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Factors Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Korean Postmenopausal Women Aged 50 Years and Above: Using 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey


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Factors Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Korean Postmenopausal Women Aged 50 Years and Above: Using 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2013;18(2):177-186
Publication date (electronic) : 2013 April 30
doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.2.177
Son-Ok Mun, Jihye Kim1, Yoon Jung Yang2
Department of Obesity Management, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
1Department of Clinical Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
2Department of Food & Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
Corresponding author: Yoon Jung Yang, Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 136-714, Korea. Tel: (02) 940-4465, Fax: (02) 940-4193, yjyang@dongduk.ac.kr
Received 2013 January 16; Revised 2013 February 13; Accepted 2013 March 28.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in Korean postmenopausal women. The data from 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used for data analysis. Subjects were 2,701 postmenopausal women aged ≥ 50 years. BMDs at whole body, total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Dietary data from 24-hour dietary recall and a food frequency questionnaire containing 63 food items were used. The proportions of osteopenia at total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were 37.4%, 54.5%, and 45.4%, respectively. The proportions of osteoporosis at total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were 6.2%, 25.6%, and 34.3%, respectively. Age, anthropometric index including height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI), parathyroid hormone, and physical activity were related to BMD, but the relationships were site specific. Total femur BMD was explained by age, weight, parathyroid hormone and intakes of carbohydrate and fruits. Femoral neck BMD was related to age, weight, parathyroid hormone and intakes of riboflavin and fruits. Lumbar spine BMD was associated with age, weight, milk and dairy products, calcium intake, and exercise. These results indicated that adequate intakes of milk and dairy products, fruits, carbohydrate, calcium, riboflavin and exercise as well as weight maintenance might play an important role in maintaining optimum bone health in Korean postmenopausal women.

Keywords: Bone mineral density; osteoporosis; osteopenia; postmenopausal women; dietary factor

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Copyright © 2013 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Distribution of osteopenia and osteoporosis among study subjects.

Table 1

General characteristics of postmenopausal women by bone health status

Table 1

1) P-values by one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables

2) Values with different superscript letters within a row are significantly different means, based on one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's post hoc comparison test

Table 2

Pearson correlation coefficients between factors and bone mineral density in each site

Table 2

1) Pearson correlation coefficient

Table 3

Partial correlation coefficients between nutrient intake and bone mineral density in each site

Table 3

1) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

2) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, parathyroid hormone, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

3) Adjusted for age, weight, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

Table 4

Partial correlation coefficients between food consumption frequency and bone mineral density in each site

Table 4

1) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

2) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, parathyroid hormone, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

3) Adjusted for age, weight, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

Table 5

Stepwise multiple regression analysis of several variables on bone mineral density in each site1)

Table 5

1) Dependent variable was bone mineral density in each site. Independent variables were, age, weight, parathyroid hormone, exercise, intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, and MAR, and frequencies of meats and eggs, fruits, milk and dairy products, and fast foods. The entry point of the stepwise method was 0.05, and the removal point was 0.10