practice of dietary guidelines, and food consumption in moderation could modify the prevalence of MetS, and our findings could be useful for establishing guidelines for preventing MetS.

Keywords: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; metabolic syndrome; dietary behaviors

References

1. Ahn SH, Son SM, Park JK. Health and nutritional factors related to hypertension of subjects aged over 50 in high income class - based on the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Korean Diet Assoc 2009. 15(3)311–327.
2. Alkerwi A, Boutsen M, Vaillant M, Barre J, Lair ML, Albert A, Guillaume M, Dramaix M. Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Atherosclerosis 2009. 204(2)624–635.
4. Arai H, Yamamoto A, Matsuzawa Y, Saito Y, Yamada N, Oikawa S, Mabuchi H, Teramoto T, Sasaki J, Nakaya N, Itakura H, Ishikawa Y, Ouchi Y, Horibe H, Shirahashi N, Kita T. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the general Japanese population in 2000. J Atheroscler Thromb 2006. 13(4)202–208.
5. Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Sunders JB, Monteiro MG. AUDIT : The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Guidelines for Use in Primary Care 2001. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1–40.
6. Baik I, Abbott RD, Curb JD, Shin C. Intake of fish and n-3 fatty acids and future risk of metabolic syndrome. J Am Diet Assoc 2010. 110(7)1018–1026.
7. Baik I, Shin C. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2008. 87(5)1455–1463.
8. Baraona E, Lieber CS. Effects of ethanol on lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 1979. 20(3)289–315.
9. Bessembinders K, Wielders J, van de Wiel A. Severe hypertriglyceridemia influenced by alcohol (SHIBA). Alcohol Alcohol 2011. 46(2)113–116.
10. Carpentier YA, Portois L, Malaisse WJ. n-3 fatty acids and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2006. 836 Suppl. 1499S–1504S.
11. Chung HK, Kang JH, Shin MJ. Assessment for nutrient intakes in Korean women according to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Korean J Community Nutr 2010. 15(5)694–703.
12. Czernichow S, Vergnaud AC, Galan P, Arnaud J, Favier A, Faure H, Huxley R, Hercberg S, Ahluwalia N. Effects of long-term antioxidant supplementation and association of serum antioxidant concentrations with risk of metabolic syndrome in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2009. 90(2)329–335.
13. Ebrahimi M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Rezaiean S, Hoseini M, Parizade SM, Farhoudi F, Hosseininezhad SJ, Tavallaei S, Vejdani A, Azimi-Nezhad M, Shakeri MT, Rad MA, Mobarra N, Kazemi-Bajestani SM, Ferns GA. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements improve the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with metabolic syndrome, including markers of inflammation and auto-immunity. Acta Cardiol 2009. 64(3)321–327.
14. Ervin RB. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index: United States, 2003-2006. Natl Health Stat Report 2009. (13)1–7.
15. Fan AZ, Russell M, Dorn J, Freudenheim JL, Nochajski T, Hovey K, Trevisan M. Lifetime alcohol drinking pattern is related to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The Western New York Health Study (WNYHS). Eur J Epidemiol 2006. 21(2)129–138.
16. Fogli-Cawley JJ, Dwyer JT, Saltzman E, McCullough ML, Troy LM, Meigs JB, Jacques PF. The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2007. 86(4)1193–1201.
17. Freiberg MS, Cabral HJ, Heeren TC, Vasan RS, Curtis Ellison R. Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of the Metabolic syndrome in the US.: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care 2004. 27(12)2954–2959.
18. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC Jr, Spertus JA, Costa F. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Executive summary. Cardiol Rev 2005. 13(6)322–327.
19. Hoffmann IS, Cubeddu LX. Salt and the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009. 19(2)123–128.
20. Hwang YC, Jee JH, Oh EY, Choi YH, Lee MS, Kim KW, Lee MK. Metabolic syndrome as a predictor of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes in Koreans. Int J Cardiol 2009. 134(3)313–321.
21. Jung HJ, Song WO, Paik HY, Joung H. Dietary characteristics of macronutrient intake and the status of metabolic syndrome among Koreans. Korean J Nutr 2011. 44(2)119–130.
22. Katano S, Nakamura Y, Nakamura A, Murakami Y, Tanaka T, Nakagawa H, Takebayashi T, Yamato H, Okayama A, Miura K, Okamura T, Ueshima H. HIPOP-OHP Research Group. Relationship among physical activity, smoking, drinking and clustering of the metabolic syndrome diagnostic components. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010. 17(6)644–650.
23. Kim J, Chu SK, Kim K, Moon JR. Alcohol us behaviors and risk of metabolic syndrome in South Korean middle-aged men. BMC Public Health 2011. 11489.
24. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Report of the Fourth (2010) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV) 2009. Chungbuk, Korea: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 233.
