1)상명대학교 대학원 외식영양학과 학생
2)상명대학교 식품영양학전공 교수
1)Student, Department of Foodservice Management and Nutrition, The Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
2)Professor, Major of Foodservice Management and Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
© 2025 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.
FUNDING
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (RS-2023-00280503), and by the Seoul Metropolitan Government.
DATA AVAILABILITY
Research data is available from the corresponding author upon request.
Categories | Questions |
---|---|
PHD | 1. Awareness of PHD |
1) Are you aware of ‘Meals for the Planet1)’? | |
2) What do you think are the benefits of ‘Meals for the Planet’? | |
3) What do you think are the downsides of ‘Meals for the Planet’? | |
2. Experience of using PHD | |
1) Do you use the cafeteria on the day when ‘Meals for the Planet’ is provided? | |
2) What was the reaction of your coworkers when you served ‘Meals for the planet’? | |
3) Have you ever avoided using the cafeteria because of the menu? | |
Seoul Mirae Bapsang2) | 1. Awareness of the Seoul Mirae Bapsang |
1) What are your thoughts and feelings about ‘the Seoul Mirae Bapsang’? | |
2) Are you willing to practice ‘the Seoul Mirae Bapsang’ on a daily basis? | |
2. Opinions on the composition of the Seoul Mirae Bapsang -based meals | |
1) Do you feel disappointed if fried foods are served less than twice a week for lunch? | |
2) How many times per week, or how many times per month, do you think it is possible to have a meatless day (where fish is served instead of beef or pork as the main entrée)? | |
3) How many times per week, or how many times per month, do you think it is feasible to have a meatless day (where a plant-based protein such as tofu is served instead of beef or pork as the main entrée)? | |
4) What are your thoughts on reducing the number of side dishes? | |
5) What do you think about adding an extra bowl size and offering two different options or having a soup-free day? |
Variables | Value |
---|---|
Have you ever heard or seen about the Seoul Mirae Bapsang1)? (n = 132) | |
Yes | 53 (40.15) |
No | 79 (59.85) |
How much do you know about the Seoul Mirae Bapsang? (n = 532)) | |
Mean ± SD | 3.08 ± 1.03 |
Variables | Value | Factor loading |
---|---|---|
Cognitive attitudes, Cronbach’s α = 0.913 | ||
I need to choose a diet for my health. | 4.21 ± 0.81 | 0.679 |
I need to choose a diet for the environment. | 3.95 ± 0.87 | 0.752 |
I need to choose low-carbon and less processed foods for my health and the environment. | 3.99 ± 0.80 | 0.813 |
I need to eat a balanced, plant-based diet for my health and the environment. | 3.89 ± 0.87 | 0.753 |
I need to recycle and reduce food waste for my health and the environment. | 4.17 ± 0.78 | 0.724 |
‘The Seoul Mirae Bapsang1)’ has a positive effect on my health. | 4.14 ± 0.72 | 0.872 |
‘The Seoul Mirae Bapsang’ has a positive impact on the environment. | 4.20 ± 0.71 | 0.860 |
‘The Seoul Mirae Bapsang’ has a positive impact on my health and the environment. | 4.17 ± 0.71 | 0.900 |
Mean ± SD | 4.09 ± 0.62 | |
Affective attitudes, Cronbach’s α = 0.901 | ||
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is beneficial (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 4.26 ± 0.66 | 0.874 |
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is useful (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 4.17 ± 0.74 | 0.897 |
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is good (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 4.14 ± 0.76 | 0.876 |
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is enjoyable (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 3.66 ± 0.95 | 0.745 |
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is desirable (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 4.33 ± 0.70 | 0.866 |
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is convenient (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 3.44 ± 1.01 | 0.581 |
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is important (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 4.20 ± 0.77 | 0.831 |
Mean ± SD | 4.03 ± 0.64 | |
Subjective norms, Cronbach’s α = 0.905 | ||
People around me (including family and coworkers) think I should be making dietary choices for my health and the environment. | 3.86 ± 0.87 | 0.739 |
I believe that the government worksite cafeteria I currently use promotes a diet that is good for both my health and the environment. | 3.61 ± 0.95 | 0.920 |
I think the city of Seoul is promoting a diet for my health and the environment. | 3.67 ± 0.98 | 0.943 |
I think that government agencies (society) are promoting a diet for my health and the environment. | 3.48 ± 1.04 | 0.916 |
Mean ± SD | 3.66 ± 0.85 | |
Internal perceived behavioral control, Cronbach’s α = 0.940 | ||
I can practice making dietary choices for health and the environment without help from others | 3.36 ± 1.07 | 0.783 |
I can practice making dietary choices for health and the environment even when tempted. | 3.05 ± 1.11 | 0.817 |
I can practice eating for my health and the environment even if it doesn't match my preferences. | 3.24 ± 1.15 | 0.864 |
I can practice eating for my health and the environment even if I don't feel full. | 3.49 ± 1.14 | 0.787 |
I can practice eating for my health and the environment even if it doesn't taste good. | 3.04 ± 1.17 | 0.846 |
I can practice eating for my health and the environment even if I lack information. | 3.35 ± 1.02 | 0.663 |
I can practice eating for my health and the environment even if it increases my purchasing costs. | 3.28 ± 1.09 | 0.640 |
Mean ± SD | 3.26 ± 0.95 | |
External perceived behavioral control, Cronbach’s α = 0.915 | ||
I can practice a diet for my health and the environment even when eco-friendly ingredients are not easily available. | 3.31 ± 1.09 | 0.795 |
I can practice a diet for my health and the environment even when low-carbon foods are difficult to obtain. | 3.24 ± 1.08 | 0.841 |
I can practice a diet for my health and the environment even when ugly agricultural products are difficult to obtain. | 3.54 ± 1.03 | 0.908 |
I can practice a diet for my health and the environment even when ugly farm products are inconvenient to use. | 3.55 ± 0.99 | 0.744 |
I can practice a diet for my health and the environment even when government worksite meal costs rise. | 3.35 ± 1.16 | 0.663 |
Mean ± SD | 3.40 ± 0.93 | |
PHD behavioral intentions, Cronbach’s α = 0.954 | ||
I intend to follow a diet for my health and the environment within the next three months. | 3.83 ± 0.87 | 0.949 |
I intend to follow and maintain a diet for my health and the environment within the next three months. | 3.73 ± 0.88 | 0.951 |
I intend to choose low-carbon and less processed foods for my health and the environment within the next three months. | 3.80 ± 0.90 | 0.949 |
I intend to eat a mostly plant-based, balanced diet for my health and the environment within the next three months. | 3.77 ± 0.92 | 0.913 |
I intend to upcycle food and minimize leftovers for my health and the environment within the next three months. | 3.95 ± 0.77 | 0.833 |
Mean ± SD | 3.82 ± 0.80 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Cognitive attitudes | 1 | ||||||
2. Affective attitudes | 0.799** | 1 | |||||
3. Subjective norms | 0.591** | 0.688** | 1 | ||||
4. Internal perceived behavioral control | 0.482** | 0.557** | 0.618** | 1 | |||
5. External perceived behavioral control | 0.407** | 0.460** | 0.495** | 0.753** | 1 | ||
6. PHD behavioral intentions | 0.555** | 0.617** | 0.554** | 0.696** | 0.678** | 1 | |
7. Age | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.006 | 0.158 | 0.062 | 0.128 | 1.000 |
Independent variable | B | S.E. | β | t | VIF | Model fit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive attitudes | 0.139 | 0.120 | 0.108 | 1.161 | 2.799 | F = 39.426*** |
Affective attitudes | 0.283 | 0.131 | 0.226 | 2.161* | 3.533 | R2 = 0.610 |
Subjective norms | 0.008 | 0.078 | 0.008 | 0.099 | 2.251 | adjR2 = 0.595 |
Internal perceived behavioral control | 0.226 | 0.080 | 0.269 | 2.839** | 2.895 | D-W = 2.326 |
External perceived behavioral control | 0.280 | 0.073 | 0.324 | 3.811*** | 2.329 | |
Cognitive attitudes | 0.137 | 0.122 | 0.107 | 1.125 | 2.881 | F = 28.124*** |
Affective attitudes | 0.277 | 0.131 | 0.221 | 2.109* | 3.538 | R2 = 0.610 |
Subjective norms | 0.016 | 0.079 | 0.017 | 0.202 | 2.274 | adjR2 = 0.592 |
Internal perceived behavioral control | 0.216 | 0.083 | 0.257 | 2.594* | 3.155 | D-W = 2.354 |
External perceived behavioral control | 0.282 | 0.075 | 0.326 | 3.770*** | 2.397 | |
Sex | –0.035 | 0.097 | –0.021 | –0.357 | 1.106 | |
Age | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.058 | 1.018 | 1.055 |
Participants | Sex | Age (year) | Government worksite cafeteria meal usage per week |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breakfast | Lunch | Dinner | Light meal/snack | |||
1 | Male | 59 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 |
2 | Male | 45 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
3 | Female | 33 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 |
4 | Female | 45 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 |
5 | Male | 36 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 |
6 | Male | 42 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 |
7 | Female | 49 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 |
8 | Male | 53 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
9 | Female | 25 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
10 | Male | 32 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
11 | Female | 28 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
12 | Male | 54 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0 |
13 | Female | 43 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
14 | Male | 27 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
Mean ± standard deviation | 40.79 ± 10.84 | 0.14 ± 0.36 | 4.00 ± 0.78 | 2.64 ± 1.01 | 0.07 ± 0.27 |
Categories | Questions |
---|---|
PHD | 1. Awareness of PHD |
1) Are you aware of ‘Meals for the Planet |
|
2) What do you think are the benefits of ‘Meals for the Planet’? | |
3) What do you think are the downsides of ‘Meals for the Planet’? | |
2. Experience of using PHD | |
1) Do you use the cafeteria on the day when ‘Meals for the Planet’ is provided? | |
2) What was the reaction of your coworkers when you served ‘Meals for the planet’? | |
3) Have you ever avoided using the cafeteria because of the menu? | |
Seoul Mirae Bapsang |
1. Awareness of the Seoul Mirae Bapsang |
1) What are your thoughts and feelings about ‘the Seoul Mirae Bapsang’? | |
2) Are you willing to practice ‘the Seoul Mirae Bapsang’ on a daily basis? | |
2. Opinions on the composition of the Seoul Mirae Bapsang -based meals | |
1) Do you feel disappointed if fried foods are served less than twice a week for lunch? | |
2) How many times per week, or how many times per month, do you think it is possible to have a meatless day (where fish is served instead of beef or pork as the main entrée)? | |
3) How many times per week, or how many times per month, do you think it is feasible to have a meatless day (where a plant-based protein such as tofu is served instead of beef or pork as the main entrée)? | |
4) What are your thoughts on reducing the number of side dishes? | |
5) What do you think about adding an extra bowl size and offering two different options or having a soup-free day? |
Variable | Value |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 49 (37.12) |
Female | 83 (62.88) |
Age (year) | |
25–29 | 19 (14.39) |
30–39 | 42 (31.82) |
40–49 | 39 (29.55) |
50–58 | 32 (24.24) |
Mean ± SD | 40.73 ± 9.31 |
Type of government worksite cafeteria you use | |
Seoul Metropolitan Government | 46 (34.85) |
Seoul Metropolitan Government Autonomous District Office | 46 (34.85) |
Hospital affiliated with Seoul Metropolitan Government | 15 (11.36) |
Seoul Metropolitan Government Directly Subordinate Organization | 25 (18.94) |
On average, how often do you have breakfasts at the government worksite cafeteria a week? | |
≤ 1 time | 120 (90.91) |
2–3 times | 4 (3.03) |
≥ 4 times | 8 (6.06) |
Mean ± SD | 0.38 ± 1.12 |
On average, how often do you have lunches at the government worksite cafeteria a week? | |
≤ 1 time | 13 (9.85) |
2–3 times | 57 (43.18) |
≥ 4 times | 62 (46.97) |
Mean ± SD | 3.32 ± 1.26 |
On average, how often do you have dinners at the government worksite cafeteria a week? | |
≤ 1 time | 96 (72.73) |
2–3 times | 33 (25.00) |
≥ 4 times | 3 (2.27) |
Mean ± SD | 0.87 ± 1.16 |
On average, how often do you have snacks at the government worksite cafeteria a week? | |
≤ 1 time | 125 (94.70) |
2–3 times | 5 (3.79) |
≥ 4 times | 2 (1.52) |
Mean ± SD | 0.20 ± 0.67 |
Variables | Value |
---|---|
Have you ever heard or seen about the Seoul Mirae Bapsang |
|
Yes | 53 (40.15) |
No | 79 (59.85) |
How much do you know about the Seoul Mirae Bapsang? (n = 53 |
|
Mean ± SD | 3.08 ± 1.03 |
Variables | Value | Factor loading |
---|---|---|
Cognitive attitudes, Cronbach’s α = 0.913 | ||
I need to choose a diet for my health. | 4.21 ± 0.81 | 0.679 |
I need to choose a diet for the environment. | 3.95 ± 0.87 | 0.752 |
I need to choose low-carbon and less processed foods for my health and the environment. | 3.99 ± 0.80 | 0.813 |
I need to eat a balanced, plant-based diet for my health and the environment. | 3.89 ± 0.87 | 0.753 |
I need to recycle and reduce food waste for my health and the environment. | 4.17 ± 0.78 | 0.724 |
‘The Seoul Mirae Bapsang |
4.14 ± 0.72 | 0.872 |
‘The Seoul Mirae Bapsang’ has a positive impact on the environment. | 4.20 ± 0.71 | 0.860 |
‘The Seoul Mirae Bapsang’ has a positive impact on my health and the environment. | 4.17 ± 0.71 | 0.900 |
Mean ± SD | 4.09 ± 0.62 | |
Affective attitudes, Cronbach’s α = 0.901 | ||
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is beneficial (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 4.26 ± 0.66 | 0.874 |
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is useful (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 4.17 ± 0.74 | 0.897 |
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is good (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 4.14 ± 0.76 | 0.876 |
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is enjoyable (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 3.66 ± 0.95 | 0.745 |
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is desirable (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 4.33 ± 0.70 | 0.866 |
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is convenient (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 3.44 ± 1.01 | 0.581 |
Perception of whether a diet for my health and the environment is important (e.g., The Seoul Mirae Bapsang). | 4.20 ± 0.77 | 0.831 |
Mean ± SD | 4.03 ± 0.64 | |
Subjective norms, Cronbach’s α = 0.905 | ||
People around me (including family and coworkers) think I should be making dietary choices for my health and the environment. | 3.86 ± 0.87 | 0.739 |
I believe that the government worksite cafeteria I currently use promotes a diet that is good for both my health and the environment. | 3.61 ± 0.95 | 0.920 |
I think the city of Seoul is promoting a diet for my health and the environment. | 3.67 ± 0.98 | 0.943 |
I think that government agencies (society) are promoting a diet for my health and the environment. | 3.48 ± 1.04 | 0.916 |
Mean ± SD | 3.66 ± 0.85 | |
Internal perceived behavioral control, Cronbach’s α = 0.940 | ||
I can practice making dietary choices for health and the environment without help from others | 3.36 ± 1.07 | 0.783 |
I can practice making dietary choices for health and the environment even when tempted. | 3.05 ± 1.11 | 0.817 |
I can practice eating for my health and the environment even if it doesn't match my preferences. | 3.24 ± 1.15 | 0.864 |
I can practice eating for my health and the environment even if I don't feel full. | 3.49 ± 1.14 | 0.787 |
I can practice eating for my health and the environment even if it doesn't taste good. | 3.04 ± 1.17 | 0.846 |
I can practice eating for my health and the environment even if I lack information. | 3.35 ± 1.02 | 0.663 |
I can practice eating for my health and the environment even if it increases my purchasing costs. | 3.28 ± 1.09 | 0.640 |
Mean ± SD | 3.26 ± 0.95 | |
External perceived behavioral control, Cronbach’s α = 0.915 | ||
I can practice a diet for my health and the environment even when eco-friendly ingredients are not easily available. | 3.31 ± 1.09 | 0.795 |
I can practice a diet for my health and the environment even when low-carbon foods are difficult to obtain. | 3.24 ± 1.08 | 0.841 |
I can practice a diet for my health and the environment even when ugly agricultural products are difficult to obtain. | 3.54 ± 1.03 | 0.908 |
I can practice a diet for my health and the environment even when ugly farm products are inconvenient to use. | 3.55 ± 0.99 | 0.744 |
I can practice a diet for my health and the environment even when government worksite meal costs rise. | 3.35 ± 1.16 | 0.663 |
Mean ± SD | 3.40 ± 0.93 | |
PHD behavioral intentions, Cronbach’s α = 0.954 | ||
I intend to follow a diet for my health and the environment within the next three months. | 3.83 ± 0.87 | 0.949 |
I intend to follow and maintain a diet for my health and the environment within the next three months. | 3.73 ± 0.88 | 0.951 |
I intend to choose low-carbon and less processed foods for my health and the environment within the next three months. | 3.80 ± 0.90 | 0.949 |
I intend to eat a mostly plant-based, balanced diet for my health and the environment within the next three months. | 3.77 ± 0.92 | 0.913 |
I intend to upcycle food and minimize leftovers for my health and the environment within the next three months. | 3.95 ± 0.77 | 0.833 |
Mean ± SD | 3.82 ± 0.80 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Cognitive attitudes | 1 | ||||||
2. Affective attitudes | 0.799 |
1 | |||||
3. Subjective norms | 0.591 |
0.688 |
1 | ||||
4. Internal perceived behavioral control | 0.482 |
0.557 |
0.618 |
1 | |||
5. External perceived behavioral control | 0.407 |
0.460 |
0.495 |
0.753 |
1 | ||
6. PHD behavioral intentions | 0.555 |
0.617 |
0.554 |
0.696 |
0.678 |
1 | |
7. Age | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.006 | 0.158 | 0.062 | 0.128 | 1.000 |
Independent variable | B | S.E. | β | t | VIF | Model fit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive attitudes | 0.139 | 0.120 | 0.108 | 1.161 | 2.799 | F = 39.426 |
Affective attitudes | 0.283 | 0.131 | 0.226 | 2.161 |
3.533 | R2 = 0.610 |
Subjective norms | 0.008 | 0.078 | 0.008 | 0.099 | 2.251 | adjR2 = 0.595 |
Internal perceived behavioral control | 0.226 | 0.080 | 0.269 | 2.839 |
2.895 | D-W = 2.326 |
External perceived behavioral control | 0.280 | 0.073 | 0.324 | 3.811 |
2.329 | |
Cognitive attitudes | 0.137 | 0.122 | 0.107 | 1.125 | 2.881 | F = 28.124 |
Affective attitudes | 0.277 | 0.131 | 0.221 | 2.109 |
3.538 | R2 = 0.610 |
Subjective norms | 0.016 | 0.079 | 0.017 | 0.202 | 2.274 | adjR2 = 0.592 |
Internal perceived behavioral control | 0.216 | 0.083 | 0.257 | 2.594 |
3.155 | D-W = 2.354 |
External perceived behavioral control | 0.282 | 0.075 | 0.326 | 3.770 |
2.397 | |
Sex | –0.035 | 0.097 | –0.021 | –0.357 | 1.106 | |
Age | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.058 | 1.018 | 1.055 |
Theme | Sub-theme | Constructed meaning |
---|---|---|
Perceptions and attitudes toward PHD | Taste perception | • Willingness to use PHD if taste improves |
Lack of satiety | • Perception that PHD meals do not provide lasting fullness | |
Social and environmental factors influencing PHD choices | Peer and organizational influence | • Tendency to follow group decisions over personal preference in meal choice |
Menu-based habits | • Vegetarian-oriented menus lead to increased consideration of dining out | |
Strategies to promote and implement PHD | Branding | • Preference for naming that highlights personal health benefits |
Meal composition | • Acceptance of fried foods limited to a frequency of twice a week or less | |
• Preference for fish varies depending on type and cooking method | ||
• Perception that fewer side dishes could negatively impact acceptance of PHD meals | ||
• Positive response to alternatives such as smaller soup portions or providing scorched rice water (sungnyung) | ||
PHD adoption strategy | • Willingness to increase acceptance to 1–2 times per week if taste and variety improve | |
• Strategy to promote natural acceptance of PHD through appealing and modern menu development | ||
• Expectation of increased PHD usage if offering days are adjusted | ||
Promotion & education | • Avoidance of complex explanations in favor of easy-to-understand visual communication |
PHD, planetary health diet. Planetary health diet provided by public institutional food services under the Seoul Metropolitan Government. Seoul Metropolitan Government guidelines for a sustainable diet: a practical guide.
n (%) or Mean ± SD.
n (%) or Mean ± SD. Seoul Metropolitan Government guidelines for a sustainable diet: a practical guide. Knowledge level was assessed only among participants who answered “Yes” to the awareness question.
Mean ± SD. PHD, planetary health diet. Seoul Metropolitan Government guidelines for a sustainable diet: a practical guide.
PHD, planetary health diet.
S.E., standard error; VIF, variance inflation factor.
PHD, planetary health diet.