Jin-Sook Yoon; Min-Kyoung Song

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.3.231

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Korean J Community Nutr > Volume 19(3); 2014 > Article

Research Article
Seasonal Differences in Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D Status of Korean Young Women: Jin-Sook Yoon, Min-Kyoung Song; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2014;19(3):231-240.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.3.231
Published online: June 30, 2014

Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.

Corresponding author: Jin-Sook Yoon. Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, 1000 Shindang-dong, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, Korea. Tel: (053) 580-5873, Fax: (053) 580-5885, jsook@kmu.ac.kr

• Received: February 25, 2014 • Revised: June 1, 2014 • Accepted: June 16, 2014

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

113 Views
0 Download
3 Crossref

prev next

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
This study was intended to examine the seasonal differences in outdoor activity times and dietary vitamin D intakes, and explicates their relative impact on improving serum 25-(OH) vitamin D status among Korean young women.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 135 free-living women aged 19-39 years in Daegu-Kyungbook, Korea. We compared the results from 52 women for the summer and 83 women for the winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24 hour recall method for non-consecutive three days as well as by food frequency method. Daily outdoor activity times were derived from 24 hour physical activity diary.
Results
The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants by 24 hour recall method was 3.1 µg during the summer, 3.3 µg during the winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. Times spent on outdoor activities (p < 0.01) in the summer (= 23.8 ± 23.6 min) were much longer than that in the winter (= 10.8 ± 13.4 min). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of participants were 17.5 ± 7.5 ng/mL in the summer and 13.4 ± 4.3 ng/mL in the winter, showing that the latter was significantly lower than that of the former (p < 0.001). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of subjects were positively related to outdoor activities (r = 0.315, p < 0.05) during the summer, while related to dietary intake (r = 0.252, p < 0.05) during the winter.
Conclusions
In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean young women, nutrition education programs should focus on increasing more dietary intake especially during the winter, and performing more outdoor activities in other seasons.
Keywords: Young women; outdoor activity; serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D; vitamin D intake

NOTES

This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST 2010-0241)