25. Lee MY, Kim MY, Kim SY, Kim JH, Kim BH, Shin JY, Shin YG, Yun JH, Ryu SY, Lee TY, Koh SB, Chung CH. Association between alcohol intake amount and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean rural male population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010. 88(2)196–202.
26. Lutsey PL, Steffen LM, Stevens J. Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circulation 2008. 117(6)754–761.
27. McNaughton SA, Mishra GD, Brunner EJ. Food patterns associated with blood lipids are predictive of coronary heart disease: the Whitehall II study. Br J Nutr 2009. 102(4)619–624.
28. Melanson EL, Astrup A, Donahoo WT. The relationship between dietary fat and fatty acid intake and body weight, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Ann Nutr Metab 2009. 55(1-3)229–243.
29. Millen BE, Pencina MJ, Kimokoti RW, Zhu L, Meigs JB, Ordovas JM, D'Agostino RB. Nutritional risk and the metabolic syndrome in women: opportunities for preventive intervention from the Framingham Nutrition Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006. 84(2)434–441.
30. Ministry of Health and Welfare. The third Health Plan (2011-2020) 2011. 18–19.
31. Moon HK, Kong JE. Assessment of nutrient intake for middle aged with and without metabolic syndrome using 2005 and 2007 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. Korean J Nutr 2010. 43(1)69–78.
32. Moon HK, Park JH. Comparative analysis and evaluation of dietary intake between with and without hypertension using 2001 Korea National Heath and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Korean J Nutr 2007. 40(4)347–361.
33. Muzio F, Mondazzi L, Harris WS, Sommariva D, Branchi A. Effects of moderate variations in the macronutrient content of the diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2007. 86(4)946–951.
34. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Alert 2000. cited 2000 October. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; Available from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa16.htm.
35. Papathanasopoulos A, Camilleri M. Dietary fiber supplements: effects in obesity and metabolic syndrome and relationship to gastrointestinal functions. Gastroenterology 2010. 138(1)65–72.
36. Park SH, Lee KS, Park HY. Dietary carbohydrate intake is associated with cardiovascular disease risk in Korean: analysis of the third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III). Int J Cardiol 2010. 139(3)234–240.
37. Park YS, Son SM, Lim WJ, Kim SB, Chung YS. Comparison of dietary behaviors related to sodium intake by gender and age. Korean J Community Nutr 2008. 13(1)1–12.
38. Rimm EB, Williams P, Fosher K, Criqui M, Stampfer MJ. Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. BMJ 1999. 319(7224)1523–1528.
39. Sakata K, Matumura Y, Yoshimura N, Tamaki J, Hashimoto T, Oguri S, Okayama A, Yanagawa H. Relationship between skipping breakfast and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the national nutrition survey data. Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 2001. 48(10)837–841.
40. Shin A, Lim SY, Sung J, Shin HR, Kim J. Dietary intake, eating habits, and metabolic syndrome in Korean men. J Am Diet Assoc 2009. 109(4)633–640.
41. Smith KJ, Gall SL, McNaughton SA, Blizzard L, Dwyer T, Venn AJ. Skipping breakfast: longitudinal associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in the childhood determinants of Adult Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010. 92(6)1316–1325.
42. Song Y, Joung H. A traditional Korean dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome abnormalities. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011. 22(5)456–462.
44. The Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. The criteria of Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference for obesity and central adiposity in Koreans 2005. Seoul, Korea:
45. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services 2010. cited 2010 December. available from www.dietaryguidelines.gov.
46. World Health Organization. Review and updating of current WHO recommendations on salt/sodium and potassium consumption 2011. Geneva, Switzerland: 1–8.
47. Yoo HJ, Kim YH. A study on the characteristics of nutrient intake in metabolic syndrome subjects. Korean J Nutr 2008. 41(6)510–517.
48. Yoon YS, Oh SW, Baik HW, Park HS, Kim WY. Alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr 2004. 80(1)217–224.
49. Zhu S, St-Onge MP, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB. Lifestyle behaviors associated with lower risk of having the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 2004. 53(11)1503–1511.
50. Zuo HJ, Yao CH, Hu YS, Kong LZ. Relations between smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, sleeping hours and the metabolic syndrome in Chinese male aged 18-45 years old. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2011. 32(3)235–238.

