Comparison of Salinity and Sodium Content by the Salinity Measurement Frequency of Soups of Childcare Centers Enrolled in the Center for Children's Food Service Management in Daegu

Na-Yeong Lee; Yeon-Kyung Lee

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.13

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Research Article: Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2020;25(1):13-20.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.13
Published online: January 20, 2020

¹⁾Suseong Center for Children's Foodservice Management, Daegu, Korea, Employee

²⁾Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea, Professor

†Corresponding author Yeon-Kyung Lee Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea Tel: (053) 950-6234 Fax: (053) 950-6229 E-mail: yklee@knu.ac.kr

• Received: November 28, 2019 • Revised: January 13, 2020 • Accepted: January 20, 2020

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
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Abstract

Objectives
This study examined the salinity of soups provided at childcare centers by measuring the salinity for three years and providing basic data for sodium reduction.
Methods
The soup salinity was measured using a Bluetooth salinity meter from January 2015 to December 2017 at 80 childcare foodservice establishments enrolled in the Suseong Center for Children's Foodservice Management in Daegu.
Results
An analysis of the soup salinity each year showed that the salinity decreased significantly from 0.48% in 2015 to 0.41% in 2017, particularly in clear soups and soybean soups compared to other soups (P < 0.05). The salinity and sodium content in seafood soups (0.45% and 179.1 mg/100 g, respectively) were highest, followed by soybean soups (0.44%, 175.2 mg/100 g), with perilla seed soups containing the lowest (0.42%, 167.2mg/100g) (P <0.05). The salinity was significantly higher in institutional foodservice establishments than small foodservice establishments (P <0.001). The salinity and sodium content were the highest in foodservice establishments with a small number of measurements, and the salinity was the lowest in foodservice establishments with salinity measurements performed an average of 151 times each year (three times a week) or more (P < 0.05). The soup salinity was low in the order of winter, spring, summer, and autumn, and the salinity decreased significantly year by year in all seasons. (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
The soup salinity was significantly lower in foodservice establishments where the salinity was measured more than three times a week, indicating that continuous salinity management is effective.
Keywords: center for children's food management; salinity; sodium content; soup

Table 1.

Distribution of types of childcare centers

Types	Facilities		Children
Types	Total number of facilities	Number of employees per facility	Total number of children	Number of children per facility
Type of facilities
Small foodservice¹⁾	32 (840.0)	7.9 ± 2.8	896 (824.3)	27.1 ± 88.6
Institutional foodservice²⁾	48 (860.0)	12.2 ± 4.4	2,793 (875.7)	58.8 ± 20.4
Operators of facilities
National · public	13 (816.3)	9.5 ± 2.1	565 (815.3)	43.5 ± 14.3
Social welfare	11 (813.7)	15.2 ± 4.9	766 (820.8)	69.6 ± 24.5
Corporate · group	6 (887.5)	11.3 ± 4.7	231 (886.3)	38.5 ± 14.3
Private	34 (842.5)	10.1 ± 4.0	1,366 (837.0)	40.2 ± 19.6
Work place	5 (886.3)	13.8 ± 1.6	298 (888.1)	59.6 ± 13.2
Home	4 (885.0)	6.0 ± 0.8	71 (881.9)	17.8 ± 84.5
Kindergarten	7 (888.7)	6.1 ± 2.1	392 (810.6)	56.0 ± 30.8
Total	80 (100.0)	10.5 ± 4.4	3,689 (100.0)	46.1 ± 22.8

n (%) or Mean ± SD 1) Number of children < 50 2) Number of children ≥ 50

Table 2.