REFERENCES

1. Adams JS, Clemens TL, Parrish JA, Holick MF. Vitamin-D synthesis and metabolism after ultraviolet irradiation of normal and vitamin-D-deficient subjects. N Engl J Med 1982; 306(12): 722-725.Article PubMed
2. Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Hurlock D, Bertron P. Diet and sex-hormone binding globulin, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95(2): 245-250.Article PubMed
3. Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, Arnaud S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Meunier PJ. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int 1997; 7(5): 439-443.Article PubMed PDF
4. Choi JH, Kim SK. Comparison of the dietary factors between normal and osteopenia groups by bone mineral density in Korean female college students. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2008; 37(7): 869-878.Article
5. Choi SH, Lee DJ, Kim KM, Kim BT. Association between seasonal changes in vitamin D and Bone mineral Density. J Korean Soc Menopause 2011; 17(2): 88-93.
6. Cinar N, Harmanci A, Yildiz BO, Bayraktar M. Vitamin Dstatus and seasonal changes in plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in office workers in Ankara, Turkey. Eur J Intern Med 2014; 25(2): 197-201.Article PubMed
7. Darling AL, Hart KH, Gibbs MA, Gossiel F, Kantermann T, HortonK , Johnsen S, Berry JL, Skene DJ, Eastell R, Vieth R, Lanham-New SA. Greater seasonal cycling of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased parathyroid hormone and bone resorption. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25(3): 933-941.Article PubMed PDF
8. Dattani JT, Exton-Smith AN, Stephen JM. Vitamin D status of the elderly in relation to age and exposure to sunlight. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1984; 38(2): 131-137.PubMed
9. Devgun MS, Paterson CR, Johnson BE, Cohen C. Vitamin D nutrition in relation to season and occupation. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34(8): 1501-1504.Article PubMed
10. Holick MF. The use and interpretation of assays for vitamin D and its metabolites. J Nutr 1990; 120: suppl 11. 1464-1469.Article PubMed
11. Holick MF. Mccollum award lecture, 1994: Vitamin D-new horizons for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60(4): 619-630.Article PubMed
12. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(3): 266-281.Article PubMed
13. Kim HB, Park JG. A study on the solar UVA and UVB doses at kongju. Korean J Dermatol 1987; 25(1): 16-24.
14. Koo JO, Ahn HS, Yoo SY. Study of bone mineral density, body composition and dietary habits of 20~30 years women. Korean J Community Nutr 2008; 13(4): 489-498.
15. Korean Nutrition Society. Korea Food Value. Seoul, Korea: 2009. p. 2-503.
16. Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. Seoul, Korea: 2010. p. xxv-xxix.
17. Lamberg-Allardt C. Vitamin D intake, sunlight exposure and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in the elderly during one year. Ann Nutr Metab 1984; 28(3): 144-150.Article PubMed
18. Lee WS. Prevalence of osteoporosis in Korean women. Chung-Ang University; 2003; 9-10 MS Thesis.
19. Lim HJ. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and associated factors in premenopausal working women. Korean J Community Nutr 2005; 10(1): 79-90.
20. Lim HJ, Kim JI. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in winter time in premenopausal working women. Korean J Nutr 2006; 39(7): 649-660.
21. Lips P, Chapuy MC, Dawson-Hughes B, Pols HA, Holick MF. An international comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements. Osteoporos Int 1999; 9(5): 394-397.Article PubMed PDF
22. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Dannenberg MJ, Hollis BW, Lu Z, Holick MF. Clothing prevents ultraviolet-B radiationdependent photosynthesis of vitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75(4): 1099-1103.Article
23. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Hollis BW. Use of topical sunscreen for the evaluation of regional synthesis of vitamin D₃. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22(5 Pt 1): 772-775.Article PubMed
24. Metz JA, Anderson JJ, Gallagher PN. Intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and protein, and physical-activity level are related to radial bone mass in young adult women. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58(4): 537-542.Article PubMed
25. Ministy of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs & Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea health statistics 2009: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV-3). Seoul, Korea: Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010.
26. Moon SJ, Kim JH. The effect of vitamin D status on bone mineral density of Korean adults. Korean J Nutr 1998; 31(1): 46-61.
27. Moon SJ, Kim SW, Kim JH, Lim SK, Kim JH. A study on vitamin D status and factors affecting it in young adults. Korean J Nutr 1996; 29(7): 747-757.
28. National Rural Development Institute. Food composition table. Suwon, Korea: 2007. p. 16-95.
29. National Rural Development Institute. One portion size food composition table for consumer. Suwon, Korea: 2013.
30. Park HM, Kim JG, Choi WH, Lim SK, Kim GS. The vitamin D nutritional status of postmenopausal women in Korea. Korean J Bone Metab 2003; 10(1): 47-55.
31. Park SY, Yim CH, Kim SH, Han KO, Yoon HK. Changes of serum parathyroid hormone and bone turnover status according to serum vitamin D levels in Korean postmenopausal women. Korean J Bone Metab 2008; 15(1): 17-24.
32. Thuesen B, Husemoen L, Fenger M, Jakobsen J, Schwarz P, Toft U, Ovesen L, Jørgensen T, Linneberg A. Determinants of vitamin D status in a general population of Danish adults. Bone 2012; 50(3): 605-610.PubMed
33. Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: Exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D₃ synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67(2): 373-378.PubMed
34. Webb AR, Pilbeam C, Hanafin N, Holick MF. An evaluation of the relative contributions of exposure to sunlight and of diet to the circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in an elderly nursing home population in Boston. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51(6): 1075-1081.PubMed

Fig. 1

Distribution of circulating levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D for summer and winter.

Table 1

Physical characteristics of the study subjects by season

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

4) Body mass index

5) Bone mineral density

Table 2

Bone health status of the study subjects by season

1) T-score ≥ -1.0

2) n (%)

3) T-score < -1.0

Table 3

Daily energy and nutrient intake of the study subjects by season

1) %KDRIs mean % EER (Estimated energy requirement) for energy; %AI(Adequate intake) for Na, K, vitamin D, % RNI (Recommended nutrient intake) for other nutrients

2) Independent sample t-test

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 4

Distribution of the level of vitamin D intake of the study subjects by 24hr recall method

1) n (%)

Table 5

The intakes of vitamin D estimated from the food frequency method

1) Independent Sample t-test

2) Unit: µg/day

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 6

Time spent on outdoor activities by season

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Unit: minutes

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 7

Serum levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D by season

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 8

Distribution of serum 25-(OH) vitamin D level

1) n (%)

Table 9

Correlation coefficients between serum 25-(OH) vitamin D and the results of physiological characteristics, BMD, hours of outdoor activity, vitamin D intake

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Vitamin D intake, Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-OH Vitamin D Concentrations of Korean Postmenopausal Women by Season and by Age
Jin-Sook Yoon, Min-Kyoung Song
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 120. CrossRef
The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City
Haeyoung Kang, Eunsil Her, Kyung-Hea Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(3): 197. CrossRef
Association between serum vitamin D and depressive symptoms among female workers in the manufacturing industry
Soon Il Kwon, Jun Seok Son, Young Ouk Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Ja Hyun Kim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Jun Ick Jung
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

PubReader

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Seasonal Differences in Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D Status of Korean Young Women

Korean J Community Nutr. 2014;19(3):231-240. Published online June 30, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.3.231

XML Download

Figure

We recommend

Seasonal Differences in Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D Status of Korean Young Women

Fig. 1 Distribution of circulating levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D for summer and winter.

Fig. 1

Seasonal Differences in Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D Status of Korean Young Women

Table 1

Physical characteristics of the study subjects by season

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

4) Body mass index

5) Bone mineral density

Table 2

Bone health status of the study subjects by season

1) T-score ≥ -1.0

2) n (%)

3) T-score < -1.0

Table 3

Daily energy and nutrient intake of the study subjects by season

1) %KDRIs mean % EER (Estimated energy requirement) for energy; %AI(Adequate intake) for Na, K, vitamin D, % RNI (Recommended nutrient intake) for other nutrients

2) Independent sample t-test

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 4

Distribution of the level of vitamin D intake of the study subjects by 24hr recall method

1) n (%)

Table 5

The intakes of vitamin D estimated from the food frequency method

1) Independent Sample t-test

2) Unit: µg/day

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 6

Time spent on outdoor activities by season

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Unit: minutes

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 7

Serum levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D by season

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 8

Distribution of serum 25-(OH) vitamin D level

1) n (%)

Table 9

Correlation coefficients between serum 25-(OH) vitamin D and the results of physiological characteristics, BMD, hours of outdoor activity, vitamin D intake

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01

Table 1 Physical characteristics of the study subjects by season

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

4) Body mass index

5) Bone mineral density

Table 2 Bone health status of the study subjects by season

1) T-score ≥ -1.0

2) n (%)

3) T-score < -1.0

Table 3 Daily energy and nutrient intake of the study subjects by season

1) %KDRIs mean % EER (Estimated energy requirement) for energy; %AI(Adequate intake) for Na, K, vitamin D, % RNI (Recommended nutrient intake) for other nutrients

2) Independent sample t-test

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 4 Distribution of the level of vitamin D intake of the study subjects by 24hr recall method

1) n (%)

Table 5 The intakes of vitamin D estimated from the food frequency method

1) Independent Sample t-test

2) Unit: µg/day

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 6 Time spent on outdoor activities by season

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Unit: minutes

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 7 Serum levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D by season

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 8 Distribution of serum 25-(OH) vitamin D level

1) n (%)

Table 9 Correlation coefficients between serum 25-(OH) vitamin D and the results of physiological characteristics, BMD, hours of outdoor activity, vitamin D intake