Article information Continued

Copyright © 2012 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

Table 1

Socio-demographic and lifestyle-related characteristics of Korean adults

Table 1

1) N (%)

2) Household income level: household equivalent income, monthly household income divided by square root of the number of household member, was categorized to quartile groups within sex and 5-year age group

3) Current smoker: proportion of people who have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and are still smoking

4) Drinking: subjects divided by alcohol use disorders identification test score; normal drinking (≤ 7), abnormal drinking (8 - 15), abuse alcohol (16 - 19), depending on alcohol (≥ 20)

5) More than moderate physical activity: proportion of people who engaged in 'vigorous intensity' activity for at least 20 minutes a day on at least 3 days in the past 7 days or 'moderate intensity' activity for at least 30 minutes a day on at least 5 days in the past 7 days

Table 2

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components in Korean adults

Table 2

1) Metabolic syndrome was defined by meeting ≥ 3 of the listed criteria

1. Abdominal obesity: waist circumference ≥ 90 cm in men, ≥ 85 cm in women

2. Hyperglycemia: fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl or drug treatment(the use of oral antihyperglycemic agents or insulin

3. Hypertriglyceridemia: Blood triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dl

4. Low HDL-cholesterol: Blood HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dl in men, < 50 mg/dl in women

5. High blood pressure: Blood pressure systolic ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic ≥ 85 mmHg or drug treatment(the use of antihypertensive agents

2) % (SE)

**: p < 0.001, ***: p < 0.0001 show the sex difference in the logistic regression model adjusting for age groups

Table 3-1

Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the metabolic syndrome and its components by dietary behaviors in Korean males

Table 3-1

1) Subjects having skipped breakfast (having breakfast 'No'): subjects who had skipped breakfast before 1 day or 2 days

2) Values are ORs (95% CI), adjusted for age, income level, smoking and drinking status, and physical activity

3) Subjects having taken dietary supplement: subjects who responded had taken dietary supplement continuously more than 2 weeks within the recent one year

*: p < 0.05 shows significant ORs

Table 3-2

Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the metabolic syndrome and its components by dietary behaviors in Korean females (continued)

Table 3-2

1) Subjects having skipped breakfast (having breakfast 'No'): subjects who had skipped breakfast before 1 day or 2 days

2) Values are ORs (95% CI), adjusted for age, income level, smoking and drinking status, and physical activity

3) Subjects having taken dietary supplement: subjects who responded had taken dietary supplement continuously more than 2 weeks within the recent one year

*: p < 0.05 shows significant ORs

Table 4-1

Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the metabolic syndrome and its components by the practice of Korean Dietary Guidelines in Korean males

Table 4-1

1) Values are ORs (95% CI), adjusted for age, income level, smoking and drinking status, physical activity

*: p < 0.05 shows significant ORs

Table 4-2

Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the metabolic syndrome and its components by the practice of Korean Dietary Guidelines in Korean females (continued)

Table 4-2

1) Values are ORs (95% CI), adjusted for age, income level, smoking and drinking status, physical activity

*: p < 0.05 shows significant ORs