Salinity of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by year and type

Type	Small foodservice¹⁾		Institutional foodservice²⁾		t-value	Total
Years	n	Salinity (%)	n	Salinity (%)	t-value	n	Salinity (%)
2015	3,714	0.47 ± 0.11^c	1,993	0.50 ± 0.13^c	−9.29∗∗∗	5,707	0.48 ± 0.12^c
2016	5,631	0.41 ± 0.11^b	2,524	0.46 ± 0.14^b	−17.70∗∗∗	8,155	0.42 ± 0.12^b
2017	6,866	0.40 ± 0.9^a	3,489	0.42 ± 1.0^a	−9.37∗∗∗	10,355	0.41 ± 0.9^a
F-value		562.77∗∗∗		307.18∗∗∗			811.88∗∗∗
Total	16,211	0.42 ± 0.11	8,006	0.45 ± 0.12	−21.32∗∗∗	24,217	0.43 ± 0.11

Mean ± SD ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 Means with different lower case letters in the same column are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05. 1) Number of children < 50 2) Number of children ≥ 50

Table 3.

Salinity of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by annual frequency of salinity measurement

Annual frequency of salinity measurement	n	2015		2016		2017	F-value	Total
		(n=5,707)	(n=8,155)		(n=10,355)			(n=24,217)
		Salinity (%)	n	Salinity (%)	n	Salinity (%)		n	Salinity (%)
≤ 50	421	0.50 ± 0.17^c	358	0.50 ± 0.17^c	156	0.49 ± 0.21^b	0.25∗∗∗	935	0.50 ± 0.17^c
51∼100	463	0.48 ± 0.17^bC	1,157	0.43 ± 0.12^bB	1,060	0.41 ± 0.09^aA	52.79∗∗∗	2,680	0.43 ± 0.12^b
101∼150	1,398	0.49 ± 0.11^cC	2,363	0.42 ± 0.15^aB	3,099	0.40 ± 0.09^aA	321.59∗∗∗	6,860	0.43 ± 0.12^b
≥ 151	3,425	0.47 ± 0.11^aC	4,278	0.42 ± 0.10^aB	6,040	0.41 ± 0.09^aA	487.28∗∗∗	13,742	0.42 ± 0.10^a
F-value		22.57∗∗∗		58.84∗∗∗		51.06∗∗∗			137.4∗∗∗

Mean ± SD ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 Means with the different lower case letters in the same column are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05. Means with the different upper case letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05.

Table 4.

Sodium content of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by annual frequency of salinity measurement

Annual frequency of salinity measurement	2015		2016		2017		F-value	Total
	(n=5,707)			(n=8,155)	(n=10,355)			(n=24,217)
	n	Sodium	n	Sodium	n	Sodium		n	Sodium
	n	(mg/100 g)	n	(mg/100 g)	n	(mg/100 g)		n	(mg/100 g)
≤ 50	421	201.0 ± 66.53^c	358	201.1 ± 67.19^c	156	196.7 ± 83.43^b	0.25∗∗∗	935	200.3 ± 69.81^c
51∼100	463	192.4 ± 67.60^bC	1,157	172.5 ± 48.31^bB	1,060	164.8 ± 36.93^aA	52.79∗∗∗	2,680	172.9 ± 49.26^b
101∼150	1,398	197.8 ± 44.25^cC	2,363	166.9 ± 58.60^aB	3,099	161.0 ± 34.15^aA	321.59∗∗∗	6,860	170.5 ± 48.02^b
≥ 151	3,425	187.2 ± 43.59^aC	4,278	167.0 ± 39.24^aB	6,040	162.1 ± 34.39^aA	487.28∗∗∗	13,742	162.1 ± 34.39^a
F-value		22.57∗∗∗		58.84∗∗∗		51.06∗∗∗			137.4∗∗∗

Table 5.

