1)국립군산대학교 식품영양학과 부교수
2)대한영양사협회 사업국장
3)단국대학교 식품영양학과 교수
1)Associate Professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
2)Director, Department of Marketing, The Korean Dietetic Association, Seoul, Korea
3)Professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
© 2025 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.
FUNDING
This research was supported by a grant from the Korea Pork Checkoff Board (2022).
DATA AVAILABILITY
Research data is available upon request to the corresponding author.
No. | Variable | Factor loadings1) | Eigenvalue (variance explained) | Cronbach’s α | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor1 | Factor2 | Factor3 | Factor4 | Factor 5 | ||||
1 | I look for and purchase high-quality pork. | 0.839 | 2.752 (16.189%) | 0.764 | ||||
2 | I actively seek out delicious pork to purchase. | 0.828 | ||||||
3 | I have a good understanding of which type of pork tastes better, even within the same cut. | 0.722 | ||||||
4 | I make an effort to purchase branded pork whenever possible. | 0.517 | ||||||
5 | I enjoy eating pork when dining out. | 0.808 | 2.624 (15.436%) | |||||
6 | I often decide on pork dishes for dinner impulsively. | 0.771 | ||||||
7 | I enjoy trying new pork dishes. | 0.722 | ||||||
8 | I am willing to invest significant time in cooking to create delicious pork dishes. | 0.627 | ||||||
9 | Consuming pork is a multisensory experience and an engaging activity. | 0.526 | ||||||
10 | I consume less domestically produced pork due to its high price. | 0.824 | 1.967 (11.569%) | |||||
11 | Even if I have a preferred cut of pork, I often choose a different cut due to price considerations. | 0.805 | ||||||
12 | I consume pork more for nutritional supplementation than for its taste. | 0.575 | ||||||
13 | I place a high value on convenience when selecting pork dishes. | 0.455 | ||||||
14 | I feel uneasy about consuming imported pork for some reason. | 0.825 | 1.710 (10.056%) | |||||
15 | Domestically produced pork is definitely tastier than imported pork. | 0.704 | ||||||
16 | When consuming pork at home, I prefer ready-to-cook meals or meal kits that can be prepared or heated quickly. | 0.877 | 1.685 (9.913%) | |||||
17 | I tend to enjoy consuming processed pork products. | 0.865 |
Factor1), 2) | Domestic preference consumer group (n = 275) | Price-sensitive consumer group (n = 175) | Quality- and experience-oriented consumer group (n = 255) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quality and taste-oriented | 3.76 ± 0.45b | 2.88 ± 0.50a | 4.21 ±0.54c | < 0.001 |
Explorative gourmet-oriented | 3.39 ± 0.46b | 3.01 ± 0.61a | 4.32 ± 0.43c | < 0.001 |
Economy and practicality-oriented | 2.60 ± 0.69a | 2.90 ± 0.65b | 3.09 ±0.87c | < 0.001 |
Trust in domestic pork | 4.11 ± 0.75c | 3.01 ± 0.90a | 3.91 ±0.95b | < 0.001 |
Preference for processed foods and meal kits | 2.24 ± 0.94a | 2.53 ± 0.93b | 2.60 ± 1.18b | < 0.001 |
Variable1) | Domestic preference consumer group (n = 275) | Price-sensitive consumer group (n = 175) | Quality- and experience-oriented consumer group (n = 255) | χ2/F-value (P-value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 5.393 (0.067) | |||
Male | 48 (17.5) | 46 (26.3) | 59 (23.1) | |
Female | 227 (82.5) | 129 (73.7) | 196 (76.9) | |
Mean age (year) | 44.01 ± 10.24b | 41.95 ± 12.83ab | 41.49 ± 11.45a | 3.615 (0.027) |
Occupation distribution | 27.594 (0.006) | |||
Manager/professional | 75 (27.3) | 34 (19.4) | 65 (25.5) | |
Office worker | 79 (28.7) | 56 (32.0) | 64 (25.1) | |
Service/sales worker | 26 (9.5) | 11 (6.3) | 27 (10.6) | |
Simple labor worker | 9 (3.3) | 15 (8.6) | 7 (2.7) | |
Housewife | 63 (22.9) | 31 (17.7) | 63 (24.7) | |
Student | 2 (0.7) | 5 (2.9) | 9 (3.5) | |
Unemployed/other | 21 (7.6) | 23 (13.1) | 20 (7.8) | |
Marital status | 9.998 (0.041) | |||
Married | 223 (81.1) | 127 (72.6) | 179 (70.2) | |
Single | 51 (18.5) | 48 (27.4) | 75 (29.4) | |
No response | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | |
Housing type | 11.985 (0.062) | |||
Single-family house | 18 (6.5) | 12 (6.9) | 27 (10.6) | |
Apartment | 223 (81.1) | 131 (74.9) | 185 (72.5) | |
Multi-unit housing | 31 (11.3) | 30 (17.1) | 34 (13.3) | |
Other | 3 (1.1) | 2 (1.1) | 9 (3.5) | |
Household size | 3.31 ± 1.07 | 3.06 ± 1.26 | 3.16 ± 1.24 | 3.918 (0.141) |
Monthly household income (million KRW)2) | 18.630 (0.017) | |||
≤ 3.99 | 51 (18.5) | 56 (32.0) | 74 (29.0) | |
4.00–5.99 | 89 (32.4) | 50 (28.6) | 61 (23.9) | |
6.00–7.99 | 66 (24.0) | 34 (19.4) | 54 (21.2) | |
≥ 8.00 | 59 (21.5) | 28 (16.0) | 61 (23.9) | |
No response | 10 (3.6) | 7 (4.0) | 5 (2.0) | |
Residential area | 2.314 (0.678) | |||
Metropolitan area | 140 (50.9) | 99 (56.6) | 137 (53.7) | |
Medium/small cities | 100 (36.4) | 60 (34.3) | 86 (33.7) | |
Rural towns/villages | 35 (12.7) | 16 (9.1) | 32 (12.5) | |
Education level | 5.719 (0.269) | |||
High school or less | 42 (15.3) | 40 (22.9) | 44 (17.3) | |
College graduate | 197 (71.6) | 118 (67.4) | 184 (72.2) | |
Graduate degree or more | 36 (13.1) | 17 (9.7) | 27 (10.6) |
Domain | Content | Importance1) | Satisfaction1) | Gap2) | t | Borich needs assessment3) | Ranks for each content | Total rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Production | P1 | Additive-free/preservative-free | 4.10 ± 0.85 | 3.97 ± 0.71 | 0.131 | 2.508* | 0.54 | 2 | 12 |
P2 | Antibiotic-free | 4.19 ± 0.81 | 3.96 ± 0.78 | 0.229 | 4.234*** | 0.96 | 1 | 6 | |
P3 | Animal welfare certification | 3.58 ± 0.96 | 3.47 ± 0.95 | 0.116 | 1.779 | 0.42 | 3 | 17 | |
P4 | Breed (e.g., black pork, Iberico) | 3.34 ± 0.88 | 3.57 ± 0.83 | –0.233 | –4.114*** | -0.78 | 4 | 24 | |
Quality | Q1 | Hygiene | 4.64 ± 0.57 | 4.25 ± 0.69 | 0.385 | 8.606*** | 1.79 | 2 | 2 |
Q2 | Tenderness | 4.16 ± 0.76 | 4.03 ± 0.67 | 0.124 | 2.702** | 0.52 | 6 | 13 | |
Q3 | Pork cuts | 4.20 ± 0.67 | 4.09 ± 0.68 | 0.113 | 2.719** | 0.48 | 7 | 14 | |
Q4 | Texture | 4.12 ± 0.77 | 4.04 ± 0.70 | 0.076 | 1.574 | 0.31 | 10 | 19 | |
Q5 | Meat color | 4.23 ± 0.72 | 4.08 ± 0.71 | 0.149 | 3.473** | 0.63 | 5 | 9 | |
Q6 | Juiciness | 4.25 ± 0.71 | 4.08 ±0.65 | 0.164 | 3.945*** | 0.70 | 4 | 7 | |
Q7 | Off-flavors | 4.78 ±0.49 | 4.24 ± 0.76 | 0.542 | 11.202*** | 2.59 | 1 | 1 | |
Q8 | Fat thickness | 4.21 ± 0.78 | 3.93 ± 0.79 | 0.280 | 5.212*** | 1.18 | 3 | 4 | |
Q9 | Marbling | 3.93 ± 0.87 | 3.82 ± 0.76 | 0.113 | 2.531* | 0.44 | 8 | 16 | |
Q10 | Grading system information | 4.11 ± 0.80 | 4.01 ± 0.73 | 0.095 | 2.094* | 0.39 | 9 | 18 | |
Distribution and labeling | D1 | Storage condition (refrigerated/frozen) | 4.46 ± 0.68 | 4.31 ± 0.70 | 0.156 | 3.525*** | 0.70 | 3 | 8 |
D2 | Expiration date | 4.65 ± 0.56 | 4.35 ± 0.65 | 0.302 | 7.442*** | 1.40 | 1 | 3 | |
D3 | Product packaging | 4.17 ± 0.85 | 4.03 ± 0.78 | 0.149 | 2.873** | 0.62 | 4 | 10 | |
D4 | Package size | 4.01 ± 0.86 | 3.90 ± 0.77 | 0.113 | 2.191* | 0.45 | 6 | 15 | |
D5 | Quality certification mark | 4.38 ± 0.71 | 4.12 ± 0.72 | 0.262 | 5.661*** | 1.15 | 2 | 5 | |
D6 | Brand | 3.67 ± 0.94 | 3.75 ± 0.82 | –0.076 | –1.484 | -0.28 | 7 | 22 | |
D7 | Grading system display | 4.12 ±0.76 | 3.98 ± 0.78 | 0.138 | 3.049** | 0.57 | 5 | 11 | |
Consumption and cooking | C1 | Purchase convenience | 4.20 ± 0.70 | 4.13 ± 0.70 | 0.069 | 1.550 | 0.29 | 1 | 20 |
C2 | Cooking convenience | 4.02 ± 0.76 | 3.98 ± 0.74 | 0.040 | 0.822 | 0.16 | 2 | 21 | |
C3 | Cooking versatility | 3.77 ± 0.83 | 3.86 ± 0.77 | –0.091 | –1.779 | -0.34 | 3 | 23 |
Mean ± SD.
Paired t-tests for the significance of the gap (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).
1)Likert scale score from 1 (not important/satisfied at all) to 5 (very important/satisfied).
2)Gap representing the difference between importance and satisfaction scores.
3)Borich needs assessment calculated as ‘mean gap × mean importance’.
Domain | Content | Importance1) | Satisfaction1) | Gap2) | t | Borich needs assessment3) | Ranks for each content | Total rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Production | P1 | Additive-free/preservative-free | 3.55 ± 1.02 | 3.63 ± 0.79 | –0.074 | 0.971 | –0.26 | 1 | 18 |
P2 | Antibiotic-free | 3.53 ± 1.01 | 3.66 ± 0.81 | –0.131 | 0.947 | –0.46 | 3 | 21 | |
P3 | Animal welfare certification | 3.27 ± 1.03 | 3.41 ± 0.87 | –0.131 | 0.935 | –0.43 | 2 | 20 | |
P4 | Breed (e.g., black pork, Iberico) | 3.07 ± 1.03 | 3.47 ± 0.80 | –0.406 | 0.971*** | –1.25 | 4 | 24 | |
Quality | Q1 | Hygiene | 4.24 ± 0.84 | 3.91 ± 0.80 | 0.331 | 0.847*** | 1.40 | 3 | 3 |
Q2 | Tenderness | 3.80 ± 0.90 | 3.71 ± 0.80 | 0.086 | 0.857 | 0.33 | 5 | 10 | |
Q3 | Pork cuts | 3.79 ± 0.80 | 3.83 ± 0.74 | –0.040 | 0.812 | –0.15 | 9 | 16 | |
Q4 | Texture | 3.66 ± 0.86 | 3.79 ± 0.80 | –0.137 | 0.893* | –0.50 | 10 | 22 | |
Q5 | Meat color | 3.86 ± 0.81 | 3.79 ± 0.77 | 0.074 | 0.802 | 0.29 | 6 | 11 | |
Q6 | Juiciness | 3.78 ± 0.86 | 3.75 ± 0.78 | 0.029 | 0.791 | 0.11 | 7 | 13 | |
Q7 | Off-flavors | 4.34 ± 0.87 | 3.99 ± 0.84 | 0.354 | 0.977*** | 1.54 | 1 | 1 | |
Q8 | Fat thickness | 4.06 ± 0.86 | 3.70 ± 0.83 | 0.360 | 0.923*** | 1.46 | 2 | 2 | |
Q9 | Marbling | 3.70 ± 0.93 | 3.59 ± 0.77 | 0.109 | 0.798 | 0.40 | 4 | 7 | |
Q10 | Grading system information | 3.64 ± 0.92 | 3.66 ± 0.81 | –0.017 | 0.847 | –0.06 | 8 | 15 | |
Distribution and Labeling | D1 | Storage condition (refrigerated/frozen) | 4.05 ± 0.88 | 3.95 ± 0.80 | 0.097 | 0.807 | 0.39 | 5 | 9 |
D2 | Expiration date | 4.31 ± 0.84 | 4.02 ± 0.78 | 0.291 | 0.728*** | 1.25 | 1 | 4 | |
D3 | Product packaging | 4.01 ± 0.93 | 3.85 ± 0.83 | 0.160 | 0.849* | 0.64 | 3 | 6 | |
D4 | Package size | 3.88 ± 0.93 | 3.71 ± 0.86 | 0.166 | 0.872* | 0.64 | 2 | 5 | |
D5 | Quality certification mark | 3.87 ± 0.98 | 3.77 ± 0.90 | 0.103 | 0.774 | 0.40 | 4 | 8 | |
D6 | Brand | 3.25 ± 1.02 | 3.51 ± 0.88 | –0.257 | 0.828*** | –0.84 | 7 | 23 | |
D7 | Grading system display | 3.59 ± 1.04 | 3.64 ± 0.85 | –0.046 | 0.822 | –0.17 | 6 | 17 | |
Consumption and Cooking | C1 | Purchase convenience | 3.92 ± 0.86 | 3.85 ± 0.79 | 0.069 | 0.755 | 0.27 | 1 | 12 |
C2 | Cooking convenience | 3.83 ± 0.85 | 3.82 ± 0.79 | 0.011 | 0.773 | 0.04 | 2 | 14 | |
C3 | Cooking versatility | 3.59 ± 0.92 | 3.67 ± 0.86 | –0.074 | 0.802 | –0.27 | 3 | 19 |
Mean ± SD.
Paired t-tests for the significance of the gap (*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001).
1)Likert scale score from 1 (not important/satisfied at all) to 5 (very important/satisfied).
2)Gap representing the difference between importance and satisfaction scores.
3)Borich needs assessment calculated as ‘mean gap × mean importance’.
Domain | Content | Importance1) | Satisfaction1) | Gap2) | t | Borich needs assessment3) | Ranks for each content | Total rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Production | P1 | Additive-free/preservative-free | 4.21 ± 0.90 | 4.13 ± 0.84 | 0.082 | 1.492 | 0.35 | 1 | 15 |
P2 | Antibiotic-free | 4.19 ± 0.92 | 4.15 ± 0.84 | 0.043 | 0.787 | 0.18 | 2 | 18 | |
P3 | Animal welfare certification | 3.83 ± 1.00 | 3.85 ± 0.94 | –0.020 | –0.284 | –0.08 | 3 | 22 | |
P4 | Breed (e.g., black pork, Iberico) | 3.75 ± 0.91 | 3.86 ± 0.92 | –0.106 | –1.677 | –0.40 | 4 | 24 | |
Quality | Q1 | Hygiene | 4.73 ± 0.53 | 4.40 ± 0.74 | 0.329 | 7.128*** | 1.56 | 2 | 2 |
Q2 | Tenderness | 4.39 ± 0.72 | 4.31 ± 0.70 | 0.082 | 1.661 | 0.36 | 8 | 14 | |
Q3 | Pork cuts | 4.41 ± 0.65 | 4.42 ± 0.69 | –0.004 | –0.083 | –0.02 | 10 | 21 | |
Q4 | Texture | 4.36 ± 0.72 | 4.27 ± 0.68 | 0.090 | 1.821 | 0.39 | 7 | 11 | |
Q5 | Meat color | 4.47 ± 0.67 | 4.24 ± 0.73 | 0.231 | 4.694*** | 1.03 | 4 | 4 | |
Q6 | Juiciness | 4.46 ± 0.66 | 4.26 ± 0.75 | 0.196 | 4.072*** | 0.87 | 5 | 6 | |
Q7 | Off-flavors | 4.77 ± 0.51 | 4.31 ± 0.81 | 0.463 | 9.102*** | 2.21 | 1 | 1 | |
Q8 | Fat thickness | 4.37 ± 0.77 | 4.09 ± 0.89 | 0.278 | 4.680*** | 1.22 | 3 | 3 | |
Q9 | Marbling | 4.19 ± 0.86 | 4.06 ± 0.84 | 0.129 | 2.423* | 0.54 | 6 | 8 | |
Q10 | Grading system information | 4.30 ± 0.79 | 4.24 ± 0.81 | 0.059 | 1.169 | 0.25 | 9 | 16 | |
Distribution and Labeling | D1 | Storage condition (refrigerated/frozen) | 4.57 ± 0.65 | 4.45 ± 0.68 | 0.114 | 2.431* | 0.52 | 3 | 9 |
D2 | Expiration date | 4.67 ± 0.56 | 4.47 ± 0.66 | 0.196 | 4.442*** | 0.92 | 1 | 5 | |
D3 | Product packaging | 4.38 ± 0.83 | 4.24 ± 0.76 | 0.137 | 2.398* | 0.60 | 2 | 7 | |
D4 | Package size | 4.17 ± 0.95 | 4.11 ± 0.79 | 0.055 | 0.900 | 0.23 | 5 | 17 | |
D5 | Quality certification mark | 4.44 ± 0.80 | 4.34 ± 0.75 | 0.102 | 2.247* | 0.45 | 4 | 10 | |
D6 | Brand | 3.97 ± 0.95 | 4.00 ± 0.87 | –0.027 | –0.514 | –0.11 | 7 | 23 | |
D7 | Grading system display | 4.24 ± 0.85 | 4.20 ± 0.78 | 0.039 | 0.811 | 0.17 | 6 | 19 | |
Consumption and Cooking | C1 | Purchase convenience | 4.34 ± 0.71 | 4.25 ± 0.77 | 0.086 | 1.746 | 0.37 | 2 | 13 |
C2 | Cooking convenience | 4.22 ± 0.84 | 4.13 ± 0.80 | 0.090 | 1.653 | 0.38 | 1 | 12 | |
C3 | Cooking versatility | 4.14 ± 0.86 | 4.12 ± 0.79 | 0.016 | 0.278 | 0.07 | 3 | 20 |
Mean ± SD.
Paired t-tests for the significance of the gap (*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001).
1)Likert scale score from 1 (not important/satisfied at all) to 5 (very important/satisfied).
2)Gap representing the difference between importance and satisfaction scores.
3)Borich needs assessment calculated as ‘mean gap × mean importance’.
No. | Variable | Factor loadings |
Eigenvalue (variance explained) | Cronbach’s α | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor1 | Factor2 | Factor3 | Factor4 | Factor 5 | ||||
1 | I look for and purchase high-quality pork. | 0.839 | 2.752 (16.189%) | 0.764 | ||||
2 | I actively seek out delicious pork to purchase. | 0.828 | ||||||
3 | I have a good understanding of which type of pork tastes better, even within the same cut. | 0.722 | ||||||
4 | I make an effort to purchase branded pork whenever possible. | 0.517 | ||||||
5 | I enjoy eating pork when dining out. | 0.808 | 2.624 (15.436%) | |||||
6 | I often decide on pork dishes for dinner impulsively. | 0.771 | ||||||
7 | I enjoy trying new pork dishes. | 0.722 | ||||||
8 | I am willing to invest significant time in cooking to create delicious pork dishes. | 0.627 | ||||||
9 | Consuming pork is a multisensory experience and an engaging activity. | 0.526 | ||||||
10 | I consume less domestically produced pork due to its high price. | 0.824 | 1.967 (11.569%) | |||||
11 | Even if I have a preferred cut of pork, I often choose a different cut due to price considerations. | 0.805 | ||||||
12 | I consume pork more for nutritional supplementation than for its taste. | 0.575 | ||||||
13 | I place a high value on convenience when selecting pork dishes. | 0.455 | ||||||
14 | I feel uneasy about consuming imported pork for some reason. | 0.825 | 1.710 (10.056%) | |||||
15 | Domestically produced pork is definitely tastier than imported pork. | 0.704 | ||||||
16 | When consuming pork at home, I prefer ready-to-cook meals or meal kits that can be prepared or heated quickly. | 0.877 | 1.685 (9.913%) | |||||
17 | I tend to enjoy consuming processed pork products. | 0.865 |
Factor |
Domestic preference consumer group (n = 275) | Price-sensitive consumer group (n = 175) | Quality- and experience-oriented consumer group (n = 255) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quality and taste-oriented | 3.76 ± 0.45b | 2.88 ± 0.50a | 4.21 ±0.54c | < 0.001 |
Explorative gourmet-oriented | 3.39 ± 0.46b | 3.01 ± 0.61a | 4.32 ± 0.43c | < 0.001 |
Economy and practicality-oriented | 2.60 ± 0.69a | 2.90 ± 0.65b | 3.09 ±0.87c | < 0.001 |
Trust in domestic pork | 4.11 ± 0.75c | 3.01 ± 0.90a | 3.91 ±0.95b | < 0.001 |
Preference for processed foods and meal kits | 2.24 ± 0.94a | 2.53 ± 0.93b | 2.60 ± 1.18b | < 0.001 |
Variable |
Domestic preference consumer group (n = 275) | Price-sensitive consumer group (n = 175) | Quality- and experience-oriented consumer group (n = 255) | χ2/F-value (P-value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 5.393 (0.067) | |||
Male | 48 (17.5) | 46 (26.3) | 59 (23.1) | |
Female | 227 (82.5) | 129 (73.7) | 196 (76.9) | |
Mean age (year) | 44.01 ± 10.24b | 41.95 ± 12.83ab | 41.49 ± 11.45a | 3.615 (0.027) |
Occupation distribution | 27.594 (0.006) | |||
Manager/professional | 75 (27.3) | 34 (19.4) | 65 (25.5) | |
Office worker | 79 (28.7) | 56 (32.0) | 64 (25.1) | |
Service/sales worker | 26 (9.5) | 11 (6.3) | 27 (10.6) | |
Simple labor worker | 9 (3.3) | 15 (8.6) | 7 (2.7) | |
Housewife | 63 (22.9) | 31 (17.7) | 63 (24.7) | |
Student | 2 (0.7) | 5 (2.9) | 9 (3.5) | |
Unemployed/other | 21 (7.6) | 23 (13.1) | 20 (7.8) | |
Marital status | 9.998 (0.041) | |||
Married | 223 (81.1) | 127 (72.6) | 179 (70.2) | |
Single | 51 (18.5) | 48 (27.4) | 75 (29.4) | |
No response | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | |
Housing type | 11.985 (0.062) | |||
Single-family house | 18 (6.5) | 12 (6.9) | 27 (10.6) | |
Apartment | 223 (81.1) | 131 (74.9) | 185 (72.5) | |
Multi-unit housing | 31 (11.3) | 30 (17.1) | 34 (13.3) | |
Other | 3 (1.1) | 2 (1.1) | 9 (3.5) | |
Household size | 3.31 ± 1.07 | 3.06 ± 1.26 | 3.16 ± 1.24 | 3.918 (0.141) |
Monthly household income (million KRW) |
18.630 (0.017) | |||
≤ 3.99 | 51 (18.5) | 56 (32.0) | 74 (29.0) | |
4.00–5.99 | 89 (32.4) | 50 (28.6) | 61 (23.9) | |
6.00–7.99 | 66 (24.0) | 34 (19.4) | 54 (21.2) | |
≥ 8.00 | 59 (21.5) | 28 (16.0) | 61 (23.9) | |
No response | 10 (3.6) | 7 (4.0) | 5 (2.0) | |
Residential area | 2.314 (0.678) | |||
Metropolitan area | 140 (50.9) | 99 (56.6) | 137 (53.7) | |
Medium/small cities | 100 (36.4) | 60 (34.3) | 86 (33.7) | |
Rural towns/villages | 35 (12.7) | 16 (9.1) | 32 (12.5) | |
Education level | 5.719 (0.269) | |||
High school or less | 42 (15.3) | 40 (22.9) | 44 (17.3) | |
College graduate | 197 (71.6) | 118 (67.4) | 184 (72.2) | |
Graduate degree or more | 36 (13.1) | 17 (9.7) | 27 (10.6) |
Domain | Content | Importance |
Satisfaction |
Gap |
t | Borich needs assessment |
Ranks for each content | Total rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Production | P1 | Additive-free/preservative-free | 4.10 ± 0.85 | 3.97 ± 0.71 | 0.131 | 2.508* | 0.54 | 2 | 12 |
P2 | Antibiotic-free | 4.19 ± 0.81 | 3.96 ± 0.78 | 0.229 | 4.234*** | 0.96 | 1 | 6 | |
P3 | Animal welfare certification | 3.58 ± 0.96 | 3.47 ± 0.95 | 0.116 | 1.779 | 0.42 | 3 | 17 | |
P4 | Breed (e.g., black pork, Iberico) | 3.34 ± 0.88 | 3.57 ± 0.83 | –0.233 | –4.114*** | -0.78 | 4 | 24 | |
Quality | Q1 | Hygiene | 4.64 ± 0.57 | 4.25 ± 0.69 | 0.385 | 8.606*** | 1.79 | 2 | 2 |
Q2 | Tenderness | 4.16 ± 0.76 | 4.03 ± 0.67 | 0.124 | 2.702** | 0.52 | 6 | 13 | |
Q3 | Pork cuts | 4.20 ± 0.67 | 4.09 ± 0.68 | 0.113 | 2.719** | 0.48 | 7 | 14 | |
Q4 | Texture | 4.12 ± 0.77 | 4.04 ± 0.70 | 0.076 | 1.574 | 0.31 | 10 | 19 | |
Q5 | Meat color | 4.23 ± 0.72 | 4.08 ± 0.71 | 0.149 | 3.473** | 0.63 | 5 | 9 | |
Q6 | Juiciness | 4.25 ± 0.71 | 4.08 ±0.65 | 0.164 | 3.945*** | 0.70 | 4 | 7 | |
Q7 | Off-flavors | 4.78 ±0.49 | 4.24 ± 0.76 | 0.542 | 11.202*** | 2.59 | 1 | 1 | |
Q8 | Fat thickness | 4.21 ± 0.78 | 3.93 ± 0.79 | 0.280 | 5.212*** | 1.18 | 3 | 4 | |
Q9 | Marbling | 3.93 ± 0.87 | 3.82 ± 0.76 | 0.113 | 2.531* | 0.44 | 8 | 16 | |
Q10 | Grading system information | 4.11 ± 0.80 | 4.01 ± 0.73 | 0.095 | 2.094* | 0.39 | 9 | 18 | |
Distribution and labeling | D1 | Storage condition (refrigerated/frozen) | 4.46 ± 0.68 | 4.31 ± 0.70 | 0.156 | 3.525*** | 0.70 | 3 | 8 |
D2 | Expiration date | 4.65 ± 0.56 | 4.35 ± 0.65 | 0.302 | 7.442*** | 1.40 | 1 | 3 | |
D3 | Product packaging | 4.17 ± 0.85 | 4.03 ± 0.78 | 0.149 | 2.873** | 0.62 | 4 | 10 | |
D4 | Package size | 4.01 ± 0.86 | 3.90 ± 0.77 | 0.113 | 2.191* | 0.45 | 6 | 15 | |
D5 | Quality certification mark | 4.38 ± 0.71 | 4.12 ± 0.72 | 0.262 | 5.661*** | 1.15 | 2 | 5 | |
D6 | Brand | 3.67 ± 0.94 | 3.75 ± 0.82 | –0.076 | –1.484 | -0.28 | 7 | 22 | |
D7 | Grading system display | 4.12 ±0.76 | 3.98 ± 0.78 | 0.138 | 3.049** | 0.57 | 5 | 11 | |
Consumption and cooking | C1 | Purchase convenience | 4.20 ± 0.70 | 4.13 ± 0.70 | 0.069 | 1.550 | 0.29 | 1 | 20 |
C2 | Cooking convenience | 4.02 ± 0.76 | 3.98 ± 0.74 | 0.040 | 0.822 | 0.16 | 2 | 21 | |
C3 | Cooking versatility | 3.77 ± 0.83 | 3.86 ± 0.77 | –0.091 | –1.779 | -0.34 | 3 | 23 |
Domain | Content | Importance |
Satisfaction |
Gap |
t | Borich needs assessment |
Ranks for each content | Total rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Production | P1 | Additive-free/preservative-free | 3.55 ± 1.02 | 3.63 ± 0.79 | –0.074 | 0.971 | –0.26 | 1 | 18 |
P2 | Antibiotic-free | 3.53 ± 1.01 | 3.66 ± 0.81 | –0.131 | 0.947 | –0.46 | 3 | 21 | |
P3 | Animal welfare certification | 3.27 ± 1.03 | 3.41 ± 0.87 | –0.131 | 0.935 | –0.43 | 2 | 20 | |
P4 | Breed (e.g., black pork, Iberico) | 3.07 ± 1.03 | 3.47 ± 0.80 | –0.406 | 0.971*** | –1.25 | 4 | 24 | |
Quality | Q1 | Hygiene | 4.24 ± 0.84 | 3.91 ± 0.80 | 0.331 | 0.847*** | 1.40 | 3 | 3 |
Q2 | Tenderness | 3.80 ± 0.90 | 3.71 ± 0.80 | 0.086 | 0.857 | 0.33 | 5 | 10 | |
Q3 | Pork cuts | 3.79 ± 0.80 | 3.83 ± 0.74 | –0.040 | 0.812 | –0.15 | 9 | 16 | |
Q4 | Texture | 3.66 ± 0.86 | 3.79 ± 0.80 | –0.137 | 0.893* | –0.50 | 10 | 22 | |
Q5 | Meat color | 3.86 ± 0.81 | 3.79 ± 0.77 | 0.074 | 0.802 | 0.29 | 6 | 11 | |
Q6 | Juiciness | 3.78 ± 0.86 | 3.75 ± 0.78 | 0.029 | 0.791 | 0.11 | 7 | 13 | |
Q7 | Off-flavors | 4.34 ± 0.87 | 3.99 ± 0.84 | 0.354 | 0.977*** | 1.54 | 1 | 1 | |
Q8 | Fat thickness | 4.06 ± 0.86 | 3.70 ± 0.83 | 0.360 | 0.923*** | 1.46 | 2 | 2 | |
Q9 | Marbling | 3.70 ± 0.93 | 3.59 ± 0.77 | 0.109 | 0.798 | 0.40 | 4 | 7 | |
Q10 | Grading system information | 3.64 ± 0.92 | 3.66 ± 0.81 | –0.017 | 0.847 | –0.06 | 8 | 15 | |
Distribution and Labeling | D1 | Storage condition (refrigerated/frozen) | 4.05 ± 0.88 | 3.95 ± 0.80 | 0.097 | 0.807 | 0.39 | 5 | 9 |
D2 | Expiration date | 4.31 ± 0.84 | 4.02 ± 0.78 | 0.291 | 0.728*** | 1.25 | 1 | 4 | |
D3 | Product packaging | 4.01 ± 0.93 | 3.85 ± 0.83 | 0.160 | 0.849* | 0.64 | 3 | 6 | |
D4 | Package size | 3.88 ± 0.93 | 3.71 ± 0.86 | 0.166 | 0.872* | 0.64 | 2 | 5 | |
D5 | Quality certification mark | 3.87 ± 0.98 | 3.77 ± 0.90 | 0.103 | 0.774 | 0.40 | 4 | 8 | |
D6 | Brand | 3.25 ± 1.02 | 3.51 ± 0.88 | –0.257 | 0.828*** | –0.84 | 7 | 23 | |
D7 | Grading system display | 3.59 ± 1.04 | 3.64 ± 0.85 | –0.046 | 0.822 | –0.17 | 6 | 17 | |
Consumption and Cooking | C1 | Purchase convenience | 3.92 ± 0.86 | 3.85 ± 0.79 | 0.069 | 0.755 | 0.27 | 1 | 12 |
C2 | Cooking convenience | 3.83 ± 0.85 | 3.82 ± 0.79 | 0.011 | 0.773 | 0.04 | 2 | 14 | |
C3 | Cooking versatility | 3.59 ± 0.92 | 3.67 ± 0.86 | –0.074 | 0.802 | –0.27 | 3 | 19 |
Domain | Content | Importance |
Satisfaction |
Gap |
t | Borich needs assessment |
Ranks for each content | Total rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Production | P1 | Additive-free/preservative-free | 4.21 ± 0.90 | 4.13 ± 0.84 | 0.082 | 1.492 | 0.35 | 1 | 15 |
P2 | Antibiotic-free | 4.19 ± 0.92 | 4.15 ± 0.84 | 0.043 | 0.787 | 0.18 | 2 | 18 | |
P3 | Animal welfare certification | 3.83 ± 1.00 | 3.85 ± 0.94 | –0.020 | –0.284 | –0.08 | 3 | 22 | |
P4 | Breed (e.g., black pork, Iberico) | 3.75 ± 0.91 | 3.86 ± 0.92 | –0.106 | –1.677 | –0.40 | 4 | 24 | |
Quality | Q1 | Hygiene | 4.73 ± 0.53 | 4.40 ± 0.74 | 0.329 | 7.128*** | 1.56 | 2 | 2 |
Q2 | Tenderness | 4.39 ± 0.72 | 4.31 ± 0.70 | 0.082 | 1.661 | 0.36 | 8 | 14 | |
Q3 | Pork cuts | 4.41 ± 0.65 | 4.42 ± 0.69 | –0.004 | –0.083 | –0.02 | 10 | 21 | |
Q4 | Texture | 4.36 ± 0.72 | 4.27 ± 0.68 | 0.090 | 1.821 | 0.39 | 7 | 11 | |
Q5 | Meat color | 4.47 ± 0.67 | 4.24 ± 0.73 | 0.231 | 4.694*** | 1.03 | 4 | 4 | |
Q6 | Juiciness | 4.46 ± 0.66 | 4.26 ± 0.75 | 0.196 | 4.072*** | 0.87 | 5 | 6 | |
Q7 | Off-flavors | 4.77 ± 0.51 | 4.31 ± 0.81 | 0.463 | 9.102*** | 2.21 | 1 | 1 | |
Q8 | Fat thickness | 4.37 ± 0.77 | 4.09 ± 0.89 | 0.278 | 4.680*** | 1.22 | 3 | 3 | |
Q9 | Marbling | 4.19 ± 0.86 | 4.06 ± 0.84 | 0.129 | 2.423* | 0.54 | 6 | 8 | |
Q10 | Grading system information | 4.30 ± 0.79 | 4.24 ± 0.81 | 0.059 | 1.169 | 0.25 | 9 | 16 | |
Distribution and Labeling | D1 | Storage condition (refrigerated/frozen) | 4.57 ± 0.65 | 4.45 ± 0.68 | 0.114 | 2.431* | 0.52 | 3 | 9 |
D2 | Expiration date | 4.67 ± 0.56 | 4.47 ± 0.66 | 0.196 | 4.442*** | 0.92 | 1 | 5 | |
D3 | Product packaging | 4.38 ± 0.83 | 4.24 ± 0.76 | 0.137 | 2.398* | 0.60 | 2 | 7 | |
D4 | Package size | 4.17 ± 0.95 | 4.11 ± 0.79 | 0.055 | 0.900 | 0.23 | 5 | 17 | |
D5 | Quality certification mark | 4.44 ± 0.80 | 4.34 ± 0.75 | 0.102 | 2.247* | 0.45 | 4 | 10 | |
D6 | Brand | 3.97 ± 0.95 | 4.00 ± 0.87 | –0.027 | –0.514 | –0.11 | 7 | 23 | |
D7 | Grading system display | 4.24 ± 0.85 | 4.20 ± 0.78 | 0.039 | 0.811 | 0.17 | 6 | 19 | |
Consumption and Cooking | C1 | Purchase convenience | 4.34 ± 0.71 | 4.25 ± 0.77 | 0.086 | 1.746 | 0.37 | 2 | 13 |
C2 | Cooking convenience | 4.22 ± 0.84 | 4.13 ± 0.80 | 0.090 | 1.653 | 0.38 | 1 | 12 | |
C3 | Cooking versatility | 4.14 ± 0.86 | 4.12 ± 0.79 | 0.016 | 0.278 | 0.07 | 3 | 20 |
Principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Factor loading threshold: 0.4.
Mean ± SD. Tukey HSD test for post-hoc analysis. Likert scale score from 1 (not important at all) to 5 (very important). Superscripts (a, b, c) denote statistically significant differences between consumer groups.
Mean ± SD or n (%). Chi-square ( Superscripts (a, b, c) denote significantly differences between consumer groups ( KRW: Korean won.
Mean ± SD. Paired t-tests for the significance of the gap (* Likert scale score from 1 (not important/satisfied at all) to 5 (very important/satisfied). Gap representing the difference between importance and satisfaction scores. Borich needs assessment calculated as ‘mean gap × mean importance’.
Mean ± SD. Paired t-tests for the significance of the gap (* Likert scale score from 1 (not important/satisfied at all) to 5 (very important/satisfied). Gap representing the difference between importance and satisfaction scores. Borich needs assessment calculated as ‘mean gap × mean importance’.
Mean ± SD. Paired t-tests for the significance of the gap (* Likert scale score from 1 (not important/satisfied at all) to 5 (very important/satisfied). Gap representing the difference between importance and satisfaction scores. Borich needs assessment calculated as ‘mean gap × mean importance’.