Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

The most downloaded articles in the last three months among those published since 2024.

Review

[English]
Dietary factors and nutritional guidelines for sarcopenia in older adults: a narrative review: Sumin Heo, Soo Jin Yang; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(6):389-396. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00360

Objectives
Sarcopenia is a condition characterized by the loss of muscle mass and function and is often accompanied by aging and chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. It increases the risk of falls, frailty, disability, hospitalization, and mortality in older adults. Its global prevalence is estimated as approximately 10%–27% in adults aged > 60 years. This review analyzes evidence from research findings and recommendations to provide a comprehensive overview of dietary factors and nutritional strategies for preventing and managing sarcopenia in older adults.
Methods
Literatures were searched to integrate findings from observational studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis on dietary factors and nutritional guidelines for the prevention and management of sarcopenia. Particularly, points were emphasized on protein intake, micronutrient adequacy, dietary patterns, and combined lifestyle interventions relevant to older populations.
Results
Sarcopenia develops through multifactorial mechanisms such as dysfunction in muscle protein synthesis, chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging-related hormonal decline. Nutritional factors, particularly protein intake, play a central role in its development and management. Adequate protein intake is typically 1.0–1.2 g/kg/day for healthy older adults and more than 1.2 g/kg/day for individuals with sarcopenia or frailty. High-quality protein intake, sufficient leucine intake, and amino acids or β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation may help to counteract dysfunction in muscle protein synthesis. The adequacy of vitamin D supports musculoskeletal health. Dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diets have been consistently associated with better muscle mass, strength, and function. Strong evidence has demonstrated synergistic benefits when optimized nutrition is combined with resistance exercise.
Conclusion
The comprehensive management of sarcopenia in older adults requires an integrated strategy that prioritizes adequate protein and energy intake, vitamin D adequacy, healthy dietary patterns, and regular resistance exercise.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Sodium butyrate ameliorates muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetes-related sarcopenia via the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 pathway
Cheng-Ya Song, Ying Yang, Kan Hong
Tissue and Cell.2026; 101: 103487. CrossRef
Dairy Foods Support Public Health Among Hispanic/Latino Americans
Kevin B. Comerford, Ashanda Saint Jean, Jennifer Vargas, Kimberly Avila Edwards
Journal of the National Hispanic Medical Association.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Broccoli-Derived Peptides and Leucine in Combination Ameliorate D-Galactose-Induced Sarcopenia in Mice
Kexin Yuan, Wenbin Wu, Ning Su, Mingyang Cui, Jingyi Qi, Yang Zhang, Zhengyang Zhang, Peng An, Junjie Luo, Yongting Luo
Nutrients.2026; 18(12): 1997. CrossRef
Micronutrient risk with GLP-1 receptor and dual incretin agonists in obesity: Mechanistic pathways, clinical signals, and a monitoring framework
Daniel Simancas-Racines, Martín Campuzano-Donoso, Gianluca Rossetti, Luigi Cobellis, Vincenzo Pilone, Federica Fascì-Spurio, Dolores Jima Gavilanes, Carlos Soria, Claudia Reytor-González, Luigi Schiavo
Obesity Pillars.2026; 19: 100290. CrossRef
Vitamin D as a Modulator of Sarcopenia in Women: Interactions with Dietary Patterns and Physical Exercise
Ilaria Versari, Alberto Bavelloni, Camilla Sbrighi, Mirko Traversari, Irene Faenza, Sara Salucci
Nutrients.2026; 18(15): 2494. CrossRef
Associations Between Lifestyle Behaviors and Handgrip Strength in Community-Dwelling Older Women: A Cross-Sectional Study
Yuji Maruyama, Maho Ueda
Healthcare.2026; 14(15): 2269. CrossRef
Sarcopenia as chronic recovery failure: a constraint-accumulation hypothesis for the muscle mass–function gap
Jun Woo Kwon
Medical Hypotheses.2026; 215: 112116. CrossRef

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Research Articles

[English]
Sex differences in the association between Korean Healthy Eating Index and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korean adults: a prospective cohort study: Yeeun Park, Minji Kim, Kyong Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(5):331-340. Published online October 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00227

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
Dietary quality is a modifiable determinant of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, evidence on the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) and sex-specific differences in its association with T2DM risk remains limited. This study is to examine the longitudinal association between KHEI and incident T2DM in Korean adults, with a focus on potential sex differences.
Methods
We analyzed 56,000 adults (37,684 women and 18,316 men) from the Health Examinee cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and KHEI scores were constructed based on national guidelines. Incident T2DM was defined using physician diagnosis, treatment history, or biochemical criteria. Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic spline analyses were applied to evaluate associations, with adjustments for demographic, lifestyle, and clinical covariates.
Results
Over a median follow-up of 4.2 years, 2,252 women and 1,776 men developed T2DM. Women in the highest quartile of KHEI had a 18% lower risk of T2DM compared with those in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71–0.93; P for trend = 0.007). In men, no significant association was observed (HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.95–1.29). The interaction by sex was statistically significant (P for interaction < 0.05). Spline analyses indicated a linear inverse association between KHEI and T2DM risk in women, whereas no trend was evident in men.
Conclusion
Higher diet quality, as measured by the KHEI, was associated with a reduced risk of T2DM in women but not in men, suggesting sex-specific effects of dietary patterns on diabetes prevention. These findings highlight the need for tailored nutritional strategies that consider biological and behavioral differences between women and men in Korea.

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[English]
Impact of a foodservice establishment manager’s willingness to perform duties on hygiene management levels and the mediating effects of extrinsic motivations: a cross-sectional study: Tae Yang Kim, Mi Young Lee, Young Eun Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(1):36-49. Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00332

Abstract PDF: Objectives
Consumer demand is growing for more rigorous hygiene management within foodservice establishments. The aim of this study was to provide customized data specific to each foodservice establishment, thereby informing policy formulation to improve hygiene management levels.
Methods
We surveyed 310 managers of directly managed foodservice establishments (excluding franchises) that were subject to hygiene inspections by the Chungbuk Provincial Office in Korea between September 1 and 27, 2023. Additionally, 30 investigators trained in methods for evaluating the hygiene management levels of foodservice establishments objectively assessed 310 establishments using evaluation sheets. All 310 managers provided consent and personally completed the questionnaires. Data from 277 managers were included in the analysis. General characteristics were analyzed with descriptive statistics in IBM SPSS Statistics 28 (IBM Corp.). Univariate normality verification, measurement model verification, structural model verification, and mediation effect significance analysis were conducted using R’s lavaan package (version 4.3.2.).
Results
Managers’ willingness to perform duties had a positive influence on hygiene management level (0.224), enthusiasm for hygiene (0.661), awareness of hygiene compliance (0.616), mandatory perception of the system (0.568), trust in local governments (0.406), and attention to consumers (0.558). In the relationship between managers’ willingness to perform duties and hygiene management level, mandatory perception of the system had a negative mediating effect (–0.223), while trust in local governments had a positive mediating effect (0.264).
Conclusion
Structural equation modeling was used to identify the complex pathways by which foodservice establishment managers’ willingness to perform duties, mediated by their human factors, influences their hygiene management level. Accordingly, policy implications were presented, suggesting that the hygiene management level of foodservice establishments could be enhanced by increasing managers’ willingness to perform their duties, and that a shift from mandatory regulations by local governments to support-oriented systems that foster trust in local governments is necessary.

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Research Note

[Korean]
Sugar intake from processed foods among Koreans and levy on excessive sugar use: a cross-sectional study: Sung Ok Kwon, Cho-il Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(3):287-296. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00199

Abstract PDF

Objectives
Although reduced mean sugar intakes have been reported recently, proportion changes in the Korean population with a sugar intake higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) sugar intake recommendation (WSIR) remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the sugar intake of Koreans to identify trends and prioritize target groups for relevant policy interventions.
Methods
We used dietary intake data from the 8th and 9th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES VIII and IX) to derive sugar intake from processed foods (SIPF) in the Korean population. We classified, aggregated and calculated sugar intake from individual foods at the tertiary-level food codes, and assessed SIPF adequacy based on whether it met the WSIR of less than 10% of the total energy intake.
Results
The proportion of the Korean population with an SIPF exceeding the WSIR was 22.7% and 22.4% in KNHANES VIII and IX, respectively. Nevertheless, more than one-third of children, adolescents, and young adults (34.6%–39.1%) showed SIPF higher than the WSIR with the highest proportion of 41.4% registered among school-age girls in KNHANES IX.
Conclusion
While the mean sugar intake of Koreans has decreased slightly since 2019, the proportion of people with SIPF exceeding WSIR is on the rise in school-age children, adolescents, and young adults, implying the necessity of proactive policy responses. As the Korean government discusses fiscal policy design and implementation to moderate the sugar intake of the population in order to promote public health and prevent chronic diseases, it should bear in mind the point emphasized in the WHO guideline as follows: “Changes in health-related outcomes as a result of a fiscal policy are likely to occur in the long term and should therefore be evaluated over a longer term than outcomes such as purchasing and consumption of foods and beverages.”

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Estimating added sugars intake among South Koreans: results from the 2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Youngmin Nam, Linxi Huang, Cho-il Kim, Jihyun Yoon
Clinical Nutrition Research.2026; 15(3): 139. CrossRef

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1 Crossref

Research Articles

[English]
Changing patterns and related factors of kimchi consumption among Korean adults: a nationwide cross-sectional analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2010–2024: Hui-Yang Zhao, Hyunji Ham, Sumin Kim, Chang Hyeon Lee, Kyungho Ha, Sangah Shin; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(3):244-263. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00108

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study was conducted to analyze long-term trends in kimchi consumption and patterns among Korean adults using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2010 to 2024, and to identify sociodemographic, dietary, and health-related factors associated with recent kimchi consumption.
Methods
Data from the 5th (2010) through 9th (2024) KNHANES were utilized. Trend analysis included 103,267 participants, while factor analysis focused on 14,244 adults aged ≥ 30 years (2022–2024). Changes in consumption form (side dish versus ingredient) and locations were examined. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for meeting the recommended intake (40 g/day).
Results
Over the past 15 years, kimchi consumption among Korean adults has significantly decreased regardless of gender (men: β = –1.53, women: β = –1.31, P for trend < 0.05). The proportion of individuals reporting no kimchi intake on the 24-hour recall day increased from 11.7% in 2010 to 22.7% in 2024. Among young adults (20–39 years), a qualitative shift occurred as consumption transitioned from side dishes to dish ingredients. At-home consumption decreased for all age groups under 60 years. Conversely, eating-out consumption increased for most groups, except for those aged 20–39 years, while school/ workplace consumption increased only in the 0–9 years age group. Analysis of the factors associated with meeting the recommended intake revealed that men, older adults, rural residents, married individuals, alcohol consumers, and smokers were more likely to meet the recommendation. Conversely, frequent solo dining or skipping meals were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of meeting the recommendation.
Conclusion
This study confirms a structural shift in the Korean diet. Future strategies for preserving traditional food culture and establishing nutritional policies must be tailored to reflect modern dietary changes, such as an increase in single-person households and the spread of a solo-dining culture.

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[English]
Development of a simplified NOVA-based scoring tool for assessing ultra-processed food consumption among Korean young adults: a cross-sectional study: Jinhyun Kim, Eunjin Jang, Sarang Jeong, Sukyoung Jung, Jee Young Kim, Jung Eun Lee, Dahye Han, Eunseo Lee, Junhyeok Jang, Sohyun Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(2):140-152. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00059

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
This study aimed to develop a NOVA-based scoring approach for evaluating ultra- processed food (UPF) intake among Korean adults and to examine its performance. Previous studies have reported that young adults have the highest levels of UPF consumption. Accordingly, this study focused on adults aged 19–40 years and developed scoring components reflecting dietary patterns specific to Korean eating habits.
Methods
Using 24-hour dietary recall data from adults aged 19–40 years in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2021–2023), foods were classified according to the Korean-adapted NOVA system. The top 10 food groups accounting for ≥ 80% of cumulative UPF-derived energy were selected to construct the scoring components. The tool was operationalized using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data from the Gangwon cohort study (2022–2024). Intake frequencies were converted into scores ranging from 0 (“rarely or never”) to 5 (“≥ 1 time/day”), and summed to generate the NOVA–UPF score (range: 0–50).
Results
Among 237 young adults (aged 20–49 years), the mean NOVA–UPF score was 22.9 ± 8.3. A positive association was observed between the NOVA–UPF score and FFQbased UPF energy intake (Spearman’s ρ = 0.629, P < 0.001). Cross-classification showed that 51.9% were classified into the same tertile and 94.9% into the same or adjacent tertiles, with a weighted kappa coefficient of 0.279.
Conclusion
This NOVA-based scoring approach may serve as a preliminary tool for assessing UPF intake in Korean young adults. Further refinement and rigorous validation using quantitative dietary assessment methods and more diverse populations are required before broader application.

