Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

[English]
Parents' Perception and Attitudes to the School Meal Service Program(SMSP) in Kindergarten: Youngmee Lee, Yu Jin Oh; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):141-150. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: This Study investigated kindergarten parents' attitude, satisfaction and demand in the school meal service programs (SMSP). The subjects were 2450 parents that their child attended at kindergarten's SMSP from 16 provinces. To compared children's eating habits according to their parent age group and residence area, the percentage of regularly breakfast eating were lower in 'below 30 years old' group and large city residence than 'above 30 years old' group and middle and small city residence. And taking breakfast item was partially different pattern according parent age, 'below 30 years old' group and large city child ate more bread and milk as breakfast than Korean style breakfast with steamed rice and soup and side dish. In the prefer types of school meal service, most prefer types of meal service was fully meal service at kindergarten, 79.1% subjects wanted this type. But 'below 30 years old' group's parent answered 'lunch box brings from home' ratio was higher than 'above 30 years old' group. Most parents accepted the present meal cost and 63.8% of subjects was willing to pay more money to improve the quality of SMSP. Twenty-six precent parents was responded that no improvement children's eating habit through SMSP. And they answered the key point of SMSP management was 'cooking sanitation' (65.1%) and 'nutrition' (50.0%) and they answered the urgent improvement point at SMSP was 'improvement taste and quality of meal' (62.6%). Kindergarten parents' attitude about catering service as SMSP was not to prefer, but 10.4% of subjects answered that catering service is ideal meal service type in kindergarten and they expected the advantage of catering service was 'convenience of foodservice'(40.7%) and 'support foodservice facilities and labor'(32.4%) and they also pointed out disadvantage was 'lower in meal freshness'(53.9%) and 'sanitation problem'(51.9%).

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[English]
The Status of Nutrient Intake and Factors Related to Dislike of Vegetables in Elementary School Students: Un Hee Ku, Jung Sook Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):151-162. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional status and factors related to dislike of vegetables in the students who avoid eating vegetables in elementary school. The subjects were classified into VDG (vegetable dislike group, 75 children) and control group (69 children) by amount of vegetable left in school feeding. The survey included the items of demographic characteristics, dietary behaviors, nutrition knowledge, food preference, reason for dislike of vegetables and nutrient intake of the subjects. Dietary behavior and nutrition knowledge scores of control group were higher than those of VDG. The average score of food preference was 4.9 and 4.7 in control and VDG groups respectively. The preference score of root vegetables was the lowest in subjects. In the view of nutrient intake, the calorie intake of control group was higher than that of VDG. Protein intake of control and VDG was enough as compared with their RDA. Except vitamin E, most nutrient intake of control group was higher than that of VDG. VDG consumed lower calorie, vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin C, Ca, P, Fe and Zn than control group. The scores of the dietary behavior and nutrition knowledge in the subjects were positively related to the status of some vitamins and minerals intake. These results show that the scores of nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior of VDG were lower than those of control, causing low intake of vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A, Ca and Fe.

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[English]
Effects of School Lunch Program on Nutritional Knowledge and Attitude, and Dietary Behavior of Korean Middle School Students: Yoo Mi Oh, Mi Hyun Kim, Chung Ja Sung; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):163-173. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: School Lunch Program (SLP) should provide adequate and qualitative nutritional food for student's growth and proper food habit. With this fact, this study divided 524 middle school students who resided in Jeonju, Jellabukdo into two groups, SLP or non SLP according to whether they were provided SLP or not. Then this research estimate each group's nutritional knowledge, nutritional attitude, dietary behavior, balance of three meals, and health checking their clinical symptom to investigate the effects of the SLP. This research applied anthropometric data, questionnaires and food intake data using 24 hours recall method. Each group's age average was same as 14.0 years old respectively. The average score of nutritional knowledge and condition of balance of lunch were significantly higher in SLP group than those of non-SLP group, although, there were no significant differences in the scores of nutritional attitude, dietary behavior, and balance of breakfast and dinner within both groups. This research showed that SLP had positive role on nutritional knowledge and balanced lunch. However, current SLP is not sufficient to cause change the nutritional attitude and dietary behavior. To make more applicable and effective result of SLP leading nutritional attitude changes and development of appropriate dietary behavior, certain level of nutritional education to the student may be important.