Salinity and sodium content of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by food category

Soup type	2015	2016		2017	F-value	n	Total
	(n=5,707)	(n=8,155)		(n=10,355)			(n=24,217)
	n Salinity (%)	n	Salinity (%)	n Salinity (%)			Salinity (%)	Sodium (mg/100 g)
Clear soup	1,747 0.48 ± 0.12^bcC	2,908	0.42 ± 0.12^abB	4,162 0.40 ± 0.09^aA	308.19∗∗∗	8,817	0.42 ± 0.11^a	169.6 ± 43.20^a
Soybean paste soup	1,619 0.49 ± 0.12^cC	2,095	0.43 ± 0.12^bB	2,581 0.41 ± 0.09^abA	286.11∗∗∗	6,295	0.44 ± 0.11^b	175.2 ± 45.75^b
Kimchi soup	116 0.47 ± 0.13^abB	258	0.43 ± 0.13^bA	336 0.41 ± 0.10^abA	12.74∗∗∗	710	0.43 ± 0.12^a	170.2 ± 47.77^a
Seafood soup	453 0.48 ± 0.13^bcC	502	0.45 ± 0.13^cB	465 0.42 ± 0.11^bA	33.45∗∗∗	1,420	0.45 ± 0.13^c	179.1 ± 50.73^c
Perilla seed soup	416 0.45 ± 0.12^aB	463	0.41 ± 0.11^aA	639 0.40 ± 0.09^aA	34.33∗∗∗	1,518	0.42 ± 0.11^a	167.2 ± 43.35^a
General soup	626 0.46 ± 0.11^abC	843	0.42 ± 0.13^abB	818 0.40 ± 0.09^aA	55.11∗∗∗	2,287	0.43 ± 0.11^a	170.7 ± 44.99^a
Broth and stew	351 0.47 ± 0.13^abB	576	0.41 ± 0.12^aA	614 0.40 ± 0.09^aA	40.88∗∗∗	1,541	0.42 ± 0.12^a	168.6 ± 46.67^a
Noodle and dumpling	379 0.48 ± 0.13^bcB	510	0.41 ± 0.11^aA	740 0.41 ± 0.10^abA	50.76∗∗∗	1,629	0.43 ± 0.11^a	170.2 ± 45.59^a
F-value	6.94∗∗∗		6.63∗∗∗	2.39∗			17.43∗∗∗	17.43∗∗∗

Mean ± SD ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 Means with the different lower case letters in the same column are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05. Means with the different upper case letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05.

Table 6.

Salinity of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by season

Season	2015		2016		2017		F-value	Total
	(n=5,707)		(n=8,155)		(n=10,355)			(n=24,217)
	n	Salinity (%)	n	Salinity (%)	n	Salinity (%)		n	Salinity (%)
Spring	1,393	0.48 ± 0.11^bC	2,125	0.42 ± 0.11^bB	2,537	0.41 ± 0.11^bA	215.8∗∗∗	6,055	0.43 ± 0.11^c
Summer	1,502	0.48 ± 0.12^bC	2,038	0.41 ± 0.11^aB	2,867	0.40 ± 0.07^aA	346.3∗∗∗	6,407	0.42 ± 0.10^b
Autumn	1,562	0.46 ± 0.13^aC	2,232	0.42 ± 0.13^abB	2,843	0.40 ± 0.06^aA	181.8∗∗∗	6,637	0.42 ± 0.11^a
Winter	1,250	0.49 ± 0.12^bC	1,760	0.44 ± 0.13^cB	2,108	0.42 ± 0.12^cA	124.2∗∗∗	5,118	0.44 ± 0.13^d
F-value		11.65∗∗∗		23.64∗∗∗		16.25∗∗∗			42.34∗∗∗

REFERENCES

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2. Center for Children's Foodservice Management. The current status of centers [Internet]. Center for Children's Foodservice Management; 2019. [cited 2019 Sep 22]. Available from:. https://ccfsm. foodnara.go.kr..
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Sodium Reduction Practice and Importance-Performance Analysis of Sodium Reduction Methods in School Foodservice in Daegu
Su-Hyeon Kim, Eun-Kyung Shin, Yeon-Kyung Lee
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Comparison of Salinity and Sodium Content by the Salinity Measurement Frequency of Soups of Childcare Centers Enrolled in the Center for Children's Food Service Management in Daegu

Korean J Community Nutr. 2020;25(1):13-20. Published online February 29, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.13

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Comparison of Salinity and Sodium Content by the Salinity Measurement Frequency of Soups of Childcare Centers Enrolled in the Center for Children's Food Service Management in Daegu

Table 1.