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Review

[Korean]
Research trends in dietary behaviors and nutrition education among individuals with developmental disabilities in Korea: a scoping review (2015–2025): Nakyung Kwak, Wonyeong Park, Yu-Ri Kim, Jieun Oh; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(1):1-20. Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00374

Abstract PDF: Objectives
We mapped trends in studies on dietary behaviors, nutritional status, and nutrition-related education among individuals with developmental disabilities in Korea over the past decade to identify research gaps and inform future research and policy development.
Methods
A scoping review was conducted using three major Korean academic databases (RISS, KISS, and DBpia). Studies published between 2015 and September 2025 were identified using combinations of keywords related to developmental disabilities, dietary behavior, nutrition, and health-related interventions. Eligible studies included empirical studies and secondary research (e.g., systematic or scoping reviews) conducted in Korea that focused on dietary behaviors, nutrition, health promotion, or nutrition-related education for individuals with developmental disabilities. Thirty-six studies met our inclusion criteria and were analyzed based on study design, study population, disability type, research topic, and publication period.
Results
Observational quantitative, qualitative, intervention-based experimental, and evidence synthesis accounted for 27.8%, 13.9%, 22.2%, and 36.1% of all included studies, respectively. Children and adolescents (27.8%) and adults (25.0%) were the most frequently studied populations, with limited studies focusing on professionals or teachers. Most studies targeted individuals with developmental disabilities as a combined group (61.1%), followed by those specifically targeting autism spectrum disorder. Research topics included dietary behaviors and nutritional status, nutrition-related education and interventions, health promotion, and medical or clinical issues, with many small-scale and shortterm intervention studies.
Conclusion
Although research on dietary and nutrition-related issues among individuals with developmental disabilities in Korea has expanded in scope and methodology, significant limitations remain. Future research should adopt longitudinal and community-based approaches, incorporate diverse populations, and strengthen policy-oriented nutrition support systems to promote sustainable health and quality of life for individuals with developmental disabilities.

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Research Articles

[Korean]
Effects of watching Mukbang and Cookbang videos on adolescents’ dietary habits and mental health: cross-sectional study using the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey: Seung-Hee Hong; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(2):156-170. Published online April 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.2.156

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the association between how often Korean adolescents watch Mukbang and Cookbang videos and their dietary habits.
Methods
Data from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted in 2022 was analyzed for this study. The study included 51,850 middle and high school students and assessed various aspects, including demographics, frequency of watching Mukbang and Cookbang videos per week, dietary habits, health behaviors, and mental health factors.
Results
Nearly a third (29.3%) of Korean adolescents watched Mukbang and Cookbang videos one to four times a week, while 13.5% watched them more than five times weekly. Females, those with lower academic achievement, and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were significantly more likely to be frequent viewers (P < 0.001). Increased viewing frequency was associated with poorer dietary habits. Adolescents who watched more frequently were less likely to eat breakfast and consume fruits and milk, while their consumption of fast food, high-caffeine drinks, sugary drinks, and late-night snacks increased (P < 0.001). Higher viewing frequency correlated with increased feelings of stress, depression, and loneliness (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis confirmed these associations. More frequent viewers were significantly less likely to eat breakfast (odds ratio (OR), 0.63; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.58–0.68), and more likely to consume fast food (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.69–2.02), high-caffeine drinks (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.30–1.56), sugary drinks (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.41–1.67), and late-night snacks (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.25–1.51).
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that frequent exposure to Mukbang and Cookbang content is linked to unhealthy dietary habits in adolescents. Educational programs may be necessary to mitigate the potential for these videos to negatively influence dietary choices.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Mukbang Addiction and Emotional Eating Among University Students in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Fatimah Alenazi, Hend F. Alharbi
Nutrients.2026; 18(15): 2554. CrossRef
Association Between the Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and High-Caffeine Drinks and Self-Reported Mental Health Conditions Among Korean Adolescents
Seung Jae Lee, Yeseul Na, Kyung Won Lee
Nutrients.2025; 17(16): 2652. CrossRef
Mediating Effects of Mukbang and Cookbang Viewing on the Association Between SNS Use and Adolescents’ Food-Related Lifestyle
Soo Jin Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2025; 54(11): 986. CrossRef
성인 남녀의 먹방 시청시간에 따른 식행동에 대한 연구
하얀 남, 복미 정, 은례 전
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2024; 40(4): 275. CrossRef

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4 Crossref

[English]
Current status of sodium provision and reduction management in South Korean school meals: a descriptive study: Sooyoun Kwon, Youngmi Lee, Meeyoung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(3):229-243. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00101

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study investigated the current status of sodium provision and reduction management in South Korean school meals.
Methods
Using a proportional stratified random sampling by school level (kindergarten and elementary, middle, and high school), location (urban, rural, and island/remote area), and region (17 metropolitan and provincial Offices of Education), 1,068 schools (about 10% of all schools) were selected from 430 kindergartens and 5,883 elementary, 2,501 middle, and 2,268 high schools using the school meal system of the National Education Information System. An online survey was conducted with nutrition teachers and dietitians at the selected schools from September to November 2021 (n = 608; response rate: 57%).
Results
About 26.6% of schools had not established sodium provision standards. More than half of the respondents (59.9%) had never used low-sodium products; this percentage increased with school level. The reasons given included “insufficient information” (46.7%) and “high prices” (41.5%). The level of consideration for sodium management was highest at the cooking stage (3.89/5.00 points) and lowest at purchasing stage (3.20 points). Cooking-related consideration was significantly higher in kindergartens and elementary schools than in middle and high schools, while purchasing-related consideration was significantly higher in elementary than in middle schools. To reduce sodium, the most commonly reported requirement was “reduction of the excessive foodservice workload” (4.48/5.00 points), followed by “support for educational materials” (4.31 points).
Conclusion
Reducing sodium intake in school meals may require establishing clear sodium standards, increasing the availability of low-sodium products, easing the excessive workload, and enhancing educational support. To support these efforts, more comprehensive and consistently implemented policy approaches may be needed to reduce sodium in schools.

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Review

[English]
Life-course nutrition strategies for Korean middle-aged adults across biological transitions, nutritional burdens, and a community-linked precision nutrition model: a narrative review: Yoo Kyoung Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(3):215-228. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00206

Abstract PDF: Objectives
To describe the nutritional challenges faced by Korean middle‑aged adults (40–64 years) from a life‑course and biological transition perspective and to propose systems‑based precision nutrition strategies for this critical stage of the lifespan.
Methods
In this narrative review, PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science were searched for articles published between January 2010 and November 2025 using terms such as “middle aged nutrition,” “healthy aging,” “life course nutrition,” “sarcopenia,” “precision nutrition,” and “chronic diseases.” Policy documents and major national cohort and intervention studies were also reviewed.
Results
Middle-aged adults in Korea have a high prevalence of chronic disease beginning in their 40s, showing “the triple burden of malnutrition:” obesity, insufficient micronutrients, and sarcopenia onset, along with excessive sodium and sugar consumption combined with socioeconomic factors like living alone. Nutrient and dietary approaches, such as high protein (1.2–1.5 g/kg/d), leucine, dairy products and fruits, anti-inflammatory foods intake, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) or Mediterranean diets plus lifestyle modification at public health centers (Korean Diabetes Prevention Study) for cardiometabolic risks, Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet for cognition maintenance, could greatly impact health trajectories.
Conclusion
Korean middle‑aged adults experience a triple burden of malnutrition on top of nonlinear biological aging shifts, which together accelerate cardiometabolic, musculoskeletal, and cognitive risks. Implementing targeted dietary strategies within a systems‑based, community-linked precision nutrition model is essential to reshape health trajectories and promote healthy longevity in this population.

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Research Articles

[Korean]
Effects of senior-friendly foods on health, nutritional status, and dietary intake among rural elderly women in Korea: a quasi-experimental study: Sang-ju Lee, Ji-hyeon Kim, Jin-suk Han; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(1):101-113. Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00353

Abstract PDF: Objectives
We evaluated the impacts on health, nutritional status, and dietary intake of providing senior-friendly foods to community-dwelling elderly women in a rural area in Korea.
Methods
A pretest–posttest nonequivalent control group design with repeated measures was conducted among 71 rural-dwelling elderly women. Changes in health indicators, nutritional status, and dietary intake were assessed at three time points: baseline, post-intervention, and two months after intervention.
Results
Immediately after a three month intervention, significant differences were observed between the intervention and control groups in frailty score, Dysphagia Handicap Index, Mini Nutritional Assessment, social isolation, resilience, quality of life, and depression (P < 0.05). Significant group-by-time interaction effects were found for muscle mass, hemoglobin A1c, and energy, protein, and micronutrient intake, all of which showed significant improvements in the intervention group (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Providing senior-friendly foods effectively improved physical and physiological health and emotional well-being among rural older adults. This intervention also contributed broadly to improved dietary intake. These findings provide empirical evidence to support the development of community-based integrated care models and tailored nutrition intervention programs for rural elderly populations in Korea. Trial Registration: Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0011666.

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[Korean]
Effect of a community-based nutrition intervention incorporating social cognitive theory constructs and transtheoretical model-based counseling among community-dwelling elderly in Korea: a quasi-experimental study: Hyewon Shin, Seungmin Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(3):264-275. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00073

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study evaluated the effects of a 7-week nutrition intervention based on the personal and environmental constructs of social cognitive theory (SCT) and the transtheoretical model (TTM) on dietary behavior-related factors, dietary behavior outcomes, and stages of dietary behavior change among community-dwelling older adults.
Methods
A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group pretest–posttest design was conducted from May to December 2024 at seven senior facilities in Seoul and Gyeonggi, Korea. Older adults aged ≥ 65 years were assigned by facility to either an intervention group (n = 66; four facilities) or a control group (n = 65; three facilities). The intervention group completed a 7-week program consisting of baseline assessment, five weekly group education sessions, individualized nutrition counseling, and post-intervention assessment. The control group received one general nutrition education session. Outcomes included dietary knowledge, outcome expectations, value expectations, self-efficacy, environmental factors (food accessibility and household food availability and social support), dietary behavior outcomes assessed using the Nutrition Quotient for the Elderly (NQ-E), and stage of change. Program effects were analyzed using ANCOVA adjusted for age, family composition, education, baseline dietary knowledge, and value expectations.
Results
Compared with the control group, the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in dietary knowledge (P < 0.001), outcome expectations (P = 0.018), self-efficacy (P < 0.001), environmental factors (P < 0.001), and NQ-E total score (P = 0.011). No significant between-group difference was observed for value expectations. The proportion of participants in the action stage increased from 9.1% to 93.9% in the intervention group, and post-intervention stage distribution differed significantly between groups (P < 0.001). Program satisfaction was high (4.69 ± 0.41).
Conclusion
A 7-week nutrition intervention incorporating SCT-based personal and environmental constructs and TTM-based stage-matched counseling improved dietary behavior-related factors, dietary behavior outcomes, and stage distribution among community-dwelling older adults.

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[Korean]
Comparison of dietary behaviors and nutrient intake by gender and household type among older Koreans: a cross-sectional study using data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Dana Park, Soo-Kyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(1):87-100. Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00367

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to identify gender- and household type-specific nutritional vulnerability among older Koreans by comparing dietary behaviors, nutrient intake, and diet quality.
Methods
We analyzed data from 2,412 adults aged ≥ 65 years (1,118 men; 1,294 women) from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021). Household type was classified as one-person, couple-only, or with-children. Outcome variables included dietary behavior, daily energy and nutrient intake, and diet quality, assessed using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI). Analyses were carried out accounting for the complex sampling design, adjusting for age, residential area, education level, household income level, economic activity status, self-rated health status, and survey year.
Results
Elderly men in one-person households, compared with those in couple-only households, were more likely to skip breakfast and lunch and to consume less energy. The odds of intake below the estimated average requirement (EAR) were higher for iron (odds ratio [OR] = 1.731, P = 0.022) and zinc (OR = 2.460, P = 0.002) among men in one-person households. The KHEI score was the lowest among men in one-person households. Elderly women in with-children households, compared with those in couple-only households, were more likely to skip breakfast and to consume less energy. The risks of intake below the estimated energy requirement (EER) and EAR were higher among women in with-children households than those in couple-only households (EER: OR = 1.448; magnesium: OR = 2.090; iron: OR = 1.692; zinc: OR = 1.902; folate: OR = 2.282; all P < 0.05). The KHEI score was lower among women in with-children households.
Conclusion
Elderly men living alone and elderly women living with children showed significantly greater nutritional vulnerability. More attention should be given to understanding how gender-specific household types can affect nutritional vulnerability in later life.

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Review

[English]
The transition of nutritional status in infants, young children, and school-aged children in Korea and future-oriented nutritional strategies: a narrative review: Yoonna Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(2):115-126. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00115

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study examined the secular trends in anthropometric changes and the nutritional transition among Korean infants and school-aged children, while evaluating the efficacy and constraints of existing state-led nutritional policies. Ultimately, it proposes a “systems-centered” nutrition strategy, aligned with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Nutrition Strategy 2020–2030, to ensure health equity for future generations.
Methods
We reexamined comprehensive national health statistics, including school health examination data (1965–2024) and the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998–2023). Additionally, Dietary Screening Test results from 126,768 young children (2021–2024) were reviewed. These quantitative findings were synthesized through a narrative review of South Korean pediatric nutrition policies and UNICEF’s global strategic frameworks.
Results
While Korean children have historically experienced rapid secular growth, this has decelerated in the 2000s. Conversely, the prevalence of obesity has surged along with stagnant underweight rates. Dietary problems such as insufficient vegetable intake and frequent consumption of sweet snacks were also found, accelerating the “triple burden” of malnutrition. Policies such as school lunches, NutriPlus program, and Center for Children’s Foodservice Management have demonstrated great success in reducing nutritional risks and improving dietary habits. However, existing fragmented programs face limitations in comprehensively addressing regional disparities or blind spots and in providing tailored nutritional management.
Conclusion
A paradigm shift is imperative to fundamentally resolve these multidimensional nutritional crises. Moving beyond fragmented programs, we need to adopt a “systems- centered” approach integrating health, education, and welfare ecosystems. Key policy recommendations include establishing a continuous life-cycle health database, introducing artificial intelligence and FoodTech-driven precision nutrition coaching, and fostering a healthy food environment through public-private partnerships within a community integrated care network.

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Research Article

[Korean]
Parents' needs and perceptions of dietary and nutrition education in early childhood education institutions in South Korea: a mixed methods study: Jounghee Lee, Sookyung Choi, Minseo Kim, Seonghyun Lim, Jeong-Weon Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(6):441-456. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00304

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to clarify parental perceptions of dietary and nutritional education provided to young children, identify parental support needs, and suggest directions for improvement.
Methods
A mixed-method sequential explanatory design was followed. Quantitative data were collected through an online survey conducted nationwide that included 200 parents of children aged three to six years in South Korea. Qualitative data were subsequently obtained through focus group interviews with fifteen parents to explore their contextual insights and experiences.
Results
Needs ratings prioritized expanding activity-based/experiential education (3.65 ± 0.88), followed by strengthening home-school communication and connectivity (3.59 ± 0.84), diversifying topics and content (3.55 ± 0.88), and increasing instructional time (3.39 ± 0.94). Integrated with the focus group interview findings, multilevel barriers were revealed—individual level: strong preferences of children for sweet/processed foods; interpersonal level: strong parental modeling and peer effects counterbalancing limited teacher expertise/time; organizational level: insufficient effective event-based experiential activities, and resource gaps across institutions; community/policy level: infrequent external support, uneven access to local resources, lack of standardized guidance, and limited opportunities for parental participation. Parents favored short, interactive digital content and expressed concerns about overexposure. These convergent findings indicate needs to 1) formalize and extend experiential programs within the regular curriculum, 2) provide standardized guidelines and home resource kits, and 3) institutionalize parental involvement.
Conclusion
These findings reveal that dietary and nutritional education for young children should move beyond fragmented, event-based programs toward an integrated three-tiered model incorporating (1) a structured, experiential curriculum, (2) home-linked educational packages, and (3) safe and interactive digital content. Establishing standardized guidelines, enhancing educational infrastructure, and institutionalizing parental participation are essential for sustainable improvement of early childhood dietary education.

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Review

[English]
Evaluation and standardized dietary strategies for dysphagia in older adults: a narrative review: Jean Kyung Paik; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(5):323-330. Published online October 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00290

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This review aimed to elucidate the characteristics of dysphagia and age-related swallowing changes (presbyphagia) in older adults and to comprehensively examine assessment tools and standardized meal management strategies applicable in community settings to propose effective meal management strategies for healthy longevity.
Methods
Domestic and international literatures were analyzed regarding the definition and causes of dysphagia, physiological and structural characteristics and clinical impacts of presbyphagia, assessment and diagnostic tools (K-EAT-10 and K-DRACE), and the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI).
Results
Dysphagia compromises safe swallowing and nutritional intake in older adults, leading to serious complications, such as aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, malnutrition, sarcopenia, and reduced quality of life. The K-EAT-10 and K-DRACE proved effective for rapid screening of dysphagia risk in community-dwelling older adults. Moreover, texture-modified meals and viscosity adjustments based on the IDDSI standards are useful for reducing the risk of aspiration and improving nutrient intake. Meals can be classified as liquidized, minced, chopped, or regular, allowing for individualized management.
Conclusion
Presbyphagia is a multidimensional problem, and the integrated use of assessment tools and standardized meals is crucial. Community-based dysphagia management programs and collaboration among dietitians and healthcare professionals are needed to improve the nutritional status and quality of life of older adults.

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The xanthan gum oriented for dysphagia management: the influence of rheological and frictional properties on swallowing characteristics
Jiao Wang, Chaosheng Li, Li Liu, Yixun Xia, Ling Chen, Fang Zhong
Food Hydrocolloids.2026; 179: 112707. CrossRef
Occult fish bone ingestion inducing cross-site injury: a rare case report of gastric bleeding and jejunal perforation
Ze-Ming Chen, Guo-Li Cao, Xiao Tang, Ri-Yun Gan, Xi-Qiu Yu
Frontiers in Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Dysphagia Disability Registration and Support in South Korea: Current Status and Future Directions
Young Jin Song, Jeong Yun Park, Ju Kang Lee
Journal of the Korean Dysphagia Society.2026; 16(1): 1. CrossRef

4,365 View
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3 Crossref

Research Note

[English]
Pilot evaluation of a cooking-based nutrition education program to promote vegetable intake among children in Seoul, South Korea: a single-group pre–post study: Sil-Ah Kim, Su-Jin Lee, Min-Ah Kim, Ji-Eun Oh, Sohyun Park, Hyun-Joo Ryou, Ji-Yun Hwang; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(4):249-260. Published online August 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00220

Abstract PDF

Objectives
Food neophobia in children is often associated with limited exposure and familiarity to some foods. Cooking-based nutrition education (CBNE), which promotes acceptance through direct experience, may support the development of healthy eating habits. This study aimed to develop and implement a standardized CBNE program for school-aged children in Seoul, South Korea, and to evaluate its effectiveness by assessing changes in raw vegetable intake. Raw vegetable intake is an early indicator of the effectiveness of nutrition education on diverse topics in promoting healthy eating habits.
Methods
A single-group pre–post study was conducted with 37 children aged 6–11 years who participated in a 2-day CBNE program in October 2023. The participants completed pre- and post-education questionnaires and raw vegetable intake assessments. Four low-preference vegetables (bell pepper, carrot, cucumber, and tomato) were selected and served raw (25 g each) before and after the program. Intake changes were analyzed using paired t-tests, and Pearson’s correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were performed to identify predictors.
Results
Total raw vegetable intake significantly increased post-education (P = 0.008), particularly for carrots (P = 0.023). By subgroup, raw vegetable intake significantly increased in girls, upper-grade students, and those who consumed four or more vegetable side dishes per meal. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that while vegetable preference was initially significant, vegetable-related experiences (β = 0.395, P = 0.026) and diversity of vegetable side dishes per meal (β = 0.403, P = 0.032) were stronger predictors in the final model (adj R2 = 0.333).
Conclusion
The CBNE program may enhance vegetable intake in children. Although preference remained the strongest individual factor, vegetable experience and the diversity of vegetable side dishes per meal had a greater combined effect. These findings underscore the importance of repeated and diverse exposure, not only by supporting previous studies that link such exposure to increased intake but also by suggesting that environmental support may be essential for sustaining healthy eating habits.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Building food-smart cities: embedding urban food systems in the WEF nexus
Ha Thi Thu Nghiem, Truong Giang Nguyen
Frontiers in Sustainable Resource Management.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

2,767 View
89 Download
1 Crossref

Research Articles

[Korean]
Behavioral intention toward planetary health diet among adult users of government worksite cafeterias in Seoul, South Korea: a mixed-methods study based on the theory of planned behavior and focus groups interviews: Ji-Won Kang, Su-Jin Lee, Sil-Ah Kim, Ji-Yun Hwang; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(3):224-236. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00108

Abstract PDF

Objectives
To reduce urban carbon emissions, in this study, we aimed to suggest strategies for disseminating the planetary health diet (PHD) guidelines to adult cafeterias in a government worksite in Seoul based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and focus group interviews (FGI).
Methods
A total of 132 adults who worked at a government worksite in Seoul and used its cafeteria were included for a TPB-based survey. Factor analyses and multiple regression were used to investigate the relationships between attitude (cognitive•affective), subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC, internal•external) and the behavioral intention to adopt the PHD. To identify the contextual factors related to PHD dissemination, 14 participants underwent in-depth interviews.
Results
Affective attitudes and PBC (internal•external) constructs of the TPB were significantly related with the intention to adopt PHD: external PBC (β = 0.324, P < 0.001), internal PBC (β = 0.269, P < 0.01), and affective attitudes (β = 0.226, P < 0.05). The FGI results highlighted the insufficiency of simply providing healthy meals to encourage the adoption of PHDs, but that menu development and natural acceptance strategies are needed to increase palatability. In addition, the need for strategies to promote PHDs at an organizational level was identified, as it is directly influenced by the company of partners with whom one dines. Furthermore, users' perceptions of how “Meals for the Planet” are delivered and suggestions for its improvement were also interpreted.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that users' beliefs, convictions, and emotions are important while promoting or educating individuals about sustainable PHDs. Our findings are expected to help local governments or private group cafeterias that wish to introduce PHDs in the future, given the growing importance of environmentally conscious eating.

Citations

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Planetary Health Diet Adherence in Korean Adults: Association with the Korean Healthy Eating Index
Su-Jin Lee, Ji-Yun Hwang
Nutrients.2025; 17(19): 3060. CrossRef
Toward the development of a digital self-nutrition management education program for elderly: findings from focus groups study
Hae-song Yoo, Jin-myong Lee, Min-sun Jeon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(6): 431. CrossRef

2,321 View
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2 Crossref

[Korean]
A comparative study on nutritional status and diet-related subjective perceptions according to free meal service utilization among older adults living alone in Korea: a cross-sectional study: Minju Jeong, Dayeon Shin; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(2):165-177. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00339

Abstract PDF: Objectives
To assess whether the use of free meal services is associated with diet quality among older adults living alone in Incheon, Korea, by comparing the Nutrition Quotient for the Elderly (NQ-E), index of nutritional quality (INQ), and mean adequacy ratio (MAR).
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March 5 to April 24, 2025 using one-to-one interviews and partially self-administered questionnaires. After excluding cases with missing responses or energy intake of < 500 kcal/day, 119 participants were analyzed (56 men and 63 women). A single 24-hour recall was used to calculate INQ and MAR. NQ-E was evaluated using total and subdomain scores. Group comparisons and sex-stratified multiple linear regression analyses were performed.
Results
Diet-quality indicators were higher among service users than among non-users. INQ for thiamin and riboflavin was significantly higher in men than in women. Meanwhile, INQ for zinc, vitamin A, riboflavin, and folate was higher in women than in men. In both sexes, MAR was higher among users than among non-users (men: 0.8 ± 0.2 vs. 0.6 ± 0.2; women: 0.7 ± 0.2 vs. 0.5 ± 0.2; P < 0.001 for all). Differences in NQ-E total scores were small. Among women, the practice subdomain score was higher in users than in non-users (66.0 ± 16.4 vs. 55.2 ± 15.5; P = 0.016), and the proportion in upper grades was greater (P = 0.030). Regression analysis showed that service use was negatively associated with NQ-E in men (P = 0.007) and positively associated with MAR in women (P = 0.010).
Conclusion
Use of free meal services was associated with improved diet quality, as reflected by MAR and INQ for specific nutrients, and with higher NQ-E practice scores observed in women than in men. Policies should prioritize food-insecure groups and support sustained participation.

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[English]
Understanding the charactersitics and types of single-person households based on food purchase frequencies in Korea: a cross-sectional study using the 2023 Consumer Behavior Survey for Foods: So-Yun Kim, Youngmin Nam, Jong-Youn Rha, Haerang Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(1):27-39. Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00031

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study investigated the differences in food purchase frequency among single-person households by gender and age group and explored the characteristics of single-person household groups according to their food purchase patterns.
Methods
Utilizing data from the 2023 Consumer Behavior Survey for Foods conducted by the Korea Rural Economic Institute, this study examined food purchase frequencies among 966 single-person households. Data were analyzed using Rao-Scott chi-square tests, ANCOVA, ANOVA, and K-modes hierarchical cluster analysis.
Results
Significant differences were observed in the food purchase frequencies of single-person households for fresh and convenient food. Women displayed higher purchase frequencies for fish, vegetables, and fruits, whereas men showed higher purchase frequencies for convenient foods (P < 0.005). Single-person households aged 39 years and younger exhibited lower purchase frequencies for vegetables (P < 0.005) and fish (P < 0.001) and substantially higher frequencies of convenient food purchases (P < 0.001). Additionally, this study identified three distinct single-person household groups based on food purchase pattern: the “nutrition-conscious” group, which exhibited high purchase frequency for fresh foods; the “convenience-seeking” group, which showed high purchase frequency for all types of convenient foods; and the “passive food consumer” group, which displayed relatively low purchase frequency for both fresh foods and convenient foods. The socio-demographic characteristics of single-person households differed significantly across these three groups, with the “passive food consumer” group and “convenience-seeking” group exhibiting lower healthy eating competency (MN(nutrition-conscious group) = 3.68, MP(passive-food-consumer group) = 3.40, MC(convenience-seeking group) = 3.52, P < 0.001), safe eating competency (MN = 3.87, MP = 3.57, MC = 3.77, P < 0.001), and satisfaction (MN = 3.36, MP = 3.23, MC = 3.25, P = 0.04) than the “nutrition-conscious” group.
Conclusion
This study underscores the need for targeted nutrition programs to address the unique needs of single-person households depending on their characteristics. Specifically, this study highlights the importance of targeted interventions for “convenience-seeking” and “passive food consumer” to promote dietary competency and encourage healthy dietary behavior.

Citations

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Dietary behaviors and food waste typologies in single-person households using nationally representative data in South Korea
Wonwi Moon, Sunny Ham, Yonghee Suk
Waste Management.2026; 216: 115446. CrossRef
Cut-Specific Phospholipid Content and Distribution in Commonly Consumed Beef and Pork in Korea
Sunyoung Lim, Heon-Woong Kim, Jung-Ah Shin
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2026; 55(4): 360. CrossRef
Secular trends in dietary patterns among Korean adults: using data from the 2007–2022 Korea National health and nutrition examination survey
Eunyoung Tak, Juhae Kim, Heejin Lee, Minji Kang
Nutrition Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
남성의 조리문해력이 식생활만족도에 미치는 영향: 조리관심도의 매개효과를 중심으로
진영 장, 지영 윤
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2025; 41(6): 430. CrossRef

13,642 View
136 Download
4 Crossref

[Korean]
Awareness, importance and performance of sustainable diets among university students in Daegu and Gyeongbuk, Korea: a cross-sectional study: Yun-Gyeong Cho, Eun-Kyung Shin, Yeon-Kyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(3):276-286. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00080

Abstract PDF: Objectives
The need for a sustainable diet is being emphasized as dietary changes are linked to climate change, biodiversity loss, and worsening food security. The purpose of this study was to investigate university students’ awareness, knowledge, behaviors, perceived importance, and performance of sustainable diets, and to compare these variables between students who had taken a food and nutrition course and those who had not.
Methods
A total of 300 university students in the Daegu Gyeongbuk region, Korea, participated in an online survey conducted in 2024, and 292 valid (male, 139; female, 153) responses were analyzed. The survey assessed awareness, knowledge, behaviors, perceived importance, and performance of sustainable diets. These were compared between participants (134) and non-participants (158) in the food and nutrition course.
Results
Our results showed that 54.5% of students were aware of sustainable diets, and 58.7% expressed an intention to participate in sustainable diet education in the future. The total knowledge and behavior scores on sustainable diets were 7.09/10 and 3.67/5, respectively, and the scores of the course-taking group were significantly higher than those of the non-course-taking group. The actual level of performance of sustainable diets (3.63/5) was relatively low compared to their perceived importance (3.93/5). Students who took the course demonstrated significantly higher importance (society) and performance (environment, health, and society) scores than those who did not. No significant differences were detected between the two groups regarding the importance of the environmental and health aspects of sustainable diets.
Conclusion
Students taking the food and nutrition course demonstrated high levels of awareness, knowledge, behavior, perceived importance, and performance regarding sustainable diets. These findings highlight the need for systematic educational strategies in higher education to promote sustainable dietary competencies among university students.

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[Korean]
A needs assessment for the development of a digital-based self-nutrition management education program for older adults in Korea: a cross-sectional study: Hae-Song Yoo, Jin-Myung Lee, Min-Sun Jeon; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(2):178-191. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00010

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the current status of nutrition management and digital utilization, the demand for e-learning nutrition education, and the factors influencing e-learning nutrition education among older adults.
Methods
A total of 500 older adults aged 65–84 years, registered as panelists with a professional survey agency, participated in an online survey. Chi-square and independent samples t-tests were used to examine gender differences. Correlations between participants’ general characteristics and the major variables were analyzed. Based on the results, a moderated regression analysis was conducted to identify how the general characteristics significantly associated with the intention to use e-learning nutrition education functioned as moderators.
Results
Significant gender differences were observed in nutrition education experience, interest and practice of nutrition management, barriers, and digital device utilization (all P < 0.05). Exploratory factor analysis identified four sub-factors for education needs: ‘Self-directed well-being practice education’, ‘Dietary therapy for major chronic diseases’, ‘Nutrition strategy for longevity and anti-aging’, and ‘Enhancing nutrition literacy education’. In Model 1, the need for digital education, interest in nutrition management, and gender were significantly associated with usage intention (all P < 0.05), whereas health-promoting behavior showed marginal significance (P = 0.06). Although the Model 2 interaction was significant, the change in explanatory power was negligible (Delta R2 = 0.003), and all interaction terms were non-significant (P > 0.05), indicating that the relationships are not moderated by gender.
Conclusion
Although older adults exhibited high interest in nutrition management, their experience with nutrition education was limited. Significant gender differences in educational needs and health-promoting behaviors highlight the importance of tailored strategies. Enhancing digital accessibility and providing gender-specific, competency-based content are essential to effectively translate interest into behavioral change. This study underscores the importance of integrating gender-specific approaches, individual digital competencies, and inducement of health-promoting behaviors when developing e-learning nutrition education programs for older adults.

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[Korean]
Evaluation of young children’s dietary behaviors by parental growth concern levels in Gyeonggi area: a descriptive study: Youn-Rok Kang, Hyung-Sook Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(1):75-86. Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00269

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study investigated differences in dietary habits, lifestyle patterns, and feeding- related developmental issues among Korean preschool children based on their parents’ levels of growth concern, and examined the associations between parental growth concern and children’s eating behaviors.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with parents of children aged 1–5 years residing in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. Participants were classified into high, moderate, and low growth concern groups using the children’s dietary screening test. Data were collected on the children’s anthropometric status, lifestyle routines, dietary intake patterns, eating behaviors, and mealtime media exposure.
Results
Children in the high growth concern group showed a higher prevalence of underweight; irregular sleep and mealtime routines; and more frequent eating difficulties, including picky eating, slow eating, and oral processing problems. Mealtime media exposure was associated with lower fruit and vegetable intake and higher consumption of processed and sugar-rich foods. Higher parental growth concern did not correlate with healthier dietary or lifestyle outcomes.
Conclusion
Preschool children’s dietary behaviors and routines differed according to the parents’ levels of growth concern. Higher levels of parental concern were associated with increased feeding difficulties and greater mealtime media exposure. These findings suggest that excessive concern may contribute to maladaptive eating patterns in children. Evidence- based parental guidance and structured nutrition education are essential to promote healthy growth and eating behaviors during early childhood.

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48 Download

[English]
Exploring factors of nutrition teachers’ intentions for sustainable dietary education in South Korea: an application of the theory of planned behavior: Eunseo Yang, Borham Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(2):114-128. Published online April 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.2.114

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of nutrition teachers and the factors influencing their intention toward sustainable dietary education utilizing the theory of planned behavior (TPB).
Methods
The self-administered online survey was completed by nutrition teachers in Jeollanam-do, South Korea. A total of 151 valid questionnaires were analyzed. Factor analysis and multiple regressions were employed to test the research model.
Results
The study findings demonstrated that all TPB variables significantly influenced the sustainable dietary educational intention, with the degree of influence ranking as follows: external perceived behavioral control (β = 0.417), attitude (β = 0.240), internal perceived behavioral control (β = 0.207), and subjective norms (β = 0.181). For external perceived behavioral control, nutrition teachers and elementary schools exhibited higher levels compared to dietitians and middle/high schools, respectively. The participants in sustainable dietary education training programs exhibited a higher level of internal perceived behavioral control compared to those who did not participate. The highest perception levels were reported for attitude (4.26), followed by subjective norms (4.02), internal perceived behavioral control (3.67), and external perceived behavioral control (3.20).
Conclusions
This study affirmed that the TPB variables elucidated the sustainable dietary educational intentions of nutrition teachers. The significant impacts of external and internal perceived behavioral control, attitude, and subjective norms on educational intentions were confirmed. Consequently, proactive support from schools and governments is essential to enhance the facilitating factors and mitigate the barriers toward sustainable dietary education in schools.

Citations

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Perceptions of Sustainable Dietary Practices : A Comparison Between Food and Nutrition Professionals and Food-Related Major Students in South Korea
Eunseo Yang, Borham Yoon
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2026; 36(1): 13. CrossRef
Behavioral intention toward planetary health diet among adult users of government worksite cafeterias in Seoul, South Korea: a mixed-methods study based on the theory of planned behavior and focus groups interviews
Ji-Won Kang, Su-Jin Lee, Sil-Ah Kim, Ji-Yun Hwang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(3): 224. CrossRef
An educational needs analysis of sustainable dietary education for nutrition teachers: an application of the IPA, Borich needs assessment and The locus for focus model
Eunseo Yang, Borham Yoon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(5): 372. CrossRef

2,489 View
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3 Crossref

Review

[English]
Life-course personalized nutrition strategy for adolescents and young adults in Korea based on a behavioral science approach and community-based model: a narrative review: Jung-Hyun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(2):127-139. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00129

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This review examines the nutritional challenges among Korean adolescents and young adults from life-course and behavioral science perspectives and proposes an integrated, community-based nutrition strategy for this critical transitional period.
Methods
A narrative review was conducted following the Scale for the Quality Assessment of Narrative Review Articles guidelines. Literature published between January 2015 and June 2025 was retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Information Sharing Service using keywords related to adolescent and young adult nutrition, life course approaches, behavioral nutrition, and personalized nutrition. Policy documents from the World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations Nutrition, and Korean government agencies were also included. A total of 40 references (32 peer-reviewed articles and 8 policy reports) were analyzed.
Results
Korean adolescents and young adults exhibited high rates of skipping breakfast (> 38.3%), obesity, and excessive sodium and sugar intakes, with disparities driven by socioecological determinants. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease framework highlights adolescence as the “second window of plasticity” for reshaping long-term health trajectories. Two behavioral frameworks were synthesized: the Formation–Maintenance Model, distinguishing adolescent (Learn–Practice) and young adult (Sustain) stages, and the socioecological nutrition model, addressing multi-level influences on dietary behavior. A structural discontinuity in public nutrition support, termed the “School-to-Society Nutrition Gap,” was identified. Community-based, participatory, and digitally integrated interventions showed strong potential for sustaining behavioral change.
Conclusion
A personalized life-course nutrition strategy based on a Learn-Practice-Sustain framework was proposed. A Community-Linked Circular Nutrition Model was presented to bridge the gap between school-based and community-level nutrition systems, emphasizing nutrition equity and digital engagement as key drivers of sustainable health outcomes.

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Research Article

[English]
Ultra-processed food intake and dietary behaviors in Korean adolescents: a cross-sectional study based on the 2019–2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Jin-A Kim, Sim-Yeol Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(6):410-418. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00297

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the intake of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and dietary behaviors in Korean adolescents.
Methods
This study used 24-hour dietary recall data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2023). In total, 1,720 adolescents aged 12–18 years were included in this study and categorized into quartiles based on the percentage of energy intake from the UPF. Nutritional status, contributing subgroups of UPF intake, and healthy dietary practices were examined using Health Plan 2030 indicators across quartiles of UPF intake.
Results
The nutrient intake of protein, vitamins (A, B1, B2, niacin), and minerals (iron, potassium) was the lowest in the fourth quartile of UPF intake compared with the first quartile (P for trend < 0.001), whereas calcium intake increased across quartiles, from 47.68% in the first quartile to 58.51% in the fourth quartile (P for trend < 0.001). The main contributing subgroups to UPF intake differed across quartiles of UPF intake, and the highest contributing subgroups were ‘instant noodles and dumplings,’ ‘desserts, cakes, and ice cream,’ and ‘sauces and seasonings.’ Healthy dietary practices were the lowest in the fourth quartile (22.18%, P < 0.001), and the proportions of appropriate fat and fruit/vegetable intake were significantly lower in the higher quartiles of UPF intake (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
This study suggests that a lower UPF intake was associated with better nutritional status and healthy dietary practices in Korean adolescents. These findings provide fundamental evidence for promoting healthier food choices and balanced dietary practices.

Citations

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An Exploratory Indirect Association Analysis of Dietary Supplement Use and Metabolic Risk in Korean Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study
Jeoungmi Kim, Vasuki Rajaguru
Foods.2026; 15(14): 2554. CrossRef

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82 Download
1 Crossref

Review

[Korean]
Current status of nutrition education media and its utilization in providing customized nutrition information for older adults in Korea: a scoping review based on the transtheoretical model and food literacy: Seojin Yun, Jiwon An, Kirang Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(3):175-182. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00094

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study analyzes the status of nutrition education media among Korean older adults based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) and their food literacy to propose effective strategies for the development and utilization of educational media.
Methods
A literature review was conducted using The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) protocol. The literature search was performed using government and local government agency websites, as well as those of affiliated institutions, health and nutrition-related academic societies, and academic search engines. A total of 144 studies were identified, and after a cross-evaluation by two reviewers based on the literature selection criteria, 73 studies were included in the final analysis.
Results
Among the types of nutrition education media, card news had the highest proportion, followed by video media. The development and distribution of nutrition education media for older adults were primarily carried out by government and local government agencies, as well as related affiliated institutions, accounting for 80.8% (n = 59) of the total. When nutrition education topics in the media were categorized according to the stages of behavior change in the TTM, the largest proportion, 64.6% (n = 61), was applicable to the precontemplation and contemplation stages. When categorized by food literacy domains, all topics fell under the categories of nutrition and safety.
Conclusion
Nutrition education media for older adults were found to be primarily focused on knowledge acquisition and information delivery, making them mostly applicable to the precontemplation and contemplation stages of behavior change. The concept of food literacy addressed in the different types of media was limited to the domains of nutrition and safety, with no content covering the cultural and relational domains or the social and ecological domains. For tailored nutrition education, it is necessary to develop diverse educational materials that comprehensively reflect each stage of the TTM and all aspects of food literacy.

Citations

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A needs assessment for the development of a digital-based self-nutrition management education program for older adults in Korea: a cross-sectional study
Hae-Song Yoo, Jin-Myung Lee, Min-Sun Jeon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2026; 31(2): 178. CrossRef
Effect of a community-based nutrition intervention incorporating social cognitive theory constructs and transtheoretical model-based counseling among communitydwelling elderly in Korea: a quasi-experimental study
Hyewon Shin, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2026; 31(3): 264. CrossRef
Toward the development of a digital self-nutrition management education program for elderly: findings from focus groups study
Hae-song Yoo, Jin-myong Lee, Min-sun Jeon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(6): 431. CrossRef

2,693 View
123 Download
3 Crossref

Research Articles

[Korean]
Differences in lunch nutrient intake and nutritional adequacy among Korean older adults by meal site: a cross-sectional analysis of the 2018–2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data: Daeun Choi, Sunhee Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(2):205-213. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00045

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to examine whether the dietary quality of congregate lunches differs according to meal location among older adults and to identify meal settings that may represent gaps in nutritional oversight. Specifically, this study compared lunchtime nutrient intake and adequacy among older adults eating at workplaces, welfare centers, and religious institutions.
Methods
Data were obtained from the 2018–2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The participants included 487 adults aged ≥ 65 years who reported consuming lunch at institutional meal sites, including workplaces (n = 187), welfare centers (n = 145), and religious institutions (n = 155). Nutrient intakes, nutrient adequacy ratio (NARs), and the mean adequacy ratio were compared using complex-sample general linear models with Bonferroni post-hoc tests, adjusting for sex, age, and total energy intake.
Results
Socioeconomic characteristics were broadly comparable across groups, but nutrient intake and dietary quality differed according to meal location. In food-group analyses, meat intake was lowest among participants eating at religious institutions, and dairy intake also differed significantly across settings. In nutrient adequacy analyses, NAR for carbohydrate, thiamin, and niacin differed significantly by meal location. However, except for carbohydrate, most nutrient-specific NAR remained below 1.0 across all groups, indicating insufficient adequacy relative to one-third of the recommended intake from lunch alone.
Conclusion
The dietary quality of congregate lunches among older adults differed according to meal location. Although nutrient inadequacy was common across settings, older adults eating at religious institutions showed relatively lower adequacy for some nutrients, particularly thiamin and niacin. These findings suggest that nutritional support should be strengthened across congregate meal services, with particular attention to less structured community-based settings such as religious institutions.

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[Korean]
Foodservice management and nutrition education status and needs for individuals with developmental disabilities in welfare facilities in Seoul and Gyeonggi, Korea: a cross-sectional study: Mi-ra Lee, Youngmi Lee, Yun Hee Chang, Yujin Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(2):192-204. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00087

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to examine the current status of foodservice management and nutrition education practices, and the needs for individuals with developmental disabilities in welfare centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi, South Korea, and to compare the differences according to dietitians’ level of understanding of developmental disabilities.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted among dietitians working at 65 welfare centers, and data from 45 centers were analyzed. The questionnaire assessed general characteristics, foodservice operations, nutrition education practices, perceived needs, and the understanding of developmental disabilities. Participants were classified into high- (n = 17) and low-understanding (n = 28) groups based on their self-rated understanding of developmental disabilities. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 29.0 (IBM Corp.).
Results
All centers provided one daily meal (lunch), with one cook serving an average of 116 individuals. Only 11.1% of centers implemented nutrition education, primarily limited due to insufficient time and low expectations regarding the effectiveness of nutrition education. Overall, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in most aspects of foodservice management and nutrition education practices, although some specific items showed significant differences. The high-understanding group reported a significantly greater perceived need for nutrition education and placed higher importance on rapport-building and situational response skills. These findings suggest that structural constraints, including staffing, budget, and limited resources, may play a greater role than individual- level understanding in shaping foodservice and nutrition education practices.
Conclusion
Welfare centers showed limited capacity to provide tailored foodservice and systematic nutrition education for adults with developmental disabilities. Strengthening staffing standards, improving foodservice environments, and developing standardized educational materials that consider communication levels are necessary. Moreover, expanding professional training opportunities for dietitians and establishing institutional support systems are essential to enhance sustainable nutrition education practices.

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[English]
Association between nutrient intake and frailty status in Korean older adults: a cross-sectional study using the 9th (2022–2023) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Hyejin Yu, Sang-Jin Chung; Korean J Community Nutr 2026;31(2):153-164. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00038

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study evaluated the intake status of key macronutrients and micronutrients (calcium, magnesium, iron, and vitamin D) among Korean older adults and investigated their associations with frailty and its individual components.
Methods
Data from 1,246 participants (aged ≥ 65 years) in the 9th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2022–2023) were analyzed. Participants were classified into Robust, Pre-frail, and Frail groups based on a modified version of the Fried frailty phenotype (unintentional weight loss, exhaustion/fatigue, muscle weakness, slow gait speed, and low physical activity). Nutrient intake levels were categorized into tertiles. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for frailty. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and total energy intake. Model 2 included additional adjustments for socioeconomic factors (household composition, household income) and function-related factors (aerobic physical activity, chewing difficulty, and disease status).
Results
Total energy intake differed significantly across frailty groups in both Model 1 (P = 0.011) and Model 2 (P = 0.043). In the fully adjusted model, participants in the highest tertile of iron intake (T3) had 35% lower odds of frailty compared to those in the lowest tertile (T1) (OR = 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44–0.96). Iron intake maintained the strongest independent association with reduced odds of muscle weakness (T3 vs. T1: OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28–0.71). Furthermore, higher protein intake per kilogram of body weight (T3) was significantly associated with lower odds of slow gait speed (OR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.33–0.87) in the minimally adjusted model. Vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium were not significantly associated with overall frailty after full adjustment.
Conclusion
Insufficient intake of protein and iron is associated with increased odds of frailty and its functional components in Korean older adults. These findings underscore the critical need for evidence-based nutritional interventions and policy development to prevent and manage frailty at the population level.

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Educational Material

[Korean]
Development and evaluation of play-based food and nutrition education materials for early childhood through sensory experiences: a pre-post observational study: Hyunjoo Ryou, Sohyun Park, Jieun Oh, Ji-Yun Hwang; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(6):471-483. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00276

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to develop play-based nutrition education (PBNE) materials for young children and to evaluate their applicability and effectiveness.
Methods
An online survey of 1,253 primary caregivers of preschool children was conducted, and the findings were used to develop age-specific utilization guides, slides, activity sheets, activity cards, posters, educational videos, and parent newsletters. Selected materials were implemented in child-care centers through the Children’s Foodservice Management Centers between October and November 2023. The effectiveness of the PBNE program was assessed by examining changes in mushroom consumption as well as food awareness and preferences, before and after the intervention.
Results
A total of eight media formats and 320 educational contents were developed, and mushrooms were as the pilot theme among the 12 possible food items. Following the intervention, children’s positive awareness of mushrooms increased, and > 96% of participants attempted to consume them. Teachers in child-care centers rated the appropriateness and applicability of the content, its contribution to behavioral improvement, and their overall satisfaction at > 4.9 out of 5 points.
Conclusion
This study developed experiential, PBNE materials aligned with the national standard child- and play-centered curriculum. The materials were effective in enhancing food awareness and promoting attempts at consumption. Future efforts should focus on developing additional experiential teaching tools that incorporate teacher feedback and on strengthening home-linked programs to support healthy seasonal food intake and positive dietary experiences in young children.

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Research Articles

[Korean]
Effects of primary caregivers’ food literacy, social support, food environment, and household income on the nutritional status of school-aged children: a cross-sectional study: Seyeon Park, Ji-Yun Hwang, Sohyun Park, Hyun Joo Ryou, Jieun Oh; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(5):352-363. Published online October 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00248

Abstract PDF: Objectives
The dietary habits of school-aged children play a critical role in their growth and development, and are strongly influenced by the home environment. Household income is closely associated with caregivers’ food literacy, social support, and food environment. This directly affects the nutritional status of children. This study aimed to provide evidence to inform policies and educational programs for improving dietary habits in children, and to establish a foundation for tailored support strategies for low-income families.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 846 primary caregivers of school-aged children from 17 regions across Korea, recruited through an online survey. Household income, caregivers’ food literacy, social support, and food environment were assessed. Nutritional status in children was measured using the Nutrition Quotient for Children (NQ-C). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), correlation analyses, and multiple linear regression.
Results
Caregivers from higher income households demonstrated significantly greater food literacy and social support (P < 0.001). Children from these households showed high balance scores and a large proportion of these children were in the “high” NQ-C grade. The NQ-C score in children was positively correlated with food literacy (r = 0.425), social support (r = 0.471), and the food environment (r = 0.235) (P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that food literacy (β = 0.256) and social support (β = 0.348) were significant predictors of nutritional status in children.
Conclusion
This study confirmed that the nutritional status in children is not only determined solely by household income but is also mediated by caregivers’ food literacy, social support, and food environment. These findings highlighted the limitations of providing only economic support. The findings underscore the need for multifaceted interventions such as strengthening parental nutrition education, expanding social support networks, and improving access to healthy foods.

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[Korean]
Adult consumers’ perception of plant-based meat substitutes and related factors in Korea: a cross-sectional study: Yun-A Lee, Mi-Kyeong Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(3):237-248. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00115

Abstract PDF: Objectives
We aimed to examine differences in experience, consumption, and perception of plant-based meat substitutes according to consumer characteristics, and to identify associated factors.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 410 adult consumers were surveyed regarding their eating habits, experience with and consumption of plant-based meat substitutes, and their intentions and perceptions of these products. Statistical analyses were conducted.
Results
Approximately 84% of participants had heard of plant-based meat substitutes, most commonly through mass media and social media. Overall, 65.12% reported having consumed plant-based substitutes, with higher consumption observed among older and more health-conscious individuals. The most common reason for consumption was curiosity about new foods (36.33%), whereas the primary reason for non-consumption was lack of opportunity (61.54%). Additionally, 77.32% of respondents indicated willingness to try plant-based substitutes, with taste identified as the most influential factor in purchasing decisions. Perception of plant-based meat substitutes was rated 3.82 out of 5, with significantly higher awareness among individuals aged 50–64, married individuals, housewives, graduate students or graduates, and those with irregular meal times or infrequent dining out.
Conclusion
Older, married, more educated, and health-conscious individuals who dine out less frequently tend to have higher perception scores for plant-based meat substitutes, along with greater experience and stronger future use intention.

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[Korean]
Knowledge on complementary foods of mothers with young children and their perception of convenience complementary foods: Yoojeong Joo, Jihyun Yoon, Linxi Huang, Youngmin Nam; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(1):16-33. Published online February 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.1.16; Correction in: Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(2):171

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to examine mothers’ knowledge levels on complementary foods and their perception of convenience complementary foods.
Methods
An online survey was conducted with mothers aged 20–49 years who had purchased convenience complementary foods and had a preschool child aged 4 months or older. The respondents were categorized into 3 groups based on their knowledge scores: low- (0–50 points), mid- (55–65 points), and high- (70–100 points) knowledge groups.
Results
The average score of mothers’ knowledge on complementary foods was 58.8 out of 100 points. Working mothers were found to have lower levels of knowledge compared to mothers who were housewives. Only 1/4 of responding mothers had educational experience on complementary foods. Mothers expressed a desire for information on the types of complementary foods (72.2%) and the intake amounts (60.3%) corresponding to each phase of their child’s development. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences in health (P = 0.002), variety (P = 0.039), and hygiene (P = 0.041) among the factors taken into consideration when purchasing convenience complementary foods according to the mothers’ knowledge levels. Mothers in the high-knowledge group placed a greater importance on ‘balanced nutrition’ (P = 0.022) and ‘hygienic cooking’ (P = 0.010) compared to mothers in the low-knowledge group. The results of the modified importance-performance analysis, which compared the importance and performance of the factors taken into consideration when purchasing convenience complementary foods, highlighted the need for efforts in ‘health,’ ‘hygiene,’ and ‘price,’ while also indicating an excessive effort in ‘convenience.’
Conclusions
This study suggests expanding relevant education programs to enhance mothers’ knowledge on complementary foods, especially for working mothers. In the industry, marketing strategies for complementary food products could be developed that align with the needs of mothers, focusing on health, hygiene, and price.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Development and Evaluation of a Nutrition Education Website for the Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity
Miyong Yon, Chan Park, Kwan-Hee Yoo, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(4): 390. CrossRef
Breakfast Skipping and Related Factors in Children in Poverty
Kyung Ja June, Jin-Young Kim, Seungmi Park, Ji Yun Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2011; 22(2): 204. CrossRef

4,479 View
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2 Crossref

[English]
The impact of flash continuous glucose monitoring and nutrition coaching on dietary self-efficacy and weight management in university students in Korea: a pre-post intervention study: Soojin Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(3):183-196. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00073

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 4-week multicomponent intervention combining flash continuous glucose monitoring (flash-CGM), group nutrition education, and personalized nutrition coaching on dietary self-efficacy (DSE) and weight management in healthy university students.
Methods
A total of 27 university students participated in a pre-post intervention study. The intervention included a single 4-hour group-based nutrition education session, flash-CGM usage (FreeStyle Libre; Abbott Diabetes Care), and weekly one-on-one nutrition coaching. Participants wore the CGM device for 28 days (replaced after 14 days), and were guided in using the FoodLens app (DoingLab) for dietary tracking and a mobile app-linked digital scale for weight monitoring. Outcomes measured before and after the intervention included DSE, body mass index (BMI), nutrition quotient (NQ) and glycemic indicators. Statistical analyses included Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U-tests with significance set at P < 0.05.
Results
There was a significant increase in DSE (P < 0.05), particularly in managing eating behavior under stress and fatigue. A modest but significant decrease in BMI was observed in the overall group (P < 0.05), though changes were not significant in the BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 subgroup. Glycemic indicators showed minimal changes. The overall NQ score improved slightly, with significant increases in fruit intake (P < 0.01) and nutrition label checks (P < 0.05). High satisfaction levels (4.52 ± 0.65 on a 5‑point scale) were reported for device usability and coaching services.
Conclusion
The multicomponent intervention improved DSE, NQ scores, and supported modest weight reduction among university students. The combined effect of CGM, nutrition education, and coaching appears promising; however, further studies are needed to isolate the effects of each component and evaluate long-term outcomes. Trial Registration: Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0010255.

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[Korean]
Effects of night eating on oral health characteristics and symptoms of poor oral health in adolescents: a cross-sectional study using the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey: Seung–Hee Hong; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(2):150-162. Published online April 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00038

Abstract PDF

Objectives
To determine the association between night eating habits and oral health in adolescents.
Methods
Data from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted in 2022 were analyzed. The study included 51,850 middle and high school students and assessed the frequency of night eating per week, dietary habits, oral health characteristics, and factors affecting the presence of symptoms of poor oral health.
Results
Almost thirty-seven percent (36.6%) of Korean adolescents have eaten at night one to two times per week and 23.0% more than three times per week. An increased frequency of night eating was associated with poor dietary habits. Adolescents who consumed more at night were less likely to have breakfast, drink water, and eat fruit, while their consumption of fast food, sweet drinks, and high-caffeine drinks increased (P < 0.001). An increased frequency of night eating was also associated with poor oral health. In a logistic regression analysis, more frequent night eaters were significantly less likely to brush their teeth at least three times per day (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75–0.82; P for trend < 0.001), and brush their teeth before going to sleep (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.65–0.75; P for trend < 0.001), while they were more likely to experience sealant (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.13–1.26). More frequent night eaters were significantly more likely to have tooth fracture (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.30–1.53; P for trend < 0.001), tooth pain when eating (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.50–1.67; P for trend < 0.001), toothache (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.52–1.70), and bad breath (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.43–1.60).
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that frequent night eating is linked to symptomatically poor oral health in adolescents. Therefore, oral health education programs related to dietary habits are necessary to reduce the potential of night eating to negatively influence dietary habits and oral health.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association between water intake and oral health among Korean adolescents according to their sugar-sweetened beverages consumption
Hyunwoo Hwang, Jeewon Koh, Jung Woo Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2026; 20(4): 656. CrossRef
Association between Sleep Quality and Perceived Oral Health among Adolescents: Analysis of the 2024 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Bo Young Park, Eun Bi Sim
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2025; 25(4): 370. CrossRef

3,640 View
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2 Crossref

[Korean]
A study on regional differences in dietary behaviors and satisfaction in Korea focusing on urban and rural comparisons: a cross-sectional study: Jong-Youn Rha, Sohyun Kim, Hae-Rang Lee, Juhyeon Kil; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(2):140-149. Published online April 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00262

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study aims to examine regional differences in dietary behavior and satisfaction between urban and rural residents in Korea, identifying key factors associated with dietary satisfaction in each group to deepen understanding of these variations.
Methods
The data were obtained from the Consumer Behavior Survey for Food 2022 by the Korea Rural Economic Institute. The analysis involved 6,365 adult participants, using the complex survey χ2-test and complex survey t-tests to compare dietary behavior across regions and complex survey regression analysis to explore factors related to dietary satisfaction. Data were analyzed with R 4.3.1 (for macOS; Posit PBC).
Results
Urban and rural areas differed in consumer characteristics such as gender, age, income, and household type, as well as in food consumption behaviors and in dietary competencies associated with purchasing and intake. Specifically, dining out and processed food consumption were more prevalent in urban areas, whereas home-cooked meals were more frequent in rural areas. Overall, dietary competencies were higher among urban residents. However, there was no significant difference in dietary satisfaction between the two regions. This finding suggests that satisfaction is based on subjective evaluations, with consumers in each region forming satisfaction in ways that align with their environment and lifestyle. Accordingly, the factors contributing to dietary satisfaction differed by region. In urban areas, information utilization competency and maintaining a balanced diet played a significant role in dietary satisfaction, whereas in rural areas, regular mealtimes were more influential. Urban consumers reported higher dietary satisfaction when meals provided a sense of appropriate convenience, whereas rural consumers showed greater satisfaction when meals were shared with family at home.
Conclusion
The findings indicate regional differences in food consumption behaviors and dietary competencies, as well as variations in how consumers achieve dietary satisfaction. These insights provide a foundation for developing dietary policies and programs aimed at improving dietary satisfaction.

2,331 View
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[English]
Developing educational videos to inform rightly about school foodservice from kindergarten to high school: a case study: Gyoungok Gang, Chaewon Park, Haejin Kang, Wan Soo Hong, Yoo Kyoung Park, Sook Hee Choi, Seung Hye Kim, Jieun Choi, Jihyun Park, Hyeja Chang; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(2):97-113. Published online April 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.2.97

Abstract PDF: Objectives
Since the enactment of the School Nutrition Act in 1981, school lunch programs in South Korea have grown quantitatively and qualitatively with a current student participation rate of 99.8%. Nonetheless, educational materials are needed to reduce misunderstanding and ignorance about school lunch programs. This study aimed to develop 3 educational videos that help students of various ages (kindergarteners/lower-grade elementary, upper-grade elementary, and secondary school, respectively), understand the school lunch program.
Methods
A scenario was created, was made, and the opinions on the scenario from experts in foodservice sectors were collected. A survey was conducted to students and parents to determine topics they wanted to know about school foodservice. The final videos were produced using this information and the expert opinions. The data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0 for Mac (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA); a P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Three videos on school foodservice were developed for various age levels of students: kindergarten/lower-grade elementary, upper-grade elementary, and secondary school. Additionally, English subtitles were included for the multicultural student population. These videos, each lasting about 7 minutes, cover topics such as nutrition, hygiene, and the cultural significance of the school lunch program. The survey results showed that parents and students wanted to know the following topics about the school lunch program: “nutritionally balanced diet” (11.9%), “purchasing safe food ingredients” (10.9%), and “healthy eating habits” (9.9%).
Conclusions
The developed videos will serve as valuable educational resources on school foodservice, foster a deeper understanding of the school lunch program in parents and students, and potentially address their inquiries regarding production processes, nutrition, hygiene, cultural heritage, and health.

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[Korean]
A study on the diet and nutrition management status and educational needs in elderly care facilities in Korea: focus group interviews with staff from children’s and social welfare meal management support centers and elderly care facilities: Seo Young Choi, Hyun joo Ryou, Jieun Oh; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(4):286-295. Published online August 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00143

Abstract PDF: Objectives
In this study, we identified the current status of meal and nutritional management in elderly care facilities and analyzed the educational needs of employees, with the goal of proposing effective support strategies for nutritional management and to suggest directions for developing customized educational content.
Methods
Between May and June 2024, we conducted nine focus group interviews with 22 participants recruited from 10 cities across four major regions of Korea, including 13 employees of children and social welfare meal management support centers and nine employees of elderly care facilities.
Results
Our findings revealed that supporting algorithm-based dietary planning, improving communication with caregivers, and providing flexible, practical education tailored to facility conditions, are key elements for enhancing nutritional management in elderly care facilities. To facilitate the translation of these insights into practice, it will be necessary to strengthen collaboration between centers and facilities, combined with efforts to improve the operational environment for applying the algorithm and providing continuous educational support.
Conclusion
The findings of this study emphasize the importance of on-site education and sustainable support strategies based on the diet and nutritional management status and education needs of elderly care facilities. Strengthening practical education, communication systems, and center–facility collaboration is required, and future research needs to verify the efficacy of these measures and define a sustainable support system based on quantitative analysis.

2,458 View
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[English]
Regional differences in protein intake and protein sources of Korean older adults and their association with metabolic syndrome using the 2016–2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: a cross-sectional study: You-Sin Lee, Yoonna Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(3):173-188. Published online June 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.3.173

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The study aim was to analyze the regional differences in dietary protein intake and protein sources of Korean older adults and their association with metabolic syndrome.
Methods
Study participants were 1,721 older adults aged 65 and over who participated in 2016–2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Using 24-hour recall dietary intake data, protein intake and their food sources were examined. The association between protein intake and metabolic syndrome, obesity, and abdominal obesity were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.
Results
Total protein and animal protein intakes were higher in urban area (60.0 g, 24.4 g, respectively) than in rural area (54.6 g, 19.6 g, respectively). With increase of protein intake level, animal to total protein proportion was increased in both areas. Total protein and plant protein intake was negatively associated with the risk of obesity, abdominal obesity in both areas. Animal protein intake was negatively associated with the risk of obesity in both areas, and with abdominal obesity only in urban area. In urban area, plant protein intake was also negatively associated with the risks of metabolic syndrome, elevated triglyceride, and reduced high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In urban area, the risk of metabolic syndrome was decreased when their protein intake was more than 0.91 g/kg and was lowest when their protein intake was more than 1.5 g/kg (P for trend < 0.001).
Conclusions
Korean older adults showed inadequate protein intake and those in rural area showed lower animal protein intake than in urban area. The risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome was decreased with the increase of protein intake level. These findings may help develop effective nutrition support strategy for older adults to reduce regional health disparity.

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Assessing Nutritional Factors for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease via Diverse Statistical Tools
Yea-Chan Lee, Hye Sun Lee, Soyoung Jeon, Yae-Ji Lee, Yu-Jin Kwon, Ji-Won Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2026; 50(1): 178. CrossRef
Longitudinal Deterioration in Nutritional Status Associated With Increased Risk of Sarcopenia in Community‐Dwelling Aged Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study
Ho Jun Lim, Seung Shin Park, Mi Ji Kim, Hak Chul Jang, Sung Hye Kong, Chang Won Won
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Nutritional and environmental implications of incorporating cultivated meat into the Korean diets: a preliminary analysis
Daniel Ryu, Hae Jin Park, Yujin Ahn, Jieun Oh, Yooheon Park
Food Science and Biotechnology.2026; 35(6): 1495. CrossRef
Association between nutrient intake and frailty status in Korean older adults: a cross-sectional study using the 9th (2022–2023) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Hyejin Yu, Sang-Jin Chung
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2026; 31(2): 153. CrossRef
Association Between Revised Macronutrient Intake Ratios and Metabolic Syndrome
Min Ju Kim, Jung Hyun Kwak
Nutrients.2026; 18(16): 2706. CrossRef
The association between dietary protein intake and metabolic syndrome: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Dorsa Ghazvineh, Ali Hosseinpour, Vahid Basirat, Elnaz Daneshzad
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The association between total, animal-based, and plant-based protein intake and cognitive decline in older adults
Maud Peperkamp, Margreet R. Olthof, Marjolein Visser, Hanneke A. H. Wijnhoven
European Journal of Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

13,688 View
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7 Crossref

[Korean]
Prevalence of coronary artery disease according to lifestyle characteristics, nutrient intake level, and comorbidities among Koreans aged 40 years and older: a cross-sectional study using data from the 7th (2016–2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Areum Song, Sook-Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(6):457-470. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00346

Abstract PDF: Objectives
To examine the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) according to lifestyle characteristics, nutrient intake level, and comorbidities among Koreans aged  40 years.
Methods
Data were derived from 11,025 participants aged ≥ 40 years in the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were assigned to a CAD group (n = 470) or a non-CAD group (n = 10,555). Socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, residence, income, marital status, education level, and employment status), lifestyle characteristics (smoking, drinking, walking, strength training, sleep duration, stress level, and subjective health perception), energy and nutrient intakes, and comorbidities, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, stroke, cancer, depression, renal failure, cataract, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis were analyzed.
Results
The prevalence of CAD was higher in older participants and in male. Participants with CAD had higher rates of smoking, engaged in less strength training, experienced higher stress, and had poorer perceived health. They had lower intakes of energy, fiber, folate and iron. The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, stroke, depression, renal failure, cataract, asthma, allergic rhinitis, osteoarthritis, or osteoporosis was significantly higher in the CAD group. The likelihood of having CAD was significantly higher among participants with renal failure (odds ratio [OR], 4.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.24–8.08), depression (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.55–2.95), asthma (OR, 2.07; 95% CI 1.48–2.91), and dyslipidemia (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.69–2.44).
Conclusion
In Koreans aged  40 years, CAD was associated with unhealthy lifestyle habits, low nutrient intake, and increased comorbidities such as renal failure, depression, asthma, and dyslipidemia. These findings suggest the need for lifestyle management and intensive chronic disease management to reduce the risk of CAD.

1,469 View
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[Korean]
A study on the development of nutrition counseling manual and curriculum for the disabled in Korea: a mixed-methods study: Kyoung-Min Lee, Woo-jeong Kim, So-young Kim, Young-mi Park, Hwa-young Yoon, Min-Sun Jeon; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(5):376-388. Published online October 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00192

Abstract PDF: Objectives
Individuals with disabilities require targeted interventions to ameliorate disability-related conditions and improve overall health status. Nutritional challenges and counseling needs vary according to the type of disability, necessitating comprehensive assessments of dietary habits, physical activity, and food intake. Compared to traditional education, nutrition counseling offers a more sustainable and environmentally adaptable approach that effectively addresses individualized nutritional issues. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and evaluate a practical nutrition counseling manual and meal guidelines for people with disabilities in Korea, addressing their diverse dietary needs and improving nutritional care in social welfare facilities.
Methods
A four-stage integrated research design was employed. Stage 1 involved qualitative research through in-depth interviews with 11 facility staff. In Stage 2, a nationwide survey (n = 249) was conducted based on the results of the interviews. Stage 3 integrated both qualitative and quantitative findings. Stage 4 focused on developing and evaluating a nutrition counseling manual and five types of meal guidelines through feedback from 26 nutritionists at 24 Korean Centers for Social Welfare Foodservice Management.
Results
Six major nutrition counseling topics were identified: healthy eating, managing salt and sugar intake, dysphagia diet, appropriate intake, and hygiene. The manual and guidelines demonstrated high field usability, with average satisfaction scores of 3.98 and 3.99, respectively.
Conclusion
The integrated study resulted in the development of a specialized nutrition counseling manual and handbook for individuals with disabilities in Korean social welfare facilities. The materials were revised and improved based on practical evaluations by dietitians, enhancing their field applicability. These tools are expected to contribute to better dietary management and health promotion among facility residents. The developed materials reflect the real-world needs of people with disabilities and offer practical tools for effective nutrition counseling and dietary management in institutional settings.

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[Korean]
Co-occurrence network and pattern of school lunch using big data and text-mining using data from the 2021–2023 school meal menu information on the NEIS open educational information portal: an exploratory study: Hyeyun Kang, Jimi Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(6):514-527. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00297

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study aimed to use big data from elementary, middle, and high school lunches to determine the primary food groups and menu items that contribute to lunch meals through text-mining and investigate the variations in food groups and menu composition patterns across different grade levels.
Methods
Between 2021 and 2023, a total of 7,892,456 lunch menus from 17 cities and provinces in South Korea were analyzed using big data from the National Education Information System (NEIS) system. After undergoing text preprocessing for text-mining, the collected menus were classified into 34 food groups based on primary ingredients and cooking methods, excluding the types of rice and kimchi. Subsequently, analyses of term frequency, term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), centrality, and co-occurrence networks were performed on the food group and menu data.
Results
According to the TF-IDF, the most frequent food group across all grade levels was soup and seasoned vegetables, whereas milk was the most frequently provided menu. As the grade level increased, the frequency of grilled and fried food increased. In elementary schools, fruits exhibited the highest centrality, whereas soup had the highest centrality in middle and high schools. Co-occurrence frequency revealed that the soup-fruit combination was the most common in elementary schools, whereas soup and seasoned vegetables were most frequently paired in middle and high schools. The co-occurrence network of food groups and menus further indicated that menus regularly provided as standard meals and those frequently offered as special meals formed distinct communities.
Conclusion
This study investigated the food groups and menu provision patterns in school meals through text-mining techniques applied to large-scale school lunch. The findings may contribute in enhancing the quality of nutritional management, school foodservice, and menu composition of school meal programs.

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Dietary patterns and diet quality among adults in their 20s according to rice consumption: a co-occurrence network analysis using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2019–2021
Eun-kyung Kim, Jin-Young Lee, Yong-Seok Kwon, Minji Kang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2025; 58(6): 571. CrossRef

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[English]
Total sugar intake and its contributed foods by age groups in Koreans using the 8th (2019–2021) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: a cross-sectional study: Hyejin Yu, Sang-Jin Chung; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(3):222-233. Published online June 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.3.222

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study was conducted to investigate the status of total sugar intake and contributing foods in Korea according to age groups.
Methods
This study used 24-hour dietary recall data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021) to investigate the nutritional and total sugar intake status among Koreans. A total of 18,338 research participants (≥3 years old) were included in this study. To analyze the types of foods contributing to total sugar intake, these foods were categorized into 15 types. Moreover, we examined the total sugar intake and ranked the most consumed foods by age groups (3–11 years, 12–18 years, 19–34 years, 35–49 years, 50–64 years, over 65 years). A survey procedure was employed for statistical analysis.
Results
The energy intake ratio from total sugars was approximately 12%–15%, which was within the recommended range. However, the proportion of individuals consuming total sugar exceeding 20% of their total caloric intake is nearly 20%, raising concerns about excessive sugar consumption. Furthermore, the percentage of participants whose intake of sugar from processed foods exceeded 10% of their total calories was highest in the 12–18 age group at 37.1%, followed by the 3–11 age group at 35.2%, and the 19–34 age group at 34.0%. Carbonated drinks, cola, and cider were the primary foods consumed by children and adolescents (3–18 years old) and young adults (19–34 years old). For middle-aged and older adults, mixed coffee with sugar and cream was a prominent contributor to sugar intake.
Conclusions
This study investigated sugar consumption patterns among Koreans, finding the principal foods contributing to this intake. Identifying these contributors is pivotal, given their potential impact on public health.

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Psychosocial factors related to the stages of change in reducing sugar intake among adults in Seoul, Korea: a cross-sectional study
Ju Young Lee, Kyung Won Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2026; 31(1): 21. CrossRef
Associations of self-efficacy and perceived benefits and barriers with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption patterns: a secondary analysis of the 2017–2020 Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT)
Chi-Hsuan Liu, Chyi-Huey Bai, Te-Chih Wong, Shu-Chen Lee, Yi-Chun Chen
Frontiers in Nutrition.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Ten-year trends in sugar-sweetened beverages consumption among Koreans, 2014–2023
HyunJi Son, Khongorzul Ganbat, SuJin Song
Nutrition Research and Practice.2026; 20(4): 683. CrossRef

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[English]
Serum branch chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids ratio and metabolic risks in Koreans with normal-weight or obesity: a cross-sectional study: Ji-Sook Park, Kainat Ahmed, Jung-Eun Yim; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(3):212-221. Published online June 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.3.212

Abstract PDF

Objectives
Metabolic disease is strongly associated with future insulin resistance, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Thus, identifying early biomarkers of metabolic-related disease based on serum profiling is useful to control future metabolic disease. Our study aimed to assess the association of serum branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs) ratio and metabolic disease according to body mass index (BMI) status among Korean adults.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 78 adults aged 20–59 years in Korea. We compared serum amino acid (AA) levels between adults with normal-weight and adults with obesity and investigated biomarkers of metabolic disease. We examined serum AA levels, blood profile, and body composition. We also evaluated the association between serum AAs and metabolic-related disease.
Results
The height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip-ratio, body fat mass, body fat percent, skeletal muscle mass, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were higher in the group with obesity compared to normal weight group. The group with obesity showed significantly higher levels of BCAA, AAA, and BCAA and AAA ratio. Further, BCAA and AAA ratio were significantly positively correlated with triglyceride, body weight, and skeletal muscle mass. The evaluation of metabolic disease risks revealed an association between the ratios of BCAAs and AAAs, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.
Conclusions
Our study is showed the associations between BCAA and AAA ratio, obesity, and obesity-related diseases using various analytical approaches. The elevated BCAA and AAA ratio could be early biomarkers for predicting future metabolic diseases in Korean population.

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Modulation of cecal microbiota and metabolite profiles by Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds enhances antioxidant capacity and meat quality in Pekin ducks
Tao Li, Peng Wang, Zhuo Zhi, Qinli Li, Tong Guo, Jie Zhou, Huiya Zhang, Jiqiao Zhang, Jianqin Zhang
Poultry Science.2026; 105(7): 107010. CrossRef
Candidate Obesity Biomarkers Identified Through Multi‐Omics Analysis, Mendelian Randomization, and Mediation Analysis
Mahan Si, Yongsheng Zhao, Yingting Wu, Wenli Zhao, Xuan Liu, Mengxi Jiang
Food Science & Nutrition.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The emerging role of branched-chain amino acid metabolism in obesity
Dingye Wang, Xiyuan Wang, Minlan Yang
International Journal of Obesity.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Integrated Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Genetic Basis and Causal Association Between Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation
Xize Wu, Guorui Xu, Ruiying Wang, Qicheng Cai, Jian Kang, Minglin Ruan, Jiaqi Ren, Yue Li, Lihong Gong
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2026; 28(9): 8113. CrossRef
The Role of Aromatic Amino Acids in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome through Patients’ Blood Metabolic Profiling: A Systematic Review of the Past Five Years
Apostolos Gkantzos, Stavros Kalogiannis, Olga Deda
Journal of Proteome Research.2025; 24(5): 2208. CrossRef
Current Data on the Role of Amino Acids in the Management of Obesity in Children and Adolescents
Diana Zamosteanu, Nina Filip, Laura Mihaela Trandafir, Elena Ţarcă, Mihaela Pertea, Gabriela Bordeianu, Jana Bernic, Anne Marie Heredea, Elena Cojocaru
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(15): 7129. CrossRef

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[English]
Impact of postoperative dietary types on nutrition and treatment prognosis in hospitalized patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery: a comparative study: Sung Bin Youn, Se-Hui Ahn, Dong-Ho Cho, Hoon Myoung; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(2):129-143. Published online April 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.2.129

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
The objective of this study is to compare a nutritionally balanced soft blend diet (SBD) with a soft fluid diet (SFD) on the health of inpatients who have undergone oral and maxillofacial (OMF) surgery, ultimately aiming to enhance care outcomes, improve health-related quality of life (QOL), and increase satisfaction with the hospital.
Methods
Thirty-two patients were randomized into two groups: sixteen received SFD and sixteen received SBD. Anthropometric, laboratory evaluations were conducted upon admission and discharge. Patients filled out questionnaires on demographics, diet satisfaction, food intake amount, and health-related QOL on the day of discharge, assessed using the EuroQoL 5 Dimensions 3 Level and EuroQoL Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS) instruments. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, χ² tests for group differences, and paired nonparametric t-tests for within-group comparisons. The Mann-Whitney U test evaluated inter-group differences in preoperative weight and body mass index (BMI), postoperative changes, meal satisfaction, intake, health-related QOL, and self-assessed health status. P-values were set at a significance level of 0.05.
Results
The SBD group had higher dietary intake (63.2% vs. 51.0%) and greater diet satisfaction (80.6 vs. 48.1, P < 0.0001) compared to SFD group. Health-related QOL, measured by EQ-VAS, was better in SBD group (70.3 vs. 58.8, P < 0.05). Postoperative weight and BMI decreased in SFD group but increased in SBD group (P < 0.01). Changes in laboratory results showed more stability in the SBD group. No postoperative infections were reported in SBD group, whereas SFD group had a 31.25% complication rate.
Conclusions
While SFD is often recommended after OMF surgery to protect oral wound healing process, our study reveals that SBD not only enhances physical and psychological outcomes but also, somewhat unexpectedly, supports wound healing and reduces complications. Essentially, SBD promotes physical recovery and enhances health-related QOL than SFD by supporting both somatic and mental healing aspects.

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Comparative Evaluation of Effect of Therapeutic Nutrition on Serum Albumin Levels and Nutritional Indices in Patients Undergoing Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Maxillofacial Fractures – A Prospective Clinical Trial
B. R. Rajanikanth, Amruta T. Achar, Kavitha Prasad, Hema Arvind
Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery.2025; 24(1): 110. CrossRef
Nutritional management for breast cancer patients
Minjeong Kim, Minkyoung Lee, Jisun Sa
The Ewha Medical Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Holistic Approach to Postendodontic Pain Management: A Narrative Review
Hmoud A. Algarni
Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.2024; 16(Suppl 5): S4262. CrossRef

7,108 View
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[Korean]
Sustainable diets: a scoping review and descriptive study of concept, measurement, and suggested methods for the development of Korean version: Sukyoung Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(1):34-50. Published online February 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.1.34

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Transformation through a sustainable food system to provide healthy diets is essential for enhancing both human and planetary health. This study aimed to explain about sustainable diets and illustrate appropriate measurement of adherence to sustainable diets using a pre-existing index.
Methods
For literature review, we used PubMed and Google Scholar databases by combining the search terms “development,” “validation,” “sustainable diet,” “sustainable diet index,” “planetary healthy diet,” “EAT-Lancet diet,” and “EAT-Lancet reference diet.” For data presentation, we used data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017–2018, among adults aged 20 years and older (n = 3,920). Sustainable Diet Index-US (SDI-US), comprising four sub-indices corresponding to four dimensions of sustainable diets (nutritional quality, environmental impacts, affordability, and sociocultural practices), was calculated using data from 24-hour dietary recall interview, food expenditures, and food choices. A higher SDI-US score indicated greater adherence to sustainable diets (range: 4–20). This study also presented SDI-US scores according to the sociodemographic status. All analyses accounted for a complex survey design.
Results
Of 148 papers, 16 were reviewed. Adherence to sustainable diets fell into 3 categories: EAT-Lancet reference diet-based (n = 8), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) definition-based (n = 4), and no specific guidelines but including the sustainability concept (n = 4). Importantly, FAO definition emphasizes on equal importance of four dimensions of diet (nutrition and health, economic, social and cultural, and environmental). The mean SDI-US score was 13 out of 20 points, and was higher in older, female, and highly educated adults than in their counterparts.
Conclusions
This study highlighted that sustainable diets should be assessed using a multidimensional approach because of their complex nature. Currently, SDI can be a good option for operationalizing multidimensional sustainable diets. It is necessary to develop a Korean version of SDI through additional data collection, including environmental impact of food, food price, food budget, and use of ready-made products.

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Association of the planetary health diet score with obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and cardiometabolic risk markers: Using data from the 2016–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ujin Lee, Eugene Kang, Bomi Kim, Diana Shubekova, Adiyasuren Dookhuu, Heejin Lee, Jung Eun Lee, Minji Kang, Jaspinder Kaur
PLOS One.2026; 21(6): e0350821. CrossRef
How Do the Indices based on the EAT-Lancet Recommendations Measure Adherence to Healthy and Sustainable Diets? A Comparison of Measurement Performance in Adults from a French National Survey
Agustín R Miranda, Florent Vieux, Matthieu Maillot, Eric O Verger
Current Developments in Nutrition.2025; : 104565. CrossRef
Behavioral intention toward planetary health diet among adult users of government worksite cafeterias in Seoul, South Korea: a mixed-methods study based on the theory of planned behavior and focus groups interviews
Ji-Won Kang, Su-Jin Lee, Sil-Ah Kim, Ji-Yun Hwang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(3): 224. CrossRef
Trends in sustainable dietary patterns in United States adults, 2007-2018
Sukyoung Jung, Heather A. Young, Barbara H. Braffett, Samuel J. Simmens, Eunice Hong Lim Lee, Cynthia L. Ogden
Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025045. CrossRef

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[English]
Nutrition Quotient and nutrient intake among older adults in a rural Korean community: a cross-sectional study: Ji-Sook Park, Hyeon-Mi Bae, Jung-Eun Yim; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(6):397-409. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00283

Abstract PDF: Objectives
Korea is experiencing rapid population aging, with older adults forming a large proportion of rural communities. Aging leads to physiological and functional declines, resulting in lower physical activity, poor diet quality, and higher risk of chronic diseases. Although the Nutrition Quotient for the Elderly (NQ-E) is a validated tool to assess dietary quality, few studies have applied it to rural populations. This study aimed to compare nutrient intake and NQ-E scores by age and sex and examine their associations with lifestyle factors.
Methods
This study investigated the relationship between nutrient intake and NQ-E scores among older adults in rural Korean community, considering age, sex, and lifestyle factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 79 community-dwelling older adults (24 male and 55 female; mean age: 76.3 years) residing in Geochang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Participants were recruited from community centers and health posts between June 2024 and December 2024. Data collection included general characteristics, 24-hour dietary recalls, and NQ-E questionnaires.
Results
Female aged > 75 years had significantly lower intakes of energy, protein, fat, vitamin E, riboflavin, folate, and zinc than their male counterparts (P < 0.05). The mean NQ-E score was 55.01, which was lower than the national average reported for urban older adults (57.6). Participants with higher NQ-E grades had significantly higher intakes of dietary fiber, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, potassium, and magnesium, and regular physical activity and dietary supplement use were positively associated with higher NQ-E grades (P < 0.01).
Conclusion
These findings suggest that older female in rural communities are particularly vulnerable to inadequate nutrient intake and lower dietary quality, and that the NQ-E is a useful screening tool for identifying nutritional risk in this population. Community-based nutrition interventions promoting physical activity, supplement use, and dietary diversity are warranted to improve dietary quality and support healthy aging.

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[English]
Relationship between self-care and health-related behaviors among Korean adults: a cross-sectional study: EunJung Lee, Jin A Jang, Ji-Myung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(2):103-113. Published online April 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00255

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study investigated the relationship between self-care and health-related behaviors such as medication use, dietary supplementation, dietary habits, and physical activity among Koreans aged 20–60 years.
Methods
Data from a total of 300 participants (150 men and 150 women) living in Seoul and Gyeonggi provinces in Korea were analyzed to assess the relationship between health behaviors and dietary supplements (DSs) related to self-care. Based on self-care levels, the participants were classified into three groups: low (LS, n = 124), medium (MS, n = 78), and high (HS, n = 98).
Results
DSs (P < 0.001), physical activity (P < 0.001), recognizing the perceived health benefits of self-care (P < 0.001), self-care when sick (P = 0.039), and the reasons for self-care (P = 0.028) differed among the self-care groups. Daily diet frequency (P = 0.001), breakfast frequency (P = 0.026), regular exercise (P < 0.001), DSs use rate (P < 0.001), DSs use frequency (P = 0.013), and total dietary behavior score (P < 0.001) also differed significantly depending on the degree of self-care. The degree of self-care was significantly and positively correlated with DSs intake (r = 0.377, P < 0.001), physical activity (r = 0.433, P < 0.001), and total dietary behavior score (r = 0.185, P < 0.01).
Conclusion
The results demonstrated that the degree of self-care was related to DSs, physical activity, and total dietary behavior scores in Korean adults. Additionally, self-care capacity should be increased through health-related behaviors based on health education programs.

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Current status and global trends in self-care among patients with heart failure: challenges and opportunities
Barbara Riegel, Christopher S. Lee, Tiny Jaarsma, Anna Stromberg
The Journal of Cardiovascular Aging.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors Associated With Dietary Supplement Use by Sex Among Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Big Data
Myung-Ock Chae
INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

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[Korean]
Analysis of the relationship between sugar intake and cancer prevalence: a cross-sectional study using the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Hye-Ryun Kim, Soo-Kyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(1):89-102. Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00339

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study aimed to analyze the association between sugar intake and cancer risk among Korean adults aged 19 years and older.
Methods
A total of 13,016 adults aged 19 years and older who participated in the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2019 to 2021 were included. Sugar intake was assessed in terms of both absolute intake and sugar energy rate. Sugar intake was divided into quartiles, while sugar energy rate was categorized into three groups (< 10%, 10%–20%, > 20%) based on the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans and into two groups (< 10%, ≥ 10%) based on WHO recommendations. Cancer prevalence was determined using cancer-related survey questions. The association between sugar intake and cancer prevalence was analyzed by sex and cancer type using logistic regression. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS statistics 29.0 (IBM Co.).
Results
From 2019 to 2021, sugar intake significantly declined with age in both men and women (P for trend < 0.001), with the highest intake observed in the 19–29 age group (61.38 g). Men consumed significantly more sugar than women across all age groups except for the 50–64 and 65–74 groups (P < 0.05). However, the sugar energy rate was significantly higher in women than in men (P < 0.05). While the association between sugar intake and cancer prevalence varied across regression models and cancer types, cervical cancer consistently showed a significant association with sugar intake (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
The association between sugar energy rate and the prevalence of premenopausal cervical cancer was consistent and significant. Given that women had a higher sugar energy rate than men, the relationship between sugar intake and cancer prevalence in women warrants further investigation. Longitudinal studies with more detailed sugar intake assessments are needed.

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Sugar rationing during the first 1000 days and early onset cancer: a natural experiment
Runhua Tang, Haoran Wang, Huimin Hou, Jianye Wang, Shuhang Luo, Jianyong Liu, Ming Liu
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2026; 124(3): 101453. CrossRef
A study on hypertension relevant nutritional knowledge and dietary practices in Chinese college students studying in South Korea
Zhe Sun, Wookyoun Cho
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(5): 441. CrossRef
Influence of the Size of the Spoon on the Eating rate, Energy Intake and the Satiety Levels of Female College Students
Yang Hee Hong, Young Suk Kim, Hyun Jung Kwon, Do Seok Chang, Dong Geon Kim, Un Jae Chang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(5): 375. CrossRef
Dietary behavior and nutritional status among Chinese female college students residing in Korea
Gaowei, Soyeon Kim, Namsoo Chang, Ki Nam Kim
Korean Journal of Nutrition.2013; 46(2): 177. CrossRef

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