Warning: mkdir(): Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 81

Warning: fopen(upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-11.txt): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 83

Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 84
Dietary Cholesterol Intake in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI (2013–2015)


Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.

Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.

Dietary Cholesterol Intake in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI (2013–2015)

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2017;22(6):520-528
Publication date (electronic) : 2017 December 31
doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.6.520
Myungsook Park, Sanghui Kweon, Kyungwon Ohorcid_icon
Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea.
Corresponding author: Kyungwon Oh. Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea. Tel: (043) 719-7460, Fax: (043) 719-7527, kwoh@korea.kr
Received 2017 October 24; Revised 2017 December 21; Accepted 2017 December 21.

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of the study was to assess the intake of dietary cholesterol and its major food sources in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).

Methods

A total of 20,671 nationally representative sample who had 24-hour recall data from the KNHANES VI (2013–2015) was included in this study. Mean cholesterol intake and the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Koreans were analyzed. Intakes of cholesterol by food groups or each food were calculated to find out the major food sources for cholesterol intake in Koreans.

Results

The mean dietary cholesterol intake was 261.3 mg, which was higher in men (303.5 mg) compared to women (219.1 mg). Dietary cholesterol intake and the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of DRIs were the highest in the 19-29 year old group. The eggs was the first major food group source for cholesterol intake in all age groups. Major food sources for cholesterol intake among Korean were egg, chicken, pork, squid and beef, which contributed 66.9% to total cholesterol intake.

Conclusions

Although the mean dietary cholesterol intake was under 300 mg, the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of DRIs was about 30% in adults. Because both the mean intake and the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of DRIs were higher in young adult groups, the dietary cholesterol intake was expected to be increased.

Keywords: dietary cholesterol; intake; food source; KNHANES

References

1. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2015: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-3) Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2016.
2. National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. 2012 tables of food functional composition: Cholesterol edition Suwon: National institute of Agricultural Sciences; 2011.
3. McNamara DJ. Dietary cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1529(1):310–320.
4. Berger S, Raman G, Vishwanathan R, Jacques PF, Johnson EJ. Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102(2):276–294.
5. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Scientific report of the 2015 dietary guidelines advisory committee Washington DC: USDA and US Department of Health and Human Services; 2015.
6. Lecerf JM, De Lorgeril M. Dietary cholesterol: from physiology to cardiovascular risk. Br J Nutr 2011;106(1):6–14.
7. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Roberts S, Haskell W. Efficacy of aerobic exercise and a prudent diet for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Med 2011;9(1):74.
8. Obarzanek E, Sacks FM, Vollmer WM, Bray GA, Miller ER, Lin PH. Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74(1):80–89.
9. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, Naglak M, Jonnalagadda S, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69(4):632–646.
10. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans 2015 Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2015.
11. Shim YJ, Paik HY. Reanalysis of 2007 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007 KNHANES) results by CAN-Pro 3.0 nutrient database. Korean J Nutr 2009;42(6):577–595.
12. Rhee EJ, Ryu S, Lee JY, Lee SH, Cheong E, Park SE. The association between dietary cholesterol intake and subclinical atherosclerosis in Korean adults: The Kangbuk Samsung Health Study. J Clin Lipidol 2017;11(2):432–441.
13. Yun SH, Choi BY, Kim MK. The effect of seasoning on the distribution of nutrient intakes by a food-frequency questionnaire in a rural area. Korean J Nutr 2009;42(3):246–255.
14. National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food composition table 8th revisionth ed. Suwon: National Institute of Agricultural Sciences; 2011.
15. Baek YJ, Kweon S, Oh K. Development of fatty acid composition table and intakes of fatty acids in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Public Health Wkly Rep 2015;8(4):75–81.
16. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Standard tables of food composition in Japan: 2015 (Seventh revised version) [internet] Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2015. cited 2016 May 30. Available from: http://www.MEXT.go.jp/.
17. United States Department of Agriculture. USDA Nationalnutrient database for standard reference 28 [internet] United States Department of Agriculture; 2015. cited 2016 May 30. Available from: http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/.
18. Clarke R, Frost C, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. BMJ 1997;314(7074):112–117.
19. Howell WH, McNamara DJ, Tosca MA, Smith BT, Gaines JA. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(6):1747–1764.
20. Larsson SC, Virtamo J, Wolk A. Dietary fats and dietary cholesterol and risk of stroke in women. Atherosclerosis 2012;221(1):282–286.
21. Houston DK, Ding J, Lee JS, Garcia M, Kanaya AM, Tylavsky FA. Dietary fat and cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults: the Health ABC Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011;21(6):430–437.
22. Shin JY, Xun P, Nakamura Y, He K. Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;98(1):146–159.
23. Tanasescu M, Cho E, Manson JE, Hu FB. Dietary fat and cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease among women with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79(6):999–1005.
24. Katan MB, Beynen AC. Characteristics of human hypo-and hyperresponders to dietary cholesterol. Am J Epidemiol 1987;125(3):387–399.
25. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Spiegelman D, Meir S, Willett WC. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. BMJ 1996;313(7049):84–90.
26. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. National Health and Nutrition Survey results: Nutritional intake Status Survey [internet] Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; 2016. cited 2017 Jun 21. Available from: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/.
27. United States Department of Agriculture. What we eat in America, NHANES 2013–2014 [internet] United States Department of Agriculture; 2016. cited 2017 Jun 21. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/.
28. Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P, Fahimi S, Lim S, Andrews KG. Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys. BMJ 2014;348:g2272.
29. Su C, Jia X, Wang Z, Wang H, Zhang B. Trends in dietary cholesterol intake among Chinese adults: a longitudinal study from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1991–2011. BMJ Open 2015;5(6)e007532.
30. Kim J, Kim YJ, Ahn YO, Paik HY, Ahn Y, Tokudome Y. Contribution of specific foods to fat, fatty acids, and cholesterol in the development of a food frequency questionnaire in Koreans. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2004;13(3):265–272.
31. O'Neil CE, Keast DR, Fulgoni VL, Nicklas TA. Food sources of energy and nutrients among adults in the US: NHANES 2003–2006. Nutrients 2012;4(12):2097–2120.

Article information Continued

Copyright © 2017 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Table 1

Intakes of energy and fat by general characteristics of the study population

Table 1

1) Age-standardized using the 2005 Korea population estimates.

2) Divided into quartile categories based on monthly household income (household income / √ No. of household members) by sex and 5-year age group. Some of subjects had no income data.

Table 2

Mean intake of cholesterol (mg/day) by general characteristics of the study populatio

Table 2

1) Age-standardized using the 2005 Korea population estimates.

2) Divided into quartile categories based on monthly household income (household income / √ No. of household members) by sex and 5-year age group. Some of subjects had no income data.

3) Mean intake of cholesterol was significantly different according to sex, age group or income (p<0.05).

Table 3

Prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of the Dietary Reference Intakes (%)

Table 3

1) Age-standardized using the 2005 Korea population estimates.

2) Divided into quartile categories based on monthly household income (household income / √ No. of household members) by sex and 5-year age group. Some of subjects had no income data.

3) Prevalence was significantly different according to sex, age group, region (only men) or income (p<0.05).

Table 4

Intakes of food and cholesterol by food groups1)

Table 4

1) Food groups which contributed nothing to cholesterol intake were not described in this table

2) % of total cholesterol intake.

Table 5

Major food sources for cholesterol intake

Table 5

1) % of total cholesterol intake.