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A Evaluation Study on Nutrient Intake Status and Diet Quality of Middle and Old Aged Vegetarian Women in Korea
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Mi Hyun Kim, Yun Jung Bae, Da Hong Lee, Hye Kyung Cho, Sun Hae Choi, Chung Ja Sung
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Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):869-879. Published online December 31, 2005
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- The purpose of this study was to evaluate on nutrient intake status and diet quality of middle and old aged vegetarian women in Korea. The research group was composed of vegetarian women (n = 91), all of them were Seven Day Adventists, who had been on vegetarian diets, over 20 yrs. Their anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes, and diet quality indices were compared to omnivores (n = 122). The average age of vegetarians and omnivores were 61.8 yrs and 60.3 yrs, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes of vegetarians and omnivores were 1428.8 kcal and 1424.5 kcal, respectively and there was no significant difference. The vegetarians consumed significantly lower intakes of protein (p<0.05), zinc (p<0.001) and vitamin B2 (p<0.05) compared to omnivores. In the diet quality, zinc and vitamin B2 nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vegetarians were significantly lower than those of omnivores. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of vegetarians and omnivores were 0.80 and 0.77, respectively and there was no significant difference. The KDDS (Korean's Dietary Diversity Score) of vegetarians and omnivores were 3.7 and 4.0, respectively, and there was significant difference (p<0.01). The KDQI (Korean's Diet Quality Index) of vegetarians (1.5) was significantly lower than that (2.1) of omnivores (p<0.001). In conclusion, vegetarian women have low intake status of protein, zinc and vitamin B2, and partly low diet quality. Therefore it was needed that well planed diets to replace the nutrients supplied from excluded food groups in middle and old aged vegetarian women.
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Relationship between Nutrient Intake and Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism in Korean Postmenopausal Women
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Haeng Shin Lee, Da Hong Lee, Chung Ja Sung
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Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(5):765-772. Published online December 31, 2001
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- To delineate the relationship between the nutrient intake from diet and the serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism, 56 postmenopausal women of 50 to 77 years of age were recruited. The biochemical markers including osteocalcin, calcium, phosphorus, estradiol and free testosterone were measured in fasting blood. Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured also by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the nutrient intake of earth individual subject was estimated by 24-hour recall of 3 days. The age of the subjects was 64.8 +/- 7.7 years, and the BMDs of the subject were 0.86 +/- 0.26g/cm2(Lumbar spine), 0.60 +/- 0.10g/cm2 (Femoral neck), 0.49 +/- 0.10g/cm2(Trochanter), and 0.41 +/- 0.14g/cm2(Ward's triangle). There were no significant differences among age and nutrient intake level groups due to the small sample size. The biochemical markers showed certain degree of relationship with nutrient intake levels. The results were compared among 3 groups with different nutrient intake level classified by the percentage of Recommended Daily Allowances(RDA) for Koreans as follows low < 75% RDA, 75% RDA < or = adequate< 125% RDA, high > or = 125% RDA. The low energy and low riboflavin groups showed significantly higher serum osteocalcin levels than those of the high intake groups(p<0.05). On the other hand, there was a trend for serum Ca level to be higher with high nutrient intake. In this case, protein and thiamin were the only nutrients that reached a statistical significance(p<0.05). And the groups with low intake for protein and Ca showed significantly lower serum free testosterone levels than that of other intake groups(p<0.05). This study suggests an important role of nutrient intake levels on blood biochemical markers of bone metabolism.
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A Study on Nutritional Status, Maternal Factors, and Lifestyles according to BMD in Rural Postmenopausal Women
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Chung Ja Sung, Sun Hae Choi, Mi Hyun Kim, Yun Hee Choi, Da Hong Lee, Soo Kyung Baek, Hye Kyung Kim, Mi Kyeong Choi
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Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(2):192-204. Published online May 31, 2001
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- Osteoporosis and other related conditions pose a growing public health problem, especially in postmenopausal women. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the correlations among BMD, maternal factors, and life styles, and intake of nutrients in postmenopausal women. One hundred participants in Kyungge-do were divided into three groups according to their BMD measurements measured by DXA. Dietary analysis, anthropometric measurements, and questionares were administered to these women. The percentage of the osteoporosis, osteopenia(Osteopinia), and normal groups were 32%, 48%, and 20% respectively. The average age was significantly the highest in the osteoporosis group. The average age at menopause was 47.2. Osteoporosis group's age at menopause was significantly the lowest. The sleeping hours of the osteoporosis and osteopenia group were significantly longer than the normal group. The intake of vitamin B2 was positively correlated with the BMD of femoral neck. The BMD of these two sites was positively correlated with weight, BMI, waist, and hip size and negatively correlated with the length of the menstrual cycle, duration after menopause, the age at the last delivery, and sleeping hours. Spinal BMD positively correlated with hours of outdoor activity. Therefore, maternal factors, lifestyles, and intake of nutrients contribute to BMD.
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Effects of Isoflavone Supplementation on Serum Lipids in Hyperlipidemic Postmenopausal Women
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Da Hong Lee, Chung Ja Sung, Haeng Shin Lee, Mi Hyun Kim, Yu Lee Seo
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Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(1):69-75. Published online February 28, 2001
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- Intake of soy protein the fisk factors associated with cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. This study was designed to effects of isoflavone supplementation on serum lipids in 16 hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women . For this purpose, an intervention study was conducted for 12 weeks. Subjects were healthy, free-living women consuming habitual diets with 0.3g/d of isoflavone. Food and nutrient intake was obtained by 24-hr recall method and anthropometric measurement were made. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were determined before and after the isoflavone supplementation. The results were summarized as follows. The average age, hight, weight and BMI of the subject were 65.3 years, 151.4 cm, 62.2 kg and 27.1, respectively. The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were not reduced significantly with isoflavone supplementation. Total cholesterol (p<0.001), HDL-C(p<0.05), and LDL-C(p<0.01) were significantly increased after isoflavone concentration. In conclusion, isoflavone supplementation was not effective to modify risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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The Study of Associations among Serum Lipids, Anthropometric Measurements, Food Intake Frequency and Nutrient Intake in Healthy Adults
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Da Hong Lee, In Sook Kim
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Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(4):642-653. Published online December 31, 2000
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- The purpose of this study was to investigate the association among food intake frequency, nutrient intake, anthropometric measurements, and serum lipids in 100 women and 85 men aged 40-74yrs residing in Jeonju City. Food intake frequency and nutrient intake were obtained from one-day dietary recalls. The results were as follows : The mean height, body weight and BMI were 161 cm, 62.5 kg, and 24 kg/m2 respectively. The mean of SBP and DBP were 118 mmHg, 77 mmHg respectively. The mean of TC and TG were 185.5 mg/dl, 153 mg/dl respectively. The mean daily energy and carbohydrate intake was 85. 7%, 91% of RDA for Koreans respectively and that protein intake was 118.5% of RDA. The TC levels of subjects less than 75%, 75-125%, more than 125% of RDA energy were 176 mg/dl, 192 mg/dl, 185 mg/dl respectively(p<0.01). The TC levels less than 75%, 75-125%, more than 125% of RDA protein were 180 mg/dl, 190 mg/dl, 175 mg/dl respectively(p<0.05). TC levels less than 75%, 75-125%, more than 125% of RDA fat were 181 mg/dl, 193 mg/dl, 194 mg/dl respectively(p<0.05). Of the subjects, 18% ate mushrooms. The BMI of the mushroom eaten was 24 and that of non-mushroom eaten was 25(p<0.05). Of the subjects, 28% consumed milk and milk produce. The mean level of TC and TG in milk and milk products eaters were 181 mg/dl, 131 mg/dl and that of non milk and milk products eaters were 197 mg/dl, 159 mg/dl(p<0.001, p<0.05). Of the subjects, 58% ate fish. The HDL-C of the fish eaten was 50 mg/dl and that of non-fishes eaten was 45 mg/dl(p<0.05).
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