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[English]
A Study on the Status of Beverage Consumption of the Middle School Students in Jeonju: Moon Ja Song, Eun Mi An, Hee Sook Shon, Suk Bae Kim, Youn Soo Cha; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):174-182. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: To investigate how the beverage consumption of middle school students are different in some respects; favorite kinds, drinking time and so on. 579 middle school students in Jeonju were participated in this study. This study shows the frequency of drinking beverage and the correlation between the frequency and the various factors to have effects on the frequency. The students usually drink water 8.55 times, milk or yogurt 3.01 times, sport beverage 2.13 times, soft drink 1.93 times, and fruit and vegetable juice 1.85 times for one week. The boy students prefer more soft or sport drink to the girl students. However the drinking of other beverages such as water, milk, juice, traditional ones don't have any meaningful differences between the boys and the girls. The students drink water mostly when they have meals. And the second consuming beverage is milk at table. It explains the students who drink more milk than water with bread. There is a big difference according to their excercise frequency. The students who excercise regularly or excercise over 3 hours drink more soft or sport drink and milk or yogurt than the students who exercise less than 1 hour. The beverages are firstly needed during the exercise because they sweat. And the second beverage time is when they have snacks and when they take a break. It should be suggested that nutrition education targeted to middle school students and their parents should encourage limited consumption of soft drinks. Therefore, policies that limit students' access to soft drinks at schools should be promoted.

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[English]
Effect of Vegetable Juice Supplementation on Serum Lipid Profile and Antioxidant Activity in College Women: Ji Yeon Kang, Soo Yeon Kim, Min Sook Lee, Hong Seok Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):183-188. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of 6-week vegetable juice supplementation (360 ml/day) on serum lipid profiles and antioxidant activity in college women. Twenty women (mean age: 21) with normal life style and dietary pattern and who are free of any specific diseases were recruited among the student in S women's university. The subjects consumed vegetable juice to take part in an uncontrolled clinical trial for a 6-week intervention period. While there was no difference in the concentration of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, serum concentrations of TG and HDL/LDL ratio were significantly reduced by 22% (p = 0.013) and 6% (p = 0.007) respectively. Significant decrease in malondialdehyde (p = 0.000) was accompanied by an increase in the activity of serum antioxidant enzymes, such as GSHPx (p = 0.000), SOD (p = 0.007). It was also found that total antioxidant status was improved by 5.4% (p = 0.009). Serum parameters were all changed without affecting body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, or nutrient intakes after six week of supplementation. This study demonstrated that the supplementation regular meals with vegetable juice can favorably affect serum lipid profiles and antioxidant systems, and hence could contribute to reduce the risks of chronic diseases in college women.

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[English]
Effect of Nutrition Education on Improving Diet Behavior of University Students: Myoung Soon Park, Seong Ai Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):189-195. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: This study was to investigate the changes in nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitude and food habit during 'meal management and diet' course to nonmajor university students by questionnaires. 280 students of Chungnam university who registered nonmajor 'meal management and diet' course in the 2003 were the subjects. The results of this study are as follows. BMIs of male and female students were 21.5 and 19.3. According to BMI, underweight subjects were 24.3%, normal and overweight (danger & obesity) subjects were each 62.4% and 13.6%, respectively. The nutrition knowledge scores significantly (p < 0.001) increased from 12.1 to 14.0 after the lecture, and the uncertainty rate of nutrition knowledge decreased significantly. Also, there were no significant differences in nutrition attitude score (39.5 to 39.8 points). Female subjects showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher nutrition knowledge scores (12.3 points) than male (11.4 points). 20% of the subjects smoked and 82.9% had alcohol drinks and 24.4% exercised more than 3 times per week. The subjects who ate regular meals significantly increased from 9.3 to 12.5% after the lecture, and smoking subjects decreased from 20 to 13%, but alcohol drinking subjects did not changed significantly.

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[English]
Minimal Weight and Body Fat Percentage in Relation to the Onset of Menarche in Korean Females: Eun Sook Jeong, Jeong A Lee, Hyeon Sook Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):196-204. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: Menarche is a main indicator of sexual maturity which relates to a reproductive function. The onset of the menstrual cycle differs individually and is influenced by many variables such as socio-economic situation, race, genetics, climate, altitude, nutritional status, and physical growth. Among them physical growth has been known to be the most influencing factor, particularly when expressed as body fat designated by weight. This study intended to investigate the body composition of girls around the menarche period and to evaluate the minimal levels of weight and fat percentage needed for the onset of menarche. A total of 101 female subjects, aged 11 to 13 years, were recruited from the 5th and 6th grades of an elementary school, in Mokpo, Korea. The subjects were placed into one of two groups Pre-menarche and Post-menarche groups according to their experience with menarche. Thereafter, the subjects in the Post-group were placed into 4 subgroups based on the number of menstruations they experienced: Post-I (1 - 3 times), Post-II (4 - 6 times), Post-III (7 - 9 times), and Post-IV (> 10 times). The average age at the onset of menarche of the subjects in Post groups was 11.2 +/- 0.6 years. There were significant differences in the data of anthropometry and body composition between the Pre and Post groups, although the mean ages of both Pre and Post groups were the same. Weight, waist, hip and thigh girths, fat percentage, and lean body mass of the Post groups were significantly higher than those of the Pre group. Height was not significantly different between the groups. Weight was highly correlated with body fat mass (r = 0.92, p < 0.001), fat percentage (r = 0.85, p < 0.001), and body mass index (r = 0.91, p < 0.001). These results indicate that weight, compared with height, reflects body composition well and influences the onset of the menstrual cycle. It could also be suggested that the minimal weight and fat percentage needed for the onset of menarche in Korean females are 41 kg and 17% to 19%, respectively.

