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Comparison Analysis of Dietary Behavior and Nutrient Intakes of the Elderly according to Their Family Status: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2016


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Comparison Analysis of Dietary Behavior and Nutrient Intakes of the Elderly according to Their Family Status: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2016

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2019;24(4):309-320
Publication date (electronic) : 2019 August 31
doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.4.309
Ji-Hong Oh1orcid_icon, Bok-Mi Jung2orcid_icon
1Major in Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea, Student.
2Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Research Institute for Human Ecology, Gwangju 61186, Korea, Professor.
Corresponding author: Bok-Mi Jung. Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea. Tel: (062) 530-1353, Fax: (062) 530-1339, jbm@jnu.ac.kr
Received 2019 June 28; Revised 2019 August 20; Accepted 2019 August 20.

Abstract

Objectives

This study was undertaken to compare dietary life of the elderly living alone and in a family, and to compare differences based on gender, for the 2013-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).

Methods

The subjects included 2,612 elderly people aged over 65 years who participated in the health survey, health examination and nutrition survey. Subjects on a diet therapy were excluded. This study analyzed the general characteristics, dietary habits, daily energy and nutrient intakes, CPF ratio, estimated average requirement (EAR), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR), index of nutrient quality (INQ), and food consumption of the elderly living alone and in a family. We also compared the differences based on gender.

Results

Daily intake of food, water, dietary fiber, potassium, retinol, and riboflavin were low in the male elderly subjects living alone. The elderly living with family revealed higher NAR and MAR as compared to the elderly living alone. Although all MAR values were <1, the elderly living alone had lower values. Considering the intake of food, the consumption of seaweed, fish and shellfish, and oils (animal) was higher in elderly men living with families, whereas women living with families consumed more vegetables, fruits, seaweeds and seafood, as compared to their counterparts living alone. Furthermore, analyzing the foods consumed by the elderly people living alone, female subjects consumed more seaweed, milk and animal oil as compared to male subjects.

Conclusions

The results of this study indicate that the elderly living alone have poor nutrient intake as compared to the elderly living with families. Based on this research data, we recommend that it is necessary to improve the health and nutritional status of the elderly living alone.

Keywords: dietary behavior; food and nutrient intake; elderly people living alone; living with families

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Article information Continued

Copyright © 2019 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Table 1

General characteristics of the elderly living alone and the elderly living with their families

Table 1

1) n (%)

2) Household income levels: ‘Low’=less than 100, ‘Middle’=101~200, ‘High’=exceed 200

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Table 2

Dietary habits of the elderly living alone and the elderly living with their families

Table 2

1) n (%)

2) Exclude: not applicable (meal frequency less than two times a week)

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Table 3

Daily energy and nutrient intakes of the elderly living alone and the elderly living with their families

Table 3

1) Mean ± S.E.

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Table 4

Daily energy and nutrient intakes per 1,000 Kcal by households type

Table 4

1) Model I: adjusted nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal

2) Mean ± S.E.

*: p<0.05

Table 5

Energy nutrients and CPF ratio of the elderly living alone and the elderly living with their families

Table 5

1) Mean ± S.E.

2) n (%)

*: p<0.05

Table 6

Estimated average requirement (EAR) of the elderly living alone and the elderly living with their families

Table 6

1) n (%)

2) not applicable

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Table 7

Nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR) and mean adequacy ratio(MAR) of the elderly living alone and the elderly living with their families

Table 7

1) Mean ± S.E.

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Table 8

Index of nutrient quality (INQ) of the elderly living alone and the elderly living with their families

Table 8

1) Mean ± S.E.

**: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Table 9

Food consumption estimated by 24-hour recall of the elderly living alone and the elderly living with their families

Table 9

1) Mean ± S.E.

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Table 10

Food consumption estimated by 24-hour recall per 1,000 Kcal by households type

Table 10

1) adjusted food consumption per 1,000 kcal

2) Mean ± S.E.

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001