Distribution of types of childcare centers

Types	Facilities		Children
Types	Total number of facilities	Number of employees per facility	Total number of children	Number of children per facility
Type of facilities
Small foodservice¹⁾	32 (840.0)	7.9 ± 2.8	896 (824.3)	27.1 ± 88.6
Institutional foodservice²⁾	48 (860.0)	12.2 ± 4.4	2,793 (875.7)	58.8 ± 20.4
Operators of facilities
National · public	13 (816.3)	9.5 ± 2.1	565 (815.3)	43.5 ± 14.3
Social welfare	11 (813.7)	15.2 ± 4.9	766 (820.8)	69.6 ± 24.5
Corporate · group	6 (887.5)	11.3 ± 4.7	231 (886.3)	38.5 ± 14.3
Private	34 (842.5)	10.1 ± 4.0	1,366 (837.0)	40.2 ± 19.6
Work place	5 (886.3)	13.8 ± 1.6	298 (888.1)	59.6 ± 13.2
Home	4 (885.0)	6.0 ± 0.8	71 (881.9)	17.8 ± 84.5
Kindergarten	7 (888.7)	6.1 ± 2.1	392 (810.6)	56.0 ± 30.8
Total	80 (100.0)	10.5 ± 4.4	3,689 (100.0)	46.1 ± 22.8

n (%) or Mean ± SD 1) Number of children < 50 2) Number of children ≥ 50

Table 2.

Salinity of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by year and type

Type	Small foodservice¹⁾		Institutional foodservice²⁾		t-value	Total
Years	n	Salinity (%)	n	Salinity (%)	t-value	n	Salinity (%)
2015	3,714	0.47 ± 0.11^c	1,993	0.50 ± 0.13^c	−9.29∗∗∗	5,707	0.48 ± 0.12^c
2016	5,631	0.41 ± 0.11^b	2,524	0.46 ± 0.14^b	−17.70∗∗∗	8,155	0.42 ± 0.12^b
2017	6,866	0.40 ± 0.9^a	3,489	0.42 ± 1.0^a	−9.37∗∗∗	10,355	0.41 ± 0.9^a
F-value		562.77∗∗∗		307.18∗∗∗			811.88∗∗∗
Total	16,211	0.42 ± 0.11	8,006	0.45 ± 0.12	−21.32∗∗∗	24,217	0.43 ± 0.11

Table 3.

Salinity of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by annual frequency of salinity measurement

Annual frequency of salinity measurement	n	2015		2016		2017	F-value	Total
		(n=5,707)	(n=8,155)		(n=10,355)			(n=24,217)
		Salinity (%)	n	Salinity (%)	n	Salinity (%)		n	Salinity (%)
≤ 50	421	0.50 ± 0.17^c	358	0.50 ± 0.17^c	156	0.49 ± 0.21^b	0.25∗∗∗	935	0.50 ± 0.17^c
51∼100	463	0.48 ± 0.17^bC	1,157	0.43 ± 0.12^bB	1,060	0.41 ± 0.09^aA	52.79∗∗∗	2,680	0.43 ± 0.12^b
101∼150	1,398	0.49 ± 0.11^cC	2,363	0.42 ± 0.15^aB	3,099	0.40 ± 0.09^aA	321.59∗∗∗	6,860	0.43 ± 0.12^b
≥ 151	3,425	0.47 ± 0.11^aC	4,278	0.42 ± 0.10^aB	6,040	0.41 ± 0.09^aA	487.28∗∗∗	13,742	0.42 ± 0.10^a
F-value		22.57∗∗∗		58.84∗∗∗		51.06∗∗∗			137.4∗∗∗

Table 4.

Sodium content of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by annual frequency of salinity measurement

Annual frequency of salinity measurement	2015		2016		2017		F-value	Total
	(n=5,707)			(n=8,155)	(n=10,355)			(n=24,217)
	n	Sodium	n	Sodium	n	Sodium		n	Sodium
	n	(mg/100 g)	n	(mg/100 g)	n	(mg/100 g)		n	(mg/100 g)
≤ 50	421	201.0 ± 66.53^c	358	201.1 ± 67.19^c	156	196.7 ± 83.43^b	0.25∗∗∗	935	200.3 ± 69.81^c
51∼100	463	192.4 ± 67.60^bC	1,157	172.5 ± 48.31^bB	1,060	164.8 ± 36.93^aA	52.79∗∗∗	2,680	172.9 ± 49.26^b
101∼150	1,398	197.8 ± 44.25^cC	2,363	166.9 ± 58.60^aB	3,099	161.0 ± 34.15^aA	321.59∗∗∗	6,860	170.5 ± 48.02^b
≥ 151	3,425	187.2 ± 43.59^aC	4,278	167.0 ± 39.24^aB	6,040	162.1 ± 34.39^aA	487.28∗∗∗	13,742	162.1 ± 34.39^a
F-value		22.57∗∗∗		58.84∗∗∗		51.06∗∗∗			137.4∗∗∗

Table 5.

Salinity and sodium content of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by food category

Soup type	2015	2016		2017	F-value	n	Total
	(n=5,707)	(n=8,155)		(n=10,355)			(n=24,217)
	n Salinity (%)	n	Salinity (%)	n Salinity (%)			Salinity (%)	Sodium (mg/100 g)
Clear soup	1,747 0.48 ± 0.12^bcC	2,908	0.42 ± 0.12^abB	4,162 0.40 ± 0.09^aA	308.19∗∗∗	8,817	0.42 ± 0.11^a	169.6 ± 43.20^a
Soybean paste soup	1,619 0.49 ± 0.12^cC	2,095	0.43 ± 0.12^bB	2,581 0.41 ± 0.09^abA	286.11∗∗∗	6,295	0.44 ± 0.11^b	175.2 ± 45.75^b
Kimchi soup	116 0.47 ± 0.13^abB	258	0.43 ± 0.13^bA	336 0.41 ± 0.10^abA	12.74∗∗∗	710	0.43 ± 0.12^a	170.2 ± 47.77^a
Seafood soup	453 0.48 ± 0.13^bcC	502	0.45 ± 0.13^cB	465 0.42 ± 0.11^bA	33.45∗∗∗	1,420	0.45 ± 0.13^c	179.1 ± 50.73^c
Perilla seed soup	416 0.45 ± 0.12^aB	463	0.41 ± 0.11^aA	639 0.40 ± 0.09^aA	34.33∗∗∗	1,518	0.42 ± 0.11^a	167.2 ± 43.35^a
General soup	626 0.46 ± 0.11^abC	843	0.42 ± 0.13^abB	818 0.40 ± 0.09^aA	55.11∗∗∗	2,287	0.43 ± 0.11^a	170.7 ± 44.99^a
Broth and stew	351 0.47 ± 0.13^abB	576	0.41 ± 0.12^aA	614 0.40 ± 0.09^aA	40.88∗∗∗	1,541	0.42 ± 0.12^a	168.6 ± 46.67^a
Noodle and dumpling	379 0.48 ± 0.13^bcB	510	0.41 ± 0.11^aA	740 0.41 ± 0.10^abA	50.76∗∗∗	1,629	0.43 ± 0.11^a	170.2 ± 45.59^a
F-value	6.94∗∗∗		6.63∗∗∗	2.39∗			17.43∗∗∗	17.43∗∗∗

Table 6.

Salinity of soups in childcare foodservice establishments by season