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Comparison of Salinity and Sodium Content by the Salinity Measurement Frequency of Soups of Childcare Centers Enrolled in the Center for Children's Food Service Management in Daegu


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Comparison of Salinity and Sodium Content by the Salinity Measurement Frequency of Soups of Childcare Centers Enrolled in the Center for Children's Food Service Management in Daegu

Article information

Korean J Community Nutr. 2020;25(1):13-20
Publication date (electronic) : 2020 January 20
doi : https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.13
Na-Yeong Lee1), Yeon-Kyung Lee2),
1)Suseong Center for Children's Foodservice Management, Daegu, Korea, Employee
2)Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea, Professor
†Corresponding author Yeon-Kyung Lee Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea Tel: (053) 950-6234 Fax: (053) 950-6229 E-mail: yklee@knu.ac.kr
Received 2019 November 28; Revised 2020 January 13; Accepted 2020 January 20.

Abstract

Abstract

Objectives

This study examined the salinity of soups provided at childcare centers by measuring the salinity for three years and providing basic data for sodium reduction.

Methods

The soup salinity was measured using a Bluetooth salinity meter from January 2015 to December 2017 at 80 childcare foodservice establishments enrolled in the Suseong Center for Children's Foodservice Management in Daegu.

Results

An analysis of the soup salinity each year showed that the salinity decreased significantly from 0.48% in 2015 to 0.41% in 2017, particularly in clear soups and soybean soups compared to other soups (P < 0.05). The salinity and sodium content in seafood soups (0.45% and 179.1 mg/100 g, respectively) were highest, followed by soybean soups (0.44%, 175.2 mg/100 g), with perilla seed soups containing the lowest (0.42%, 167.2mg/100g) (P <0.05). The salinity was significantly higher in institutional foodservice establishments than small foodservice establishments (P <0.001). The salinity and sodium content were the highest in foodservice establishments with a small number of measurements, and the salinity was the lowest in foodservice establishments with salinity measurements performed an average of 151 times each year (three times a week) or more (P < 0.05). The soup salinity was low in the order of winter, spring, summer, and autumn, and the salinity decreased significantly year by year in all seasons. (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The soup salinity was significantly lower in foodservice establishments where the salinity was measured more than three times a week, indicating that continuous salinity management is effective.

Keywords: center for children's food management; salinity; sodium content; soup

Distribution of types of childcare centers

Salinity of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by year and type

Salinity of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by annual frequency of salinity measurement

Sodium content of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by annual frequency of salinity measurement

Salinity and sodium content of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by food category

Salinity of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by season

References

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Article information Continued

Copyright © 2020 Journal of the Korean Society of Community Nutrition

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Table 1.

Distribution of types of childcare centers

Types Facilities Children
Total number of facilities Number of employees per facility Total number of children Number of children per facility
Type of facilities
Small foodservice1) 32 (840.0) 7.9 ± 2.8 896 (824.3) 27.1 ± 88.6
Institutional foodservice2) 48 (860.0) 12.2 ± 4.4 2,793 (875.7) 58.8 ± 20.4
Operators of facilities
National · public 13 (816.3) 9.5 ± 2.1 565 (815.3) 43.5 ± 14.3
Social welfare 11 (813.7) 15.2 ± 4.9 766 (820.8) 69.6 ± 24.5
Corporate · group 6 (887.5) 11.3 ± 4.7 231 (886.3) 38.5 ± 14.3
Private 34 (842.5) 10.1 ± 4.0 1,366 (837.0) 40.2 ± 19.6
Work place 5 (886.3) 13.8 ± 1.6 298 (888.1) 59.6 ± 13.2
Home 4 (885.0) 6.0 ± 0.8 71 (881.9) 17.8 ± 84.5
Kindergarten 7 (888.7) 6.1 ± 2.1 392 (810.6) 56.0 ± 30.8
Total 80 (100.0) 10.5 ± 4.4 3,689 (100.0) 46.1 ± 22.8

n (%) or Mean ± SD 1) Number of children < 50 2) Number of children ≥ 50

Table 2.

Salinity of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by year and type

Type Small foodservice1) Institutional foodservice2) t-value Total
Years n Salinity (%) n Salinity (%) n Salinity (%)
2015 3,714 0.47 ± 0.11c 1,993 0.50 ± 0.13c −9.29∗∗∗ 5,707 0.48 ± 0.12c
2016 5,631 0.41 ± 0.11b 2,524 0.46 ± 0.14b −17.70∗∗∗ 8,155 0.42 ± 0.12b
2017 6,866 0.40 ± 0.9a 3,489 0.42 ± 1.0a −9.37∗∗∗ 10,355 0.41 ± 0.9a
F-value   562.77∗∗∗   307.18∗∗∗     811.88∗∗∗
Total 16,211 0.42 ± 0.11 8,006 0.45 ± 0.12 −21.32∗∗∗ 24,217 0.43 ± 0.11

Mean ± SD ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 Means with different lower case letters in the same column are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05. 1) Number of children < 50 2) Number of children ≥ 50

Table 3.