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[English]
A Comparison between Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women and Normal Women of Their Nutrient Intakes and the Evaluation of Diet Quality: Yun Jung Bae, Chung Ja Sung; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):205-215. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and diet quality of postmenopausal osteoporotic women to those of control subjects, and to investigate the relationship among diet quality and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. In this study, we classified the subjects into the postmenopausal osteoporotic women (n = 38) and control (n = 43) according to their lumbar spine bone mineral density and age. Dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements and dietary quality indices were measured and evaluated. The average age of osteoporotic and control group were 60.4 yrs and 58.3 yrs, respectively and there was no significant difference. Body weight, body mass index of osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of control group. The average energy intake of osteoporotic and control group were 1243.3 kcal and 1475.8 kcal, respectively and there was a significant difference. The osteoporotic group consumed significantly lower quantities of protein, plant protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, folate, vitamin C, calcium, animal calcium, plant calcium, iron and zinc compared to the control group. The osteoporotic group consumed significantly lower of food, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits intakes compared to the control group. In the diet quality, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron, Zinc nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of osteoporotic group were significantly lower than that of control group. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of osteoporotic and control group were 0.63 and 0.78, respectively and there was significant difference. To evaluate nutrient density, Index of nutritional quality (INQ) was calculated by dividing nutrient content per 1,000 kcal of diet with RDA per 1,000 kcal. The average dietary variety score (DVS) of osteoporotic and control group were 22.4 and 33.2, respectively and there was significant difference. DVSs of pulses (p < 0.01), seeds (p < 0.01) and vegetables (p < 0.05) in osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of the control. In conclusion, postmenopausal osteoporotic women had lower protein, vitamin A, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron zinc intake quality and vegetables, mushrooms, fruits DVSs than those of the control. Therefore, to promote skeletal health enough energy and food should be consumed, and the maintenance of vitamin and mineral balance by increasing of vitamin A, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron of intakes are very important.

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[English]
A Study on the Nutrient Intake, Health Risk Factors, Blood Health Status in Elderly Korean Women Living Alone: Hwa Young Kim, Myung Hwan Kim, Seong Gil Hong, Sung Joo Hwang, Mi Hyoun Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):216-223. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: This purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrient intake, the health status as determined self-assessment checklist, biochemical indicators of elderly Korean women. We interviewed and 55 female subjects living alone in the Urban aged over 65 years. Information on their dietary intake was collected by 24-hour Recall method. Their health status was determined by a NSI checklist. Biochemical indicators were performed in whole blood and plasma of subjects. Except for protein, Fe, all of the elderly subjects belonged to over moderate nutritional risk. The average daily nutrient intake of the elderly was below the level of the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for Koreans. A relationship between their health risk score and nutrient intake was observed negatively (not significantly). They had a risk of anemia as hemoglobin and hematocrit of subjects were under the normal value. Therefore, the reason that health risk score and health status badly was thought for lower nutrient intake.

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[English]
Analysis on the Characteristics of Government-dominant and Non-governmental Food Bank Programs from the Users' Perspective: Hye Seung Kang, Min Ah Hong, Il Sun Yang, Mina Jo, Chul Jae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):224-233. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: The objectives of this study were to (a) examine the users' characteristics of both government-dominant and non-governmental food bank programs, (b) understand the supporting quality of the food bank program, and (c) analyse the effectiveness of the programs from the users' perspectives. The random samples of 120 food bank operators were selected by proportionate stratified random sampling method and from each food bank, 3 users were selected for the survey. A total of 205 users were participated in this survey. The main results of this study were as follows; Average profile of food bank users were 58 year old, female, livelihood protectee (56.6%). Food assistance frequency were mostly once a week (34.1%), and everyday (22.4%). The survey also showed that non-governmental food banks delivered the food directly to the 42.7% of users, otherwise the users of government-dominant ones went to the food bank to receive the foods. Most of the donated foods were cooked food (50.0%), and the users also wanted to receive that kