1)Master, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan, Korea
2)Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan, Korea
© 2025 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.
FUNDING
None.
DATA AVAILABILITY
Research data is available upon request to the corresponding author.
Variable | Total (n = 410) | Male participants (n = 146) | Female participants (n = 264) | χ2 (P-value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 20–29 | 182 (44.39) | 46 (31.51) | 136 (51.52) | 40.75 (< 0.001) |
30–49 | 110 (26.83) | 30 (20.55) | 80 (30.30) | ||
50–64 | 118 (28.78) | 70 (47.95) | 48 (18.18) | ||
Marital status | Single1) | 239 (58.29) | 68 (46.58) | 171 (64.77) | 12.81 (< 0.001) |
Married | 171 (41.71) | 78 (53.42) | 93 (35.23) | ||
Job | Student | 97 (23.66) | 29 (19.86) | 68 (25.76) | 43.98 (< 0.001) |
Office worker | 188 (45.85) | 74 (50.68) | 114 (43.18) | ||
Self-employed | 52 (12.68) | 33 (22.60) | 19 (7.20) | ||
Homemaker | 43 (10.49) | 0 (0.00) | 43 (16.29) | ||
Unemployed or other | 30 (7.32) | 10 (6.85) | 20 (7.58) | ||
Education level | Below high school | 70 (17.07) | 21 (14.38) | 49 (18.56) | 3.25 (0.197) |
College or university | 257 (62.68) | 89 (60.96) | 168 (63.64) | ||
Graduate school or above | 83 (20.24) | 36 (24.66) | 47 (17.80) |
Variable | Total (n = 410) | Male participants (n = 146) | Female participants (n = 264) | χ2 (P-value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interest in health | No | 128 (31.22) | 37 (25.34) | 91 (34.47) | 3.65 (0.056) |
Yes | 282 (68.78) | 109 (74.66) | 173 (65.53) | ||
Eating habits1) | Irregular mealtimes | 182 (44.39) | 63 (43.15) | 119 (45.08) | - |
Imbalanced diet | 64 (15.61) | 16 (10.96) | 48 (18.18) | ||
Overeating | 118 (28.78) | 39 (26.71) | 79 (29.92) | ||
Dining out (incl. delivery) | 146 (35.61) | 44 (30.14) | 102 (38.64) | ||
Consumption of instant food | 107 (26.10) | 23 (15.75) | 84 (31.82) | ||
Skipping meals | 44 (10.73) | 9 (6.16) | 35 (13.26) | ||
Eating salty | 103 (25.12) | 34 (23.29) | 69 (26.14) | ||
Vegetarianism | 31 (7.56) | 12 (8.22) | 19 (7.20) |
Variable | Total (n = 410) |
Sex |
χ2 (P-value) |
Age (year) |
χ2 (P-value) |
Interest in health |
χ2 (P-value) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 146) | Female (n = 264) | 20–29 (n = 182) | 30–49 (n = 110) | 50–64 (n = 118) | No (n = 128) | Yes (n = 282) | |||||
Have you heard of plant-based meat substitutes? (n = 410) | |||||||||||
Yes | 346 (84.39) | 122(83.56) | 224 (84.85) | 0.12 (0.731) | 150 (82.42) | 93 (84.55) | 103 (87.29) | 1.29 (0.524) | 100 (78.13) | 246 (87.23) | 5.55 (0.019) |
No | 64 (15.61) | 24 (16.44) | 40 (15.15) | 32 (17.58) | 17 (15.45) | 15 (12.71) | 28 (21.88) | 36 (12.77) | |||
How did you hear about plant-based meat substitutes? (n = 346) | |||||||||||
Mass media (TV, newspapers) | 201 (58.09) | 78 (63.93) | 123 (54.91) | 19.05 (0.001) | 66 (44.00) | 62 (66.67) | 73 (70.87) | 46.11 (< 0.001) | 59 (59.00) | 142 (57.72) | 2.76 (0.600) |
SNS | 85 (24.57) | 17 (13.93) | 68 (30.36) | 61 (40.67) | 17 (18.28) | 7 (6.80) | 27 (27.00) | 58 (23.58) | |||
Books, magazines | 24 (6.94) | 8 (6.56) | 16 (7.14) | 10 (6.67) | 8 (8.60) | 6 (5.83) | 5 (5.00) | 19 (7.72) | |||
Acquaintances (family, friends) | 32 (9.25) | 15 (12.30) | 17 (7.59) | 12 (8.00) | 5 (5.38) | 15 (14.56) | 9 (9.00) | 23 (9.35) | |||
Others | 4 (1.16) | 4 (3.28) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.67) | 1 (1.08) | 2 (1.94) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (1.63) | |||
Do you have experience of plant-based meat substitutes? (n = 410) | |||||||||||
Yes | 267 (65.12) | 93 (63.70) | 174 (65.91) | 0.20 (0.653) | 101 (55.49) | 78 (70.91) | 88 (74.58) | 13.69 (0.001) | 66 (51.56) | 201 (71.28) | 15.06 (< 0.001) |
No | 143 (34.88) | 53 (36.30) | 90 (34.09) | 81 (44.51) | 32 (29.09) | 30 (25.42) | 62 (48.44) | 81 (28.72) | |||
How often do you consume plant-based meat substitutes?1) (n = 267) | |||||||||||
Less than once a month | 204 (76.40) | 73 (78.49) | 131 (75.29) | 8.29 (0.078) | 87 (86.14) | 55 (70.51) | 62 (70.45) | 15.99 (0.014) | 49 (74.24) | 155 (77.11) | 2.50 (0.558) |
1–3 times a month | 42 (15.73) | 10 (10.75) | 32 (18.39) | 12 (11.88) | 16 (20.51) | 14 (15.91) | 13 (19.70) | 29 (14.43) | |||
1–3 times a week | 14 (5.24) | 6 (6.45) | 8 (4.60) | 1 (0.99) | 4 (5.13) | 9 (10.23) | 2 (3.03) | 12 (5.97) | |||
4–6 times a week | 5 (1.87) | 4 (4.30) | 1 (0.57) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (2.56) | 3 (3.41) | 1 (1.52) | 4 (1.99) | |||
Every day | 2 (0.75) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (1.15) | 1 (0.99) | 1 (1.28) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.52) | 1 (0.50) | |||
What is the place of eating plant-based meat substitutes? (n = 267) | |||||||||||
Restaurant | 99 (37.08) | 37 (39.78) | 62 (35.63) | 10.50 (0.062) | 32 (31.68)1) | 24 (30.77) | 43 (48.86) | 22.65 (< 0.001) | 30 (45.45)1) | 69 (34.33) | 4.84 (0.436) |
School or cafeteria | 49 (18.35) | 19 (20.43) | 30 (17.24) | 25 (24.75) | 15 (19.23) | 9 (10.23) | 13 (19.70) | 36 (17.91) | |||
Supermarkets or large mart | 70 (26.22) | 22 (23.66) | 48 (27.59) | 21 (20.79) | 25 (32.05) | 24 (27.27) | 14 (21.21) | 56 (27.86) | |||
Convenience store | 10 (3.75) | 7 (7.53) | 3 (1.72) | 8 (7.92) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (2.27) | 3 (4.55) | 7 (3.48) | |||
Online mall | 24 (8.99) | 6 (6.45) | 18 (10.34) | 8 (7.92) | 9 (11.54) | 7 (7.95) | 3 (4.55) | 21 (10.45) | |||
Others | 15 (5.62) | 2 (2.15) | 13 (7.48) | 7 (6.93) | 5 (6.41) | 3 (3.41) | 3 (4.55) | 12 (5.97) | |||
Why do you eat plant-based meat substitutes? (n = 267) | |||||||||||
Tasty good | 15 (5.62) | 4 (4.30) | 11 (6.32) | 9.81 (0.133) | 4 (3.96) | 8 (10.26) | 3 (3.41) | 40.08 (< 0.001) | 8 (11.11) | 7 (3.48) | 10.99 (0.089) |
Loving to try new food | 97 (36.33) | 40 (43.01) | 57 (32.76) | 43 (42.57) | 31 (39.74) | 23 (26.14) | 25 (33.33) | 72 (35.82) | |||
Nutritional excellence | 29 (10.86) | 5 (5.38) | 24 (13.79) | 4 (3.96) | 9 (11.54) | 16 (18.18) | 7 (10.61) | 22 (10.95) | |||
Environmentally friendly | 48 (17.98) | 18 (19.35) | 30 (17.24) | 16 (15.84) | 13 (16.67) | 19 (21.59) | 10 (22.22) | 38 (18.91) | |||
Helping animal welfare | 28 (10.49) | 6 (6.45) | 22 (12.64) | 18 (17.82) | 6 (7.69) | 4 (4.55) | 5 (11.11) | 23 (11.44) | |||
Prevention of diseases | 21 (7.87) | 7 (7.53) | 14 (8.05) | 2 (1.98) | 5 (6.41) | 14 (15.91) | 2 (3.03) | 19 (9.45) | |||
Others | 29 (10.86) | 13 (13.98) | 16 (9.20) | 14 (13.86) | 6 (7.69) | 9 (10.23) | 9 (22.22) | 20 (9.95) | |||
Why don’t you eat plant-based meat substitutes?1) (n = 143) | |||||||||||
No opportunity to eat | 88 (61.54) | 33 (62.26) | 55 (61.11) | 9.04 (0.081) | 44 (54.32) | 19 (59.38) | 25 (83.33) | 9.58 (0.493) | 35 (56.45) | 53 (65.43) | 2.44 (0.786) |
Not sure about the benefits of eating it | 17 (11.89) | 6 (11.32) | 11 (12.22) | 11 (13.58) | 4 (12.50) | 2 (6.67) | 9 (14.52) | 8 (9.88) | |||
Not tasty good | 25 (17.48) | 13 (24.53) | 12 (13.33) | 17 (20.99) | 5 (15.63) | 3 (10.00) | 12 (19.35) | 13 (16.05) | |||
Expensive | 4 (2.80) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (4.44) | 3 (3.70) | 1 (3.13) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | 3 (3.70) | |||
Doesn’t like trying new foods | 7 (4.90) | 0 (0.00) | 7 (7.78) | 5 (6.17) | 2 (6.25) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (6.45) | 3 (3.70) | |||
Others | 2 (1.40) | 1 (1.89) | 1 (1.12) | 1 (1.23) | 1 (3.13) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | 1 (1.23) |
Variable | Total (n = 410) |
Sex |
χ2 (P-value) |
Age (year) |
χ2 (P-value) |
Interest in health |
χ2 (P-value) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 146) | Female (n = 264) | 20–29 (n = 182) | 30–49 (n = 110) | 50–64 (n = 118) | No (n = 128) | Yes (n = 282) | |||||
Are you willing to consume plant-based meat substitutes in the future? | |||||||||||
Yes | 317 (77.32) | 104 (71.23) | 213 (80.68) | 4.79 (0.986) | 121 (66.48) | 89 (80.91) | 107 (90.68) | 25.00 (< 0.001) | 88 (68.75) | 229 (81.21) | 7.79 (0.005) |
No | 93 (24.68) | 42 (28.77) | 51 (19.32) | 61 (33.52) | 21 (19.09) | 11 (9.32) | 40 (31.25) | 53 (18.79) | |||
If you buy plant-based meat substitutes, what is the most important factor?1) | |||||||||||
Taste | 216 (52.68) | 77 (52.74) | 139 (52.65) | 2.04 (0.986) | 108 (59.34) | 68 (61.82) | 40 (33.90) | 47.97 (< 0.001) | 84 (65.63) | 132 (46.81) | 24.21 (< 0.001) |
Price | 30 (7.32) | 10 (6.85) | 20 (7.58) | 21 (11.54) | 4 (3.64) | 5 (4.24) | 11 (8.59) | 19 (6.74) | |||
Nutrition | 99 (24.15) | 37 (25.34) | 62 (23.48) | 29 (15.93) | 22 (20.00) | 48 (40.68) | 17 (13.28) | 82 (29.08) | |||
Environment | 26 (6.34) | 10 (6.85) | 16 (6.06) | 13 (7.14) | 4 (3.64) | 9 (7.63) | 10 (7.81) | 16 (5.67) | |||
Brand | 2 (0.49) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.76) | 1 (0.55) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.85) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.71) | |||
Food material | 36 (8.78) | 12 (8.22) | 24 (9.09) | 9 (4.95) | 12 (10.91) | 15 (12.71) | 5 (3.91) | 31 (10.99) | |||
Convenience | 1 (0.24) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.38) | 1 (0.55) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | |||
Others | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |||
If you don't buy plant-based meat substitutes, what is the most important factor? | |||||||||||
Taste | 197 (48.05) | 79 (54.11) | 118 (44.70) | 11.86 (0.037) | 89 (48.90) | 60 (54.55) | 48 (40.68) | 29.71 (0.001) | 75 (58.59) | 122 (43.26) | 13.01 (0.023) |
Price | 102 (24.88) | 25 (17.12) | 77 (29.17) | 54 (29.67) | 26 (23.64) | 22 (18.64) | 32 (25.00) | 70 (24.82) | |||
Nutrition | 58 (14.15) | 25 (17.12) | 33 (12.50) | 20 (10.99) | 10 (9.09) | 28 (23.73) | 9 (7.03) | 49 (17.38) | |||
Environment | 23 (5.61) | 5 (3.42) | 18 (6.82) | 9 (4.95) | 7 (6.36) | 7 (5.93) | 6 (4.69) | 17 (6.03) | |||
Food allergy | 25 (6.10) | 9 (6.16) | 16 (6.06) | 10 (5.49) | 7 (6.36) | 8 (6.78) | 5 (3.91) | 20 (7.09) | |||
Others | 5 (1.22) | 3 (2.05) | 2 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 5 (4.24) | 1 (0.78) | 4 (1.42) |
Variable | Average | Question 11) | Question 2 | Question 3 | Question 4 | Question 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 410) | 3.82 ± 0.63 | 3.91 ± 0.81 | 4.07 ± 0.86 | 3.53 ± 0.94 | 3.90 ± 0.76 | 3.68 ± 0.92 | |
Sex | Male (n = 146) | 3.76 ± 0.70 | 3.85 ± 0.91 | 3.82 ± 1.03 | 3.55 ± 0.95 | 3.91 ± 0.72 | 3.67 ± 0.95 |
Female (n = 264) | 3.85 ± 0.59 | 3.94 ± 0.74 | 4.20 ± 0.73 | 3.51 ± 0.96 | 3.90 ± 0.79 | 3.69 ± 0.90 | |
t (P-value)2) | –1.27 (0.205) | –1.02 (0.308) | –3.94 (< 0.001) | 0.41 (0.683) | 0.12 (0.905) | –0.15 (0.880) | |
Age (year) | 20–29 (n = 182) | 3.73 ± 0.57b3) | 3.85 ± 0.75b | 4.02 ± 0.89 | 3.40 ± 0.91b | 3.86 ± 0.75b | 3.52 ± 0.91b |
30–49 (n = 110) | 3.74 ± 0.71b | 3.85 ± 0.84b | 4.12 ± 0.83 | 3.39 ± 1.01b | 3.79 ± 0.85b | 3.57 ± 1.03b | |
50–64 (n = 118) | 4.02 ± 0.60a | 4.06 ± 0.85a | 4.08 ± 0.86a | 3.86 ± 0.84a | 4.08 ± 0.68a | 4.03 ± 0.72a | |
F (P-value)4) | 9.06 (< 0.001) | 2.97 (0.053) | 0.46 (0.629) | 11.02 (< 0.001) | 4.54 (0.011) | 12.44 (< 0.001) | |
Marital status | Single (n = 239)5) | 3.71 ± 0.61 | 3.80 ± 0.80 | 4.03 ± 0.89 | 3.35 ± 0.96 | 3.84 ± 0.74 | 3.52 ± 0.92 |
Married (n = 171) | 3.96 ± 0.63 | 4.04 ± 0.80 | 4.11 ± 0.83 | 3.77 ± 0.85 | 3.99 ± 0.79 | 3.90 ± 0.87 | |
t (P-value)2) | –4.08 (< 0.001) | 0.00 (< 0.001) | –0.90 (0.370) | –4.52 (< 0.001) | –2.01 (0.046) | –4.19 (< 0.001) | |
Job | Student (n = 97) | 3.69 ± 0.59b | 3.76 ± 0.81b | 3.94 ± 0.97 | 3.37 ± 0.89b | 3.87 ± 0.77 | 3.52 ± 0.84bc |
Office worker (n = 188) | 3.82 ± 0.63ab | 3.90 ± 0.81ab | 4.13 ± 0.81 | 3.50 ± 0.96ab | 3.86 ± 0.75 | 3.71 ± 0.89ab | |
Self-employed (n = 52) | 3.97 ± 0.68a | 4.05 ± 0.85ab | 4.13 ± 0.84 | 3.79 ± 0.94a | 4.00 ± 0.77 | 3.88 ± 0.96a | |
Homemaker (n = 43) | 3.99 ± 0.70a | 4.16 ± 0.75a | 3.95 ± 0.97 | 3.84 ± 0.92a | 4.07 ± 0.88 | 3.93 ± 1.01a | |
Unemployed or other (n = 30) | 3.68 ± 0.50b | 3.77 ± 0.68b | 4.10 ± 0.66 | 3.33 ± 0.84b | 3.90 ± 0.66 | 3.30 ± 0.98c | |
F (P-value)4) | 3.00 (0.019) | 2.57 (0.037) | 1.09 (0.361) | 3.26 (0.012) | 0.91 (0.457) | 3.66 (0.006) | |
Education | Below high school (n = 70) | 3.92 ± 0.70ab | 3.90 ± 0.87ab | 4.10 ± 0.80ab | 3.70 ± 0.92 | 4.00 ± 0.78 | 3.89 ± 0.86a |
College or university (n = 257) | 3.75±0.59b | 3.84±0.81b | 3.98±0.90b | 3.46 ± 0.93 | 3.87 ± 0.72 | 3.60 ± 0.93b | |
Graduate school or above (n = 83) | 3.94 ± 0.66a | 4.11 ± 0.72a | 4.29 ± 0.77a | 3.61 ± 0.96 | 3.93 ± 0.88 | 3.77 ± 0.90ab | |
F (P-value)4) | 4.02 (0.019) | 3.40 (0.034) | 4.03 (0.019) | 2.30 (0.101) | 0.82 (0.441) | 3.29 (0.038) | |
Interest in health | No (n = 128) | 3.76 ± 0.64 | 3.91 ± 0.71 | 4.02 ± 0.86 | 3.50 ± 0.88 | 3.74 ± 0.84 | 3.64 ± 0.96 |
Yes (n = 282) | 3.84 ± 0.62 | 3.90 ± 0.85 | 4.09 ± 0.86 | 3.54 ± 0.97 | 3.98 ± 0.72 | 3.70 ± 0.90 | |
t (P-value)2) | –1.19 (0.234) | 0.12 (0.902) | –0.79 (0.428) | –0.42 (0.672) | –2.75 (0.006) | –0.59 (0.555) |
Mean ± SD.
1)Question 1: Plant-based meat substitutes are eco-friendly. Question 2: Plant-based meat substitutes help animal welfare. Question 3: Plant-based meat substitutes are nutritionally excellent. Question 4: Plant-based meat substitutes can obtain sufficient dietary fiber. Question 5: Plant-based meat substitutes can obtain sufficient protein.
2)P-values were determined by unpaired t-test.
3)Values with different alphabets (a, b, c) within a column are significantly different by Duncan’ multiple range test (P < 0.05).
4)P-values were determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
5)Including divorce and bereavement.
Variable | Average | Question 11) | Question 2 | Question 3 | Question 4 | Question 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irregular mealtimes | Yes (n = 182) | 3.90 ± 0.62 | 4.01 ± 0.69 | 4.04 ± 0.86 | 3.67 ± 0.93 | 3.95 ± 0.76 | 3.82 ± 0.88 |
No (n = 228) | 3.75 ± 0.63 | 3.82 ± 0.88 | 4.09 ± 0.87 | 3.42 ± 0.93 | 3.87 ± 0.77 | 3.57 ± 0.93 | |
t (P-value)2) | –2.28 (0.023) | –2.40 (0.017) | 0.57 (0.567) | –2.73 (0.007) | –0.95 (0.343) | –2.74 (0.006) | |
Imbalanced diet | Yes (n = 64) | 3.85 ± 0.48 | 3.91 ± 0.75 | 4.14 ± 0.89 | 3.58 ± 0.77 | 3.88 ± 0.58 | 3.75 ± 0.73 |
No (n = 346) | 3.81 ± 0.65 | 3.91 ±0.82 | 4.05 ± 0.86 | 3.52 ± 0.97 | 3.91 ± 0.80 | 3.67 ± 0.95 | |
t (P-value)2) | –0.55 (0.584) | 0.01 (0. 991) | –0.75 (0.452) | –0.53 (0.599) | 0.42 (0.674) | –0.78 (0.435) | |
Overeating | Yes (n = 118) | 3.84 ± 0.55 | 3.92 ± 0.71 | 4.07 ± 0.75 | 3.55 ± 0.86 | 3.90 ± 0.78 | 3.78 ± 0.76 |
No (n = 292) | 3.81 ± 0.66 | 3.90 ± 0.85 | 4.07 ± 0.91 | 3.52 ± 0.97 | 3.91 ± 0.76 | 3.64 ± 0.97 | |
t (P-value)2) | –0.58 (0.560) | –0.28 (0.778) | –0.03 (0.975) | –0.29 (0.768) | 0.11 (0.912) | –1.54 (0.125) | |
Dining out (incl. delivery) | Yes (n = 146) | 3.69 ± 0.62 | 3.84 ± 0.77 | 4.02 ± 0.85 | 3.39 ± 0.91 | 3.77 ± 0.77 | 3.43 ± 0.95 |
No (n = 264) | 3.89 ± 0.63 | 3.95 ± 0.83 | 4.09 ± 0.87 | 3.61 ± 0.95 | 3.98 ± 0.75 | 3.82 ± 0.87 | |
t (P-value)2) | 3.10 (0.002) | 1.34 (0.181) | 0.79 (0.430) | 2.23 (0.026) | 2.73 (0.007) | 4.16 (< 0.001) | |
Consumption of instant food | Yes (n =107) | 3.74 ± 0.56 | 3.97 ± 0.73 | 4.11 ± 0.76 | 3.31 ± 0.82 | 3.78 ± 0.77 | 3.53 ± 0.88 |
No (n = 3 03) | 3.84 ± 0.65 | 3.88 ± 0.83 | 4.05 ± 0.90 | 3.61 ± 0.97 | 3.95 ± 0.76 | 3.73 ± 0.93 | |
t (P-value)2) | 1.48 (0.140) | –0.96 (0.336) | -0.70 (0.485) | 3.09 (0.002) | 2.04(0.042) | 1.94(0.053) | |
Skipping meals | Yes (n = 44) | 3.65 ± 0.70 | 3.70 ± 0.90 | 3.89 ± 1.06 | 3.30 ± 1.00 | 3.86 ± 0.82 | 3.50 ± 0.93 |
No (n = 366) | 3.84 ± 0.62 | 3.93 ± 0.79 | 4.09 ± 0.84 | 3.56 ± 0.93 | 3.91 ± 0.76 | 3.70 ± 0.92 | |
t (P-value)2) | 1.87 (0.062) | 1.77 (0.078) | 1.21 (0.231) | 1.75 (0.081) | 0.38 (0.706) | 1.38 (0.168) | |
Eating salty | Yes (n = 103) | 3.82 ± 0.64 | 3.98 ± 0.83 | 4.09 ± 0.86 | 3.50 ± 1.03 | 3.90 ± 0.68 | 3.61 ± 1.02 |
No (n = 307) | 3.82 ± 0.63 | 3.88 ± 0.80 | 4.06 ± 0.86 | 3.54 ± 0.91 | 3.91 ± 0.79 | 3.70 ± 0.88 | |
t (P-value)2) | 0.04 (0.970) | –1.06 (0.288) | –0.29 (0.771) | 0.42 (0.671) | 0.03 (0.976) | 0.88 (0.380) | |
Vegetarianism | Yes (n = 31) | 3.95 ± 0.78 | 3.97 ± 0.98 | 4.13 ± 1.15 | 3.74 ± 1.06 | 4.06 ± 0.85 | 3.87 ± 0.96 |
No (n = 379) | 3.81 ± 0.62 | 3.90 ± 0.79 | 4.06 ± 0.84 | 3.51 ± 0.93 | 3.89 ± 0.76 | 3.66 ± 0.91 | |
t (P-value)2) | –1.26 (0.208) | –0.43 (0.665) | –0.32 (0.748) | –1.3 1(0.191) | –1.21 (0.227) | –1.20 (0.230) |
Mean ± SD.
1)Question 1: Plant-based meat substitutes are eco-friendly. Question 2: Plant-based meat substitutes help animal welfare. Question 3: Plant-based meat substitutes are nutritionally excellent. Question 4: Plant-based meat substitutes can obtain sufficient dietary fiber. Question 5: Plant-based meat substitutes can obtain sufficient protein.
2)P-values were determined by unpaired t-test.
Variable | Total (n = 410) | Male participants (n = 146) | Female participants (n = 264) | χ2 (P-value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 20–29 | 182 (44.39) | 46 (31.51) | 136 (51.52) | 40.75 (< 0.001) |
30–49 | 110 (26.83) | 30 (20.55) | 80 (30.30) | ||
50–64 | 118 (28.78) | 70 (47.95) | 48 (18.18) | ||
Marital status | Single |
239 (58.29) | 68 (46.58) | 171 (64.77) | 12.81 (< 0.001) |
Married | 171 (41.71) | 78 (53.42) | 93 (35.23) | ||
Job | Student | 97 (23.66) | 29 (19.86) | 68 (25.76) | 43.98 (< 0.001) |
Office worker | 188 (45.85) | 74 (50.68) | 114 (43.18) | ||
Self-employed | 52 (12.68) | 33 (22.60) | 19 (7.20) | ||
Homemaker | 43 (10.49) | 0 (0.00) | 43 (16.29) | ||
Unemployed or other | 30 (7.32) | 10 (6.85) | 20 (7.58) | ||
Education level | Below high school | 70 (17.07) | 21 (14.38) | 49 (18.56) | 3.25 (0.197) |
College or university | 257 (62.68) | 89 (60.96) | 168 (63.64) | ||
Graduate school or above | 83 (20.24) | 36 (24.66) | 47 (17.80) |
Variable | Total (n = 410) | Male participants (n = 146) | Female participants (n = 264) | χ2 (P-value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interest in health | No | 128 (31.22) | 37 (25.34) | 91 (34.47) | 3.65 (0.056) |
Yes | 282 (68.78) | 109 (74.66) | 173 (65.53) | ||
Eating habits |
Irregular mealtimes | 182 (44.39) | 63 (43.15) | 119 (45.08) | - |
Imbalanced diet | 64 (15.61) | 16 (10.96) | 48 (18.18) | ||
Overeating | 118 (28.78) | 39 (26.71) | 79 (29.92) | ||
Dining out (incl. delivery) | 146 (35.61) | 44 (30.14) | 102 (38.64) | ||
Consumption of instant food | 107 (26.10) | 23 (15.75) | 84 (31.82) | ||
Skipping meals | 44 (10.73) | 9 (6.16) | 35 (13.26) | ||
Eating salty | 103 (25.12) | 34 (23.29) | 69 (26.14) | ||
Vegetarianism | 31 (7.56) | 12 (8.22) | 19 (7.20) |
Variable | Total (n = 410) | Sex |
χ2 (P-value) | Age (year) |
χ2 (P-value) | Interest in health |
χ2 (P-value) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 146) | Female (n = 264) | 20–29 (n = 182) | 30–49 (n = 110) | 50–64 (n = 118) | No (n = 128) | Yes (n = 282) | |||||
Have you heard of plant-based meat substitutes? (n = 410) | |||||||||||
Yes | 346 (84.39) | 122(83.56) | 224 (84.85) | 0.12 (0.731) | 150 (82.42) | 93 (84.55) | 103 (87.29) | 1.29 (0.524) | 100 (78.13) | 246 (87.23) | 5.55 (0.019) |
No | 64 (15.61) | 24 (16.44) | 40 (15.15) | 32 (17.58) | 17 (15.45) | 15 (12.71) | 28 (21.88) | 36 (12.77) | |||
How did you hear about plant-based meat substitutes? (n = 346) | |||||||||||
Mass media (TV, newspapers) | 201 (58.09) | 78 (63.93) | 123 (54.91) | 19.05 (0.001) | 66 (44.00) | 62 (66.67) | 73 (70.87) | 46.11 (< 0.001) | 59 (59.00) | 142 (57.72) | 2.76 (0.600) |
SNS | 85 (24.57) | 17 (13.93) | 68 (30.36) | 61 (40.67) | 17 (18.28) | 7 (6.80) | 27 (27.00) | 58 (23.58) | |||
Books, magazines | 24 (6.94) | 8 (6.56) | 16 (7.14) | 10 (6.67) | 8 (8.60) | 6 (5.83) | 5 (5.00) | 19 (7.72) | |||
Acquaintances (family, friends) | 32 (9.25) | 15 (12.30) | 17 (7.59) | 12 (8.00) | 5 (5.38) | 15 (14.56) | 9 (9.00) | 23 (9.35) | |||
Others | 4 (1.16) | 4 (3.28) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.67) | 1 (1.08) | 2 (1.94) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (1.63) | |||
Do you have experience of plant-based meat substitutes? (n = 410) | |||||||||||
Yes | 267 (65.12) | 93 (63.70) | 174 (65.91) | 0.20 (0.653) | 101 (55.49) | 78 (70.91) | 88 (74.58) | 13.69 (0.001) | 66 (51.56) | 201 (71.28) | 15.06 (< 0.001) |
No | 143 (34.88) | 53 (36.30) | 90 (34.09) | 81 (44.51) | 32 (29.09) | 30 (25.42) | 62 (48.44) | 81 (28.72) | |||
How often do you consume plant-based meat substitutes? |
|||||||||||
Less than once a month | 204 (76.40) | 73 (78.49) | 131 (75.29) | 8.29 (0.078) | 87 (86.14) | 55 (70.51) | 62 (70.45) | 15.99 (0.014) | 49 (74.24) | 155 (77.11) | 2.50 (0.558) |
1–3 times a month | 42 (15.73) | 10 (10.75) | 32 (18.39) | 12 (11.88) | 16 (20.51) | 14 (15.91) | 13 (19.70) | 29 (14.43) | |||
1–3 times a week | 14 (5.24) | 6 (6.45) | 8 (4.60) | 1 (0.99) | 4 (5.13) | 9 (10.23) | 2 (3.03) | 12 (5.97) | |||
4–6 times a week | 5 (1.87) | 4 (4.30) | 1 (0.57) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (2.56) | 3 (3.41) | 1 (1.52) | 4 (1.99) | |||
Every day | 2 (0.75) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (1.15) | 1 (0.99) | 1 (1.28) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.52) | 1 (0.50) | |||
What is the place of eating plant-based meat substitutes? (n = 267) | |||||||||||
Restaurant | 99 (37.08) | 37 (39.78) | 62 (35.63) | 10.50 (0.062) | 32 (31.68) |
24 (30.77) | 43 (48.86) | 22.65 (< 0.001) | 30 (45.45) |
69 (34.33) | 4.84 (0.436) |
School or cafeteria | 49 (18.35) | 19 (20.43) | 30 (17.24) | 25 (24.75) | 15 (19.23) | 9 (10.23) | 13 (19.70) | 36 (17.91) | |||
Supermarkets or large mart | 70 (26.22) | 22 (23.66) | 48 (27.59) | 21 (20.79) | 25 (32.05) | 24 (27.27) | 14 (21.21) | 56 (27.86) | |||
Convenience store | 10 (3.75) | 7 (7.53) | 3 (1.72) | 8 (7.92) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (2.27) | 3 (4.55) | 7 (3.48) | |||
Online mall | 24 (8.99) | 6 (6.45) | 18 (10.34) | 8 (7.92) | 9 (11.54) | 7 (7.95) | 3 (4.55) | 21 (10.45) | |||
Others | 15 (5.62) | 2 (2.15) | 13 (7.48) | 7 (6.93) | 5 (6.41) | 3 (3.41) | 3 (4.55) | 12 (5.97) | |||
Why do you eat plant-based meat substitutes? (n = 267) | |||||||||||
Tasty good | 15 (5.62) | 4 (4.30) | 11 (6.32) | 9.81 (0.133) | 4 (3.96) | 8 (10.26) | 3 (3.41) | 40.08 (< 0.001) | 8 (11.11) | 7 (3.48) | 10.99 (0.089) |
Loving to try new food | 97 (36.33) | 40 (43.01) | 57 (32.76) | 43 (42.57) | 31 (39.74) | 23 (26.14) | 25 (33.33) | 72 (35.82) | |||
Nutritional excellence | 29 (10.86) | 5 (5.38) | 24 (13.79) | 4 (3.96) | 9 (11.54) | 16 (18.18) | 7 (10.61) | 22 (10.95) | |||
Environmentally friendly | 48 (17.98) | 18 (19.35) | 30 (17.24) | 16 (15.84) | 13 (16.67) | 19 (21.59) | 10 (22.22) | 38 (18.91) | |||
Helping animal welfare | 28 (10.49) | 6 (6.45) | 22 (12.64) | 18 (17.82) | 6 (7.69) | 4 (4.55) | 5 (11.11) | 23 (11.44) | |||
Prevention of diseases | 21 (7.87) | 7 (7.53) | 14 (8.05) | 2 (1.98) | 5 (6.41) | 14 (15.91) | 2 (3.03) | 19 (9.45) | |||
Others | 29 (10.86) | 13 (13.98) | 16 (9.20) | 14 (13.86) | 6 (7.69) | 9 (10.23) | 9 (22.22) | 20 (9.95) | |||
Why don’t you eat plant-based meat substitutes?1) (n = 143) | |||||||||||
No opportunity to eat | 88 (61.54) | 33 (62.26) | 55 (61.11) | 9.04 (0.081) | 44 (54.32) | 19 (59.38) | 25 (83.33) | 9.58 (0.493) | 35 (56.45) | 53 (65.43) | 2.44 (0.786) |
Not sure about the benefits of eating it | 17 (11.89) | 6 (11.32) | 11 (12.22) | 11 (13.58) | 4 (12.50) | 2 (6.67) | 9 (14.52) | 8 (9.88) | |||
Not tasty good | 25 (17.48) | 13 (24.53) | 12 (13.33) | 17 (20.99) | 5 (15.63) | 3 (10.00) | 12 (19.35) | 13 (16.05) | |||
Expensive | 4 (2.80) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (4.44) | 3 (3.70) | 1 (3.13) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | 3 (3.70) | |||
Doesn’t like trying new foods | 7 (4.90) | 0 (0.00) | 7 (7.78) | 5 (6.17) | 2 (6.25) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (6.45) | 3 (3.70) | |||
Others | 2 (1.40) | 1 (1.89) | 1 (1.12) | 1 (1.23) | 1 (3.13) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | 1 (1.23) |
Variable | Total (n = 410) | Sex |
χ2 (P-value) | Age (year) |
χ2 (P-value) | Interest in health |
χ2 (P-value) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 146) | Female (n = 264) | 20–29 (n = 182) | 30–49 (n = 110) | 50–64 (n = 118) | No (n = 128) | Yes (n = 282) | |||||
Are you willing to consume plant-based meat substitutes in the future? | |||||||||||
Yes | 317 (77.32) | 104 (71.23) | 213 (80.68) | 4.79 (0.986) | 121 (66.48) | 89 (80.91) | 107 (90.68) | 25.00 (< 0.001) | 88 (68.75) | 229 (81.21) | 7.79 (0.005) |
No | 93 (24.68) | 42 (28.77) | 51 (19.32) | 61 (33.52) | 21 (19.09) | 11 (9.32) | 40 (31.25) | 53 (18.79) | |||
If you buy plant-based meat substitutes, what is the most important factor? |
|||||||||||
Taste | 216 (52.68) | 77 (52.74) | 139 (52.65) | 2.04 (0.986) | 108 (59.34) | 68 (61.82) | 40 (33.90) | 47.97 (< 0.001) | 84 (65.63) | 132 (46.81) | 24.21 (< 0.001) |
Price | 30 (7.32) | 10 (6.85) | 20 (7.58) | 21 (11.54) | 4 (3.64) | 5 (4.24) | 11 (8.59) | 19 (6.74) | |||
Nutrition | 99 (24.15) | 37 (25.34) | 62 (23.48) | 29 (15.93) | 22 (20.00) | 48 (40.68) | 17 (13.28) | 82 (29.08) | |||
Environment | 26 (6.34) | 10 (6.85) | 16 (6.06) | 13 (7.14) | 4 (3.64) | 9 (7.63) | 10 (7.81) | 16 (5.67) | |||
Brand | 2 (0.49) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.76) | 1 (0.55) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.85) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.71) | |||
Food material | 36 (8.78) | 12 (8.22) | 24 (9.09) | 9 (4.95) | 12 (10.91) | 15 (12.71) | 5 (3.91) | 31 (10.99) | |||
Convenience | 1 (0.24) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.38) | 1 (0.55) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | |||
Others | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |||
If you don't buy plant-based meat substitutes, what is the most important factor? | |||||||||||
Taste | 197 (48.05) | 79 (54.11) | 118 (44.70) | 11.86 (0.037) | 89 (48.90) | 60 (54.55) | 48 (40.68) | 29.71 (0.001) | 75 (58.59) | 122 (43.26) | 13.01 (0.023) |
Price | 102 (24.88) | 25 (17.12) | 77 (29.17) | 54 (29.67) | 26 (23.64) | 22 (18.64) | 32 (25.00) | 70 (24.82) | |||
Nutrition | 58 (14.15) | 25 (17.12) | 33 (12.50) | 20 (10.99) | 10 (9.09) | 28 (23.73) | 9 (7.03) | 49 (17.38) | |||
Environment | 23 (5.61) | 5 (3.42) | 18 (6.82) | 9 (4.95) | 7 (6.36) | 7 (5.93) | 6 (4.69) | 17 (6.03) | |||
Food allergy | 25 (6.10) | 9 (6.16) | 16 (6.06) | 10 (5.49) | 7 (6.36) | 8 (6.78) | 5 (3.91) | 20 (7.09) | |||
Others | 5 (1.22) | 3 (2.05) | 2 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 5 (4.24) | 1 (0.78) | 4 (1.42) |
Variable | Average | Question 1 |
Question 2 | Question 3 | Question 4 | Question 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 410) | 3.82 ± 0.63 | 3.91 ± 0.81 | 4.07 ± 0.86 | 3.53 ± 0.94 | 3.90 ± 0.76 | 3.68 ± 0.92 | |
Sex | Male (n = 146) | 3.76 ± 0.70 | 3.85 ± 0.91 | 3.82 ± 1.03 | 3.55 ± 0.95 | 3.91 ± 0.72 | 3.67 ± 0.95 |
Female (n = 264) | 3.85 ± 0.59 | 3.94 ± 0.74 | 4.20 ± 0.73 | 3.51 ± 0.96 | 3.90 ± 0.79 | 3.69 ± 0.90 | |
t (P-value) |
–1.27 (0.205) | –1.02 (0.308) | –3.94 (< 0.001) | 0.41 (0.683) | 0.12 (0.905) | –0.15 (0.880) | |
Age (year) | 20–29 (n = 182) | 3.73 ± 0.57b |
3.85 ± 0.75b | 4.02 ± 0.89 | 3.40 ± 0.91b | 3.86 ± 0.75b | 3.52 ± 0.91b |
30–49 (n = 110) | 3.74 ± 0.71b | 3.85 ± 0.84b | 4.12 ± 0.83 | 3.39 ± 1.01b | 3.79 ± 0.85b | 3.57 ± 1.03b | |
50–64 (n = 118) | 4.02 ± 0.60a | 4.06 ± 0.85a | 4.08 ± 0.86a | 3.86 ± 0.84a | 4.08 ± 0.68a | 4.03 ± 0.72a | |
F (P-value) |
9.06 (< 0.001) | 2.97 (0.053) | 0.46 (0.629) | 11.02 (< 0.001) | 4.54 (0.011) | 12.44 (< 0.001) | |
Marital status | Single (n = 239) |
3.71 ± 0.61 | 3.80 ± 0.80 | 4.03 ± 0.89 | 3.35 ± 0.96 | 3.84 ± 0.74 | 3.52 ± 0.92 |
Married (n = 171) | 3.96 ± 0.63 | 4.04 ± 0.80 | 4.11 ± 0.83 | 3.77 ± 0.85 | 3.99 ± 0.79 | 3.90 ± 0.87 | |
t (P-value) |
–4.08 (< 0.001) | 0.00 (< 0.001) | –0.90 (0.370) | –4.52 (< 0.001) | –2.01 (0.046) | –4.19 (< 0.001) | |
Job | Student (n = 97) | 3.69 ± 0.59b | 3.76 ± 0.81b | 3.94 ± 0.97 | 3.37 ± 0.89b | 3.87 ± 0.77 | 3.52 ± 0.84bc |
Office worker (n = 188) | 3.82 ± 0.63ab | 3.90 ± 0.81ab | 4.13 ± 0.81 | 3.50 ± 0.96ab | 3.86 ± 0.75 | 3.71 ± 0.89ab | |
Self-employed (n = 52) | 3.97 ± 0.68a | 4.05 ± 0.85ab | 4.13 ± 0.84 | 3.79 ± 0.94a | 4.00 ± 0.77 | 3.88 ± 0.96a | |
Homemaker (n = 43) | 3.99 ± 0.70a | 4.16 ± 0.75a | 3.95 ± 0.97 | 3.84 ± 0.92a | 4.07 ± 0.88 | 3.93 ± 1.01a | |
Unemployed or other (n = 30) | 3.68 ± 0.50b | 3.77 ± 0.68b | 4.10 ± 0.66 | 3.33 ± 0.84b | 3.90 ± 0.66 | 3.30 ± 0.98c | |
F (P-value) |
3.00 (0.019) | 2.57 (0.037) | 1.09 (0.361) | 3.26 (0.012) | 0.91 (0.457) | 3.66 (0.006) | |
Education | Below high school (n = 70) | 3.92 ± 0.70ab | 3.90 ± 0.87ab | 4.10 ± 0.80ab | 3.70 ± 0.92 | 4.00 ± 0.78 | 3.89 ± 0.86a |
College or university (n = 257) | 3.75±0.59b | 3.84±0.81b | 3.98±0.90b | 3.46 ± 0.93 | 3.87 ± 0.72 | 3.60 ± 0.93b | |
Graduate school or above (n = 83) | 3.94 ± 0.66a | 4.11 ± 0.72a | 4.29 ± 0.77a | 3.61 ± 0.96 | 3.93 ± 0.88 | 3.77 ± 0.90ab | |
F (P-value) |
4.02 (0.019) | 3.40 (0.034) | 4.03 (0.019) | 2.30 (0.101) | 0.82 (0.441) | 3.29 (0.038) | |
Interest in health | No (n = 128) | 3.76 ± 0.64 | 3.91 ± 0.71 | 4.02 ± 0.86 | 3.50 ± 0.88 | 3.74 ± 0.84 | 3.64 ± 0.96 |
Yes (n = 282) | 3.84 ± 0.62 | 3.90 ± 0.85 | 4.09 ± 0.86 | 3.54 ± 0.97 | 3.98 ± 0.72 | 3.70 ± 0.90 | |
t (P-value) |
–1.19 (0.234) | 0.12 (0.902) | –0.79 (0.428) | –0.42 (0.672) | –2.75 (0.006) | –0.59 (0.555) |
Variable | Average | Question 1 |
Question 2 | Question 3 | Question 4 | Question 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irregular mealtimes | Yes (n = 182) | 3.90 ± 0.62 | 4.01 ± 0.69 | 4.04 ± 0.86 | 3.67 ± 0.93 | 3.95 ± 0.76 | 3.82 ± 0.88 |
No (n = 228) | 3.75 ± 0.63 | 3.82 ± 0.88 | 4.09 ± 0.87 | 3.42 ± 0.93 | 3.87 ± 0.77 | 3.57 ± 0.93 | |
t (P-value) |
–2.28 (0.023) | –2.40 (0.017) | 0.57 (0.567) | –2.73 (0.007) | –0.95 (0.343) | –2.74 (0.006) | |
Imbalanced diet | Yes (n = 64) | 3.85 ± 0.48 | 3.91 ± 0.75 | 4.14 ± 0.89 | 3.58 ± 0.77 | 3.88 ± 0.58 | 3.75 ± 0.73 |
No (n = 346) | 3.81 ± 0.65 | 3.91 ±0.82 | 4.05 ± 0.86 | 3.52 ± 0.97 | 3.91 ± 0.80 | 3.67 ± 0.95 | |
t (P-value) |
–0.55 (0.584) | 0.01 (0. 991) | –0.75 (0.452) | –0.53 (0.599) | 0.42 (0.674) | –0.78 (0.435) | |
Overeating | Yes (n = 118) | 3.84 ± 0.55 | 3.92 ± 0.71 | 4.07 ± 0.75 | 3.55 ± 0.86 | 3.90 ± 0.78 | 3.78 ± 0.76 |
No (n = 292) | 3.81 ± 0.66 | 3.90 ± 0.85 | 4.07 ± 0.91 | 3.52 ± 0.97 | 3.91 ± 0.76 | 3.64 ± 0.97 | |
t (P-value) |
–0.58 (0.560) | –0.28 (0.778) | –0.03 (0.975) | –0.29 (0.768) | 0.11 (0.912) | –1.54 (0.125) | |
Dining out (incl. delivery) | Yes (n = 146) | 3.69 ± 0.62 | 3.84 ± 0.77 | 4.02 ± 0.85 | 3.39 ± 0.91 | 3.77 ± 0.77 | 3.43 ± 0.95 |
No (n = 264) | 3.89 ± 0.63 | 3.95 ± 0.83 | 4.09 ± 0.87 | 3.61 ± 0.95 | 3.98 ± 0.75 | 3.82 ± 0.87 | |
t (P-value) |
3.10 (0.002) | 1.34 (0.181) | 0.79 (0.430) | 2.23 (0.026) | 2.73 (0.007) | 4.16 (< 0.001) | |
Consumption of instant food | Yes (n =107) | 3.74 ± 0.56 | 3.97 ± 0.73 | 4.11 ± 0.76 | 3.31 ± 0.82 | 3.78 ± 0.77 | 3.53 ± 0.88 |
No (n = 3 03) | 3.84 ± 0.65 | 3.88 ± 0.83 | 4.05 ± 0.90 | 3.61 ± 0.97 | 3.95 ± 0.76 | 3.73 ± 0.93 | |
t (P-value) |
1.48 (0.140) | –0.96 (0.336) | -0.70 (0.485) | 3.09 (0.002) | 2.04(0.042) | 1.94(0.053) | |
Skipping meals | Yes (n = 44) | 3.65 ± 0.70 | 3.70 ± 0.90 | 3.89 ± 1.06 | 3.30 ± 1.00 | 3.86 ± 0.82 | 3.50 ± 0.93 |
No (n = 366) | 3.84 ± 0.62 | 3.93 ± 0.79 | 4.09 ± 0.84 | 3.56 ± 0.93 | 3.91 ± 0.76 | 3.70 ± 0.92 | |
t (P-value) |
1.87 (0.062) | 1.77 (0.078) | 1.21 (0.231) | 1.75 (0.081) | 0.38 (0.706) | 1.38 (0.168) | |
Eating salty | Yes (n = 103) | 3.82 ± 0.64 | 3.98 ± 0.83 | 4.09 ± 0.86 | 3.50 ± 1.03 | 3.90 ± 0.68 | 3.61 ± 1.02 |
No (n = 307) | 3.82 ± 0.63 | 3.88 ± 0.80 | 4.06 ± 0.86 | 3.54 ± 0.91 | 3.91 ± 0.79 | 3.70 ± 0.88 | |
t (P-value) |
0.04 (0.970) | –1.06 (0.288) | –0.29 (0.771) | 0.42 (0.671) | 0.03 (0.976) | 0.88 (0.380) | |
Vegetarianism | Yes (n = 31) | 3.95 ± 0.78 | 3.97 ± 0.98 | 4.13 ± 1.15 | 3.74 ± 1.06 | 4.06 ± 0.85 | 3.87 ± 0.96 |
No (n = 379) | 3.81 ± 0.62 | 3.90 ± 0.79 | 4.06 ± 0.84 | 3.51 ± 0.93 | 3.89 ± 0.76 | 3.66 ± 0.91 | |
t (P-value) |
–1.26 (0.208) | –0.43 (0.665) | –0.32 (0.748) | –1.3 1(0.191) | –1.21 (0.227) | –1.20 (0.230) |
n (%). Includes divorced and bereaved individuals.
n (%). Multiple response—participants could select more than one option.
n (%).
n (%).
Mean ± SD. Question 1: Plant-based meat substitutes are eco-friendly. Question 2: Plant-based meat substitutes help animal welfare. Question 3: Plant-based meat substitutes are nutritionally excellent. Question 4: Plant-based meat substitutes can obtain sufficient dietary fiber. Question 5: Plant-based meat substitutes can obtain sufficient protein. Values with different alphabets (a, b, c) within a column are significantly different by Duncan’ multiple range test ( Including divorce and bereavement.
Mean ± SD. Question 1: Plant-based meat substitutes are eco-friendly. Question 2: Plant-based meat substitutes help animal welfare. Question 3: Plant-based meat substitutes are nutritionally excellent. Question 4: Plant-based meat substitutes can obtain sufficient dietary fiber. Question 5: Plant-based meat substitutes can obtain sufficient protein.