Warning: mkdir(): Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 81

Warning: fopen(upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-11.txt): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 83

Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 84
Associations between Eating Behavior and the Eating Patterns of Female College Students Across the Menstrual Cycle
Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Korean J Community Nutr : Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

OPEN ACCESS

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Korean J Community Nutr > Volume 21(5); 2016 > Article
Research Article
Associations between Eating Behavior and the Eating Patterns of Female College Students Across the Menstrual Cycle
Seok-Young Kimorcid
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2016;21(5):405-414.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.5.405
Published online: October 31, 2016

Department of Food & Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.

Corresponding author: Seok-Young Kim. Department of Food & Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju 52828, Korea. Tel: (055) 772-1432, Fax: (055) 772-1439, sykim@gnu.ac.kr
• Received: August 31, 2016   • Revised: October 24, 2016   • Accepted: October 25, 2016

Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • 133 Views
  • 0 Download
  • 1 Crossref
next
  • Objectives
    The associations between the eating behavior and energy and macronutrient intake from meals and snacks consumed during different times of the day across the menstrual cycle were investigated in 74 healthy female college students.
  • Methods
    A 9-day food record was collected during the last 3 days before menstrual onset (phase 1) and the first 3 days after menstrual onset (phase 2) and from the 4th to the 6th day after menstrual onset (phase 3), respectively. Anthropometry was assessed and eating behaviors were measured using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ).
  • Results
    External eating was the most prevalent type of eating behavior, followed by restrained eating and emotional eating. Restrained eating was positively associated with energy, carbohydrate and lipid intake at the breakfast and midmorning snack during phase 3. However, emotional eating was also positively related to energy and macronutrient intake at the dinner and after-dinner snack during phase 1 and phase 3, with higher level detected in the phase 1. The association of emotional eating with the snack consumption was highest in phase 1. External eating was positively associated with energy and macronutrient intakes at the dinner and after-dinner snack across the three phases, the highest level being phase 1. In addition, restrained eating was positively associated with the weight, body mass index(BMI), fat mass, waist and hip girth of the subjects.
  • Conclusions
    Eating behaviors varied with regard to meals and snacks consumed during different times of the day across the three menstrual phases. Dinner and afterdinner snack consumption in premenstrual phase could be considered as a time when women are more prone to overconsumption and uncontrolled eating.
  • 1. De Castro JM. How can eating behavior be regulated in the complex environments of free-living human? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1996; 20(1): 119-131.PubMed
  • 2. Lake A, Townshend T. Obesogenic environments: exploring the built and food environments. J R Soc Promot Health 2006; 126(6): 262-267.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 3. Virtanen M, Kivimaki H, Ervasti J, Oksanen T, Pentti J, Kouvonen A. Fast-food outlets and grocery stores near school and adolescents' eating habits and overweight in Finland. Eur J Public Health 2015; 25(4): 650-655.ArticlePubMed
  • 4. Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers G, Defares PB. The Dutch eating behavior questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained eating, emotional, and external eating behavior. Int J Eat Disord 1986; 5(2): 295-315.Article
  • 5. Elfhag K, Morey LC. Personality traits and eating behavior in the obese: Poor self-control in emotional and external eating but personality assets in restrained eating. Eat Behav 2008; 9(3): 285-293.ArticlePubMed
  • 6. Rideout CA, McLean JA, Barr SI. Women with high scores for cognitive dietary restraint choose foods lower in fat and energy. J Am Diet Assoc 2004; 104(7): 1154-1157.ArticlePubMed
  • 7. Burton P, Smit HJ, Lightowler HJ. The influence of restrained and external eating patterns on overeating. Appetite 2007; 49(1): 191-197.ArticlePubMed
  • 8. Anschutz DJ, Van Strien T, Van De Ven MOM, Engels RCME. Eating styles and energy intake in young women. Appetite 2009; 53(1): 119-122.ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Beiseigel JM, Nickols-Richardson SM. Cognitive eating restraint scores are associated with body fatness but not with other measures of dieting in women. Appetite 2004; 43(1): 47-53.ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Keskitalo K, Tuorila H, Spector TD, Cherkas LF, Knaapila A, Kaprio J. The three-factor eating questionnaire, body mass index, and responses to sweet and salty fatty foods: a twin study of genetic and environmental associations. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88(2): 263-271.ArticlePubMed
  • 11. Leblanc V, Provencher V, Begin C, Gagnon-Girouard MP, Corneau L, Tremblay A. Associations between eating patterns, dietary intakes and eating behaviors in premenopausal overweight women. Eat Behav 2012; 13(2): 162-165.ArticlePubMed
  • 12. Pla-Sanjuanelo J, Ferrer-Garcia M, Gutierrez-Maldonado J, Riva G, Andreu-Gracia A, Dakanalis A. Identifying specific cues and contexts related to bingeing behavior for the development of effective virtual environments. Appetite 2015; 87: 81-89.ArticlePubMed
  • 13. O'Connor DB, Jones F, Conner M, McMillan B, Ferguson E. Effects of daily hassles and eating style on eating behavior. Health Psychol 2008; 27: 1 Suppl. S20-S31.PubMed
  • 14. Yonkers KA, O'Brien PMS, Eriksson E. Premenstrual syndrome. Lancet 2008; 371(9619): 1200-1210.PubMedPMC
  • 15. Klump KL, Keel PK, Racine SE, Burt SA, Neale M, Sisk CL. The interactive effects of estrogen and progesterone on changes in emotional eating across the menstrual cycle. J Abnorm Psychol 2013; 122(1): 131-137.PubMed
  • 16. Martini MC, Lampe JW, Slavin JL, Kurzer MS. Effect of the menstrual cycle on energy and nutrient intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60(6): 895-899.ArticlePubMed
  • 17. Cheikh Ismail LI, AI-Hourani H, Lightowler HJ, Aldhaheri AS, Henry CJ. Energy and nutrient intakes during different phases of the menstrual cycle in females in the United Arab Emirates. Ann Nutr Metab 2009; 54(2): 124-128.PubMed
  • 18. Ko CH, Yen CF, Long CY, Kuo YT, Chen CS, Yen JY. The lateluteal leptin level, caloric intake and eating behaviors among women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 56: 52-61.PubMed
  • 19. Gorczyca AM, Sjaarda LA, Mitchell EM, Perkins NJ, Schliep KC, Wactawski-Wende J. Changes in macronutrient, micronutrient, and food group intakes throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy, premenopausal women. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55(3): 1181-1188.PubMed
  • 20. Yen JY, Chang SJ, Ko CH, Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh YC. The high-sweet-fat food craving among women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Emotional response, implicit attitude and rewards sensitivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35(8): 1203-1212.PubMed
  • 21. Klump KL, Keel PK, Burt SA, Racine SE, Neale MC, Sisk CL. Ovarian hormones and emotional eating associations across the menstrual cycle: an examination of the potential moderating effects of body mass index and dietary restraint. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46(3): 256-263.PubMedPMC
  • 22. Steiner M, Macdougall M, Brown E. The premenstrual symptoms screening tool(PSST) for clinicians. Arch Women Ment Health 2003; 6(3): 203-209.
  • 23. Almoosawi S, Winter J, Prynne CJ, Hardy R, Stephen AM. Daily profiles of energy and nutrient intakes: are eating profiles changing over time? Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66(6): 678-686.PubMed
  • 24. Leech RM, Worsley A, Timperio A, McNaughton SA. Characterizing eating patterns: a comparison of eating occasion definitions. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102(5): 1229-1237.PubMed
  • 25. Kim HJ, Lee IS, Kim JH. A study of the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the eating behavior questionnaire. Korean J Clin Psychol 1996; 15(1): 141-150.
  • 26. Song YM, Lee KY, Sung JH. Eating behaviors and weight over time in a prospective study: the Healthy Twin Study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2014; 23(1): 76-83.PubMed
  • 27. Baños RM, Cebolla A, Moragrega I, Van Strien T, Fernandez-Aranda F, Aguera Z. Relationship between eating styles and temperament in an anorexia nervosa, healthy control, and morbid obesity female sample. Appetite 2014; 76: 76-83.PubMed
  • 28. Dakanalis A, Zanetti MA, Clerici M, Madeddu F, Riva G, Caccialanza R. Italian version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Psychometric proprieties and measurement invariance across sex, BMI-status and age. Appetite 2013; 71: 187-195.PubMed
  • 29. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Korean. 2nd revision. Seoul: The Korean Nutrition Society; 2015. p. 26-60.
  • 30. Reed SC, Levin FR, Evans SM. Changes in mood cognitive performance and appetite in the late luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle in women with and without PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder). Horm Behav 2008; 54(1): 185-193.PubMedPMC
  • 31. Cross GB, Marley J, Miles H, Willson K. Changes in nutrient intake during the menstrual cycle of overweight women with premenstrual syndrome. Br J Nutr 2001; 85(4): 475-482.PubMed
  • 32. Bryant M, Truesdale KP, Dye L. Modest changes in dietary intake across the menstrual cycle: implications for food intake research. Br J Nutr 2006; 96(5): 888-894.PubMed
  • 33. Kim SY, Cha BK, Park PS. Energy and macronutrient intakes during menstrual cycle in young women. Korean J Community Nutr 1998; 3(2): 210-217.
  • 34. Wang JB, Patterson RE, Ang A, Emond JA, Shetty N, Arab L. Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in adults. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 27: Suppl 2. 255-262.PubMed
  • 35. Reeves S, Huber JW, Halsey LG, Horabady-Farahani Y, Ijadi M, Smith T. Experimental manipulation of breakfast in normal and overweight/obese participants is associated with changes to nutrient and energy intake consumption patterns. Physiol Behav 2014; 133: 130-135.PubMed
  • 36. Van Strien T, Herman CP, Verheijden MW. Eating style, overeating, and overweight in a representative Dutch sample. Does external eating play a role? Appetite 2009; 52(2): 380-387.PubMed
  • 37. Moreira P, de Almeida MD, Sampaio D. Cognitive restraint is associated with higher intake of vegetables in a sample of university students. Eat Behav 2005; 6(3): 229-237.
  • 38. Oliver G, Wardle J, Gibson EL. Stress and food choice: a laboratory study. Psychosom Med 2000; 62(6): 853-865.
  • 39. Dweck JS, Jenkins SM, Nolan LJ. The role of emotional eating and stress in the influence of short sleep on food consumption. Appetite 2014; 72: 106-113.
  • 40. Huh J, Shiyko M, Keller S, Dunton G, Schembre SM. The timevarying association between perceived stress and hunger within and between days. Appetite 2015; 89: 145-151.
  • 41. Barnes TL, French SA, Harnack LJ, Mitchell NR, Wolfson J. Snacking behaviors, diet quality, and body mass index in a community sample of working adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 2015; 115(7): 1117-1123.
  • 42. Van Strien T, Winkens L, Toft MB, Pedersen S, Brouwer I, Visser M. The mediation effect of emotional eating between depression and body mass index in the two European countries Denmark and Spain. Appetite 2016; 105: 500-508.
  • 43. Richardson AS, Arsenault JE, Cates SC, Muth MK. Perceived stress, unhealthy eating behaviors, and severe obesity in lowincome women. Nutr J 2015; 14(1): 122-131.
  • 44. Burton P, Smit HJ, Lightowler HJ. The influence of restrained and external eating patterns on overeating. Appetite 2007; 49: 191-197.
  • 45. Cebolla A, Barrada JR, Van Strien T, Oliver E, Banos R. Validation of the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire (DEBQ) in a sample of Spanish women. Appetite 2014; 73: 58-64.
  • 46. Bray GA. Reciprocal relation of food intake and sympathetic activity: experimental observations and clinical implications. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: Suppl 2. S8-S17.
  • 47. Blondheim DS, Blondheim O, Blondheim SH. The dietary composition of pre-fast meals and its effect on 24 hour food and water fasting. Isr Med Assoc J 2001; 3(9): 657-662.
  • 48. Shapiro D, Jamner LD, Goldstein IB. Daily mood states and ambulatory blood pressure. Psychophysiology 1997; 34(4): 399-405.
  • 49. Church DD, Hoffman JR, LaMonica MB, Riffe JJ, Hoffman MW, Baker KM. The effect of an acute ingestion of Turkish coffee on reaction time and time trial performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12(1): 37-47.
  • 50. Marczinski CA, Stamates AL, Ossege J, Maloney SF, Bardgett ME, Brown CJ. Subjective state, blood pressure, and behavioral control changes produced by an "Energy Shot". J Caffeine Res 2014; 4(2): 57-63.
  • 51. Lee RD, Nieman DC. Nutritional assessment. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003. p. 361-363.
Table 1

General characteristics and DEBQ1) scores in subjects (n=74)

kjcn-21-405-i001.jpg

1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire

2) BMI: Body mass index

3) BFP: Body fat percentage

4) WHR: Waist hip girth ratio.

5) SBP: Systolic blood pressure

6) DBP: Diastolic blood pressure

Table 2

Comparison of the frequency of eating at different times of the day or meal type acoss the three menstrual phases

kjcn-21-405-i002.jpg

1) Phase 1: Last 3 days before menstrual onset.

2) Phase 2: First 3 days after menstrual onset.

3) Phase 3: Three days from 4th to 6th day after menstrual onset.

4) Values with the same letter within the same row are not significantly different at <0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 3

Comparisons of mean energy and macronutrient intakes from different meal types of the three menstrual phases

kjcn-21-405-i003.jpg

1) Phase 1: Last 3 days before menstrual onset.

2) Phase 2: First 3 days after menstrual onset.

3) Phase 3: Three days from 4th to 6th day after menstrual onset.

4) MMS: Midmorning snack

5) MAS: Midafternoon snack

6) ADS: After-dinner snack

All values are not significantly different at p<0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 4

Correlation between DEBQ1) scores and frequency of eating by different meal types across the three menstrual phases (n=74)

kjcn-21-405-i004.jpg

1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire

2) Phase 1: Last 3 days before menstrual onset.

3) Phase 2: First 3 days after menstrual onset.

4) Phase 3: Three days from 4th to 6th day after menstrual onset.

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01

Table 5

Correlation between energy and macronutrient intake and DEBQ1) scores during Phase 12) of the menstrual phases (n=74)

kjcn-21-405-i005.jpg

1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire.

2) Phase 1: Last 3 days before menstrual onset.

3) MMS: Midmorning snack

4) MAS: Midafternoon snack

5) ADS: After-dinner snack

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Table 6

Correlation between energy and macronutrient intake and DEBQ1) scores during Phase 22) of the menstrual phases (n=74)

kjcn-21-405-i006.jpg

1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire.

2) Phase 2: First 3 days after menstrual onset.

3) MMS: Midmorning snack

4) MAS: Midafternoon snack

5) ADS: After-dinner snack

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01

Table 7

Correlation between energy and macronutrient intake and DEBQ1) scores during Phase 32) of the menstrual phases (n=74)

kjcn-21-405-i007.jpg

1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire.

2) Phase 3: Three days from 4th to 6th day after menstrual onset.

3) MMS: Midmorning snack

4) MAS: Midafternoon snack

5) ADS: After-dinner snack

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01.

Table 8

Correlation between anthropometry and DEBQ1) scores in subjects (n=74)

kjcn-21-405-i008.jpg

1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire

2) BMI: Body mass index

3) BFP: Body fat percentage

4) WHR: Waist hip girth ratio.

5) SBP: Systolic blood pressure

6) DBP: Diastolic blood pressure

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Eating propensity of adult women: An exploratory study
      Eunok Park, Youngwon Kim
      Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2020; 37(5): 69.     CrossRef

    • PubReader PubReader
    • Cite
      CITE
      export Copy Download
      Close
      Download Citation
      Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

      Format:
      • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
      • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
      Include:
      • Citation for the content below
      Associations between Eating Behavior and the Eating Patterns of Female College Students Across the Menstrual Cycle
      Korean J Community Nutr. 2016;21(5):405-414.   Published online October 31, 2016
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    We recommend
    Associations between Eating Behavior and the Eating Patterns of Female College Students Across the Menstrual Cycle
    Associations between Eating Behavior and the Eating Patterns of Female College Students Across the Menstrual Cycle

    General characteristics and DEBQ1) scores in subjects (n=74)

    1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire

    2) BMI: Body mass index

    3) BFP: Body fat percentage

    4) WHR: Waist hip girth ratio.

    5) SBP: Systolic blood pressure

    6) DBP: Diastolic blood pressure

    Comparison of the frequency of eating at different times of the day or meal type acoss the three menstrual phases

    1) Phase 1: Last 3 days before menstrual onset.

    2) Phase 2: First 3 days after menstrual onset.

    3) Phase 3: Three days from 4th to 6th day after menstrual onset.

    4) Values with the same letter within the same row are not significantly different at <0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

    Comparisons of mean energy and macronutrient intakes from different meal types of the three menstrual phases

    1) Phase 1: Last 3 days before menstrual onset.

    2) Phase 2: First 3 days after menstrual onset.

    3) Phase 3: Three days from 4th to 6th day after menstrual onset.

    4) MMS: Midmorning snack

    5) MAS: Midafternoon snack

    6) ADS: After-dinner snack

    All values are not significantly different at p<0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

    Correlation between DEBQ1) scores and frequency of eating by different meal types across the three menstrual phases (n=74)

    1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire

    2) Phase 1: Last 3 days before menstrual onset.

    3) Phase 2: First 3 days after menstrual onset.

    4) Phase 3: Three days from 4th to 6th day after menstrual onset.

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01

    Correlation between energy and macronutrient intake and DEBQ1) scores during Phase 12) of the menstrual phases (n=74)

    1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire.

    2) Phase 1: Last 3 days before menstrual onset.

    3) MMS: Midmorning snack

    4) MAS: Midafternoon snack

    5) ADS: After-dinner snack

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

    Correlation between energy and macronutrient intake and DEBQ1) scores during Phase 22) of the menstrual phases (n=74)

    1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire.

    2) Phase 2: First 3 days after menstrual onset.

    3) MMS: Midmorning snack

    4) MAS: Midafternoon snack

    5) ADS: After-dinner snack

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01

    Correlation between energy and macronutrient intake and DEBQ1) scores during Phase 32) of the menstrual phases (n=74)

    1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire.

    2) Phase 3: Three days from 4th to 6th day after menstrual onset.

    3) MMS: Midmorning snack

    4) MAS: Midafternoon snack

    5) ADS: After-dinner snack

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01.

    Correlation between anthropometry and DEBQ1) scores in subjects (n=74)

    1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire

    2) BMI: Body mass index

    3) BFP: Body fat percentage

    4) WHR: Waist hip girth ratio.

    5) SBP: Systolic blood pressure

    6) DBP: Diastolic blood pressure

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

    Table 1 General characteristics and DEBQ1) scores in subjects (n=74)

    1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire

    2) BMI: Body mass index

    3) BFP: Body fat percentage

    4) WHR: Waist hip girth ratio.

    5) SBP: Systolic blood pressure

    6) DBP: Diastolic blood pressure

    Table 2 Comparison of the frequency of eating at different times of the day or meal type acoss the three menstrual phases

    1) Phase 1: Last 3 days before menstrual onset.

    2) Phase 2: First 3 days after menstrual onset.

    3) Phase 3: Three days from 4th to 6th day after menstrual onset.

    4) Values with the same letter within the same row are not significantly different at <0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

    Table 3 Comparisons of mean energy and macronutrient intakes from different meal types of the three menstrual phases

    1) Phase 1: Last 3 days before menstrual onset.

    2) Phase 2: First 3 days after menstrual onset.

    3) Phase 3: Three days from 4th to 6th day after menstrual onset.

    4) MMS: Midmorning snack

    5) MAS: Midafternoon snack

    6) ADS: After-dinner snack

    All values are not significantly different at p<0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

    Table 4 Correlation between DEBQ1) scores and frequency of eating by different meal types across the three menstrual phases (n=74)

    1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire

    2) Phase 1: Last 3 days before menstrual onset.

    3) Phase 2: First 3 days after menstrual onset.

    4) Phase 3: Three days from 4th to 6th day after menstrual onset.

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01

    Table 5 Correlation between energy and macronutrient intake and DEBQ1) scores during Phase 12) of the menstrual phases (n=74)

    1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire.

    2) Phase 1: Last 3 days before menstrual onset.

    3) MMS: Midmorning snack

    4) MAS: Midafternoon snack

    5) ADS: After-dinner snack

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

    Table 6 Correlation between energy and macronutrient intake and DEBQ1) scores during Phase 22) of the menstrual phases (n=74)

    1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire.

    2) Phase 2: First 3 days after menstrual onset.

    3) MMS: Midmorning snack

    4) MAS: Midafternoon snack

    5) ADS: After-dinner snack

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01

    Table 7 Correlation between energy and macronutrient intake and DEBQ1) scores during Phase 32) of the menstrual phases (n=74)

    1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire.

    2) Phase 3: Three days from 4th to 6th day after menstrual onset.

    3) MMS: Midmorning snack

    4) MAS: Midafternoon snack

    5) ADS: After-dinner snack

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01.

    Table 8 Correlation between anthropometry and DEBQ1) scores in subjects (n=74)

    1) DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire

    2) BMI: Body mass index

    3) BFP: Body fat percentage

    4) WHR: Waist hip girth ratio.

    5) SBP: Systolic blood pressure

    6) DBP: Diastolic blood pressure

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001


    Korean J Community Nutr : Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
    Close layer
    TOP