Salinity of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by annual frequency of salinity measurement

Annual frequency of salinity measurement n 2015   2016   2017 F-value Total
(n=5,707) (n=8,155) (n=10,355) (n=24,217)
Salinity (%) n Salinity (%) n Salinity (%) n Salinity (%)
≤ 50 421 0.50 ± 0.17c 358 0.50 ± 0.17c 156 0.49 ± 0.21b 0.25∗∗∗ 935 0.50 ± 0.17c
51∼100 463 0.48 ± 0.17bC 1,157 0.43 ± 0.12bB 1,060 0.41 ± 0.09aA 52.79∗∗∗ 2,680 0.43 ± 0.12b
101∼150 1,398 0.49 ± 0.11cC 2,363 0.42 ± 0.15aB 3,099 0.40 ± 0.09aA 321.59∗∗∗ 6,860 0.43 ± 0.12b
≥ 151 3,425 0.47 ± 0.11aC 4,278 0.42 ± 0.10aB 6,040 0.41 ± 0.09aA 487.28∗∗∗ 13,742 0.42 ± 0.10a
F-value   22.57∗∗∗   58.84∗∗∗   51.06∗∗∗     137.4∗∗∗

Mean ± SD ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 Means with the different lower case letters in the same column are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05. Means with the different upper case letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05.

Table 4.

Sodium content of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by annual frequency of salinity measurement

Annual frequency of salinity measurement 2015 2016 2017 F-value Total
(n=5,707)   (n=8,155) (n=10,355) (n=24,217)
n Sodium n Sodium n Sodium n Sodium
(mg/100 g) (mg/100 g) (mg/100 g) (mg/100 g)
≤ 50 421 201.0 ± 66.53c 358 201.1 ± 67.19c 156 196.7 ± 83.43b 0.25∗∗∗ 935 200.3 ± 69.81c
51∼100 463 192.4 ± 67.60bC 1,157 172.5 ± 48.31bB 1,060 164.8 ± 36.93aA 52.79∗∗∗ 2,680 172.9 ± 49.26b
101∼150 1,398 197.8 ± 44.25cC 2,363 166.9 ± 58.60aB 3,099 161.0 ± 34.15aA 321.59∗∗∗ 6,860 170.5 ± 48.02b
≥ 151 3,425 187.2 ± 43.59aC 4,278 167.0 ± 39.24aB 6,040 162.1 ± 34.39aA 487.28∗∗∗ 13,742 162.1 ± 34.39a
F-value   22.57∗∗∗   58.84∗∗∗   51.06∗∗∗     137.4∗∗∗

Mean ± SD ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 Means with the different lower case letters in the same column are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05. Means with the different upper case letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05.

Table 5.

Salinity and sodium content of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by food category

Soup type 2015 2016 2017 F-value n Total
(n=5,707) (n=8,155) (n=10,355) (n=24,217)
n Salinity (%) n Salinity (%) n Salinity (%) Salinity (%) Sodium (mg/100 g)
Clear soup 1,747 0.48 ± 0.12bcC 2,908 0.42 ± 0.12abB 4,162 0.40 ± 0.09aA 308.19∗∗∗ 8,817 0.42 ± 0.11a 169.6 ± 43.20a
Soybean paste soup 1,619 0.49 ± 0.12cC 2,095 0.43 ± 0.12bB 2,581 0.41 ± 0.09abA 286.11∗∗∗ 6,295 0.44 ± 0.11b 175.2 ± 45.75b
Kimchi soup 116 0.47 ± 0.13abB 258 0.43 ± 0.13bA 336 0.41 ± 0.10abA 12.74∗∗∗ 710 0.43 ± 0.12a 170.2 ± 47.77a
Seafood soup 453 0.48 ± 0.13bcC 502 0.45 ± 0.13cB 465 0.42 ± 0.11bA 33.45∗∗∗ 1,420 0.45 ± 0.13c 179.1 ± 50.73c
Perilla seed soup 416 0.45 ± 0.12aB 463 0.41 ± 0.11aA 639 0.40 ± 0.09aA 34.33∗∗∗ 1,518 0.42 ± 0.11a 167.2 ± 43.35a
General soup 626 0.46 ± 0.11abC 843 0.42 ± 0.13abB 818 0.40 ± 0.09aA 55.11∗∗∗ 2,287 0.43 ± 0.11a 170.7 ± 44.99a
Broth and stew 351 0.47 ± 0.13abB 576 0.41 ± 0.12aA 614 0.40 ± 0.09aA 40.88∗∗∗ 1,541 0.42 ± 0.12a 168.6 ± 46.67a
Noodle and dumpling 379 0.48 ± 0.13bcB 510 0.41 ± 0.11aA 740 0.41 ± 0.10abA 50.76∗∗∗ 1,629 0.43 ± 0.11a 170.2 ± 45.59a
F-value 6.94∗∗∗   6.63∗∗∗ 2.39∗     17.43∗∗∗ 17.43∗∗∗

Mean ± SD ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 Means with the different lower case letters in the same column are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05. Means with the different upper case letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05.

Table 6.

Salinity of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by season

Season 2015 2016 2017 F-value Total
(n=5,707) (n=8,155) (n=10,355) (n=24,217)
n Salinity (%) n Salinity (%) n Salinity (%) n Salinity (%)
Spring 1,393 0.48 ± 0.11bC 2,125 0.42 ± 0.11bB 2,537 0.41 ± 0.11bA 215.8∗∗∗ 6,055 0.43 ± 0.11c
Summer 1,502 0.48 ± 0.12bC 2,038 0.41 ± 0.11aB 2,867 0.40 ± 0.07aA 346.3∗∗∗ 6,407 0.42 ± 0.10b
Autumn 1,562 0.46 ± 0.13aC 2,232 0.42 ± 0.13abB 2,843 0.40 ± 0.06aA 181.8∗∗∗ 6,637 0.42 ± 0.11a
Winter 1,250 0.49 ± 0.12bC 1,760 0.44 ± 0.13cB 2,108 0.42 ± 0.12cA 124.2∗∗∗ 5,118 0.44 ± 0.13d
F-value   11.65∗∗∗   23.64∗∗∗   16.25∗∗∗     42.34∗∗∗

Mean ± SD ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 Means with the different lower case letters in the same column are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05. Means with the different upper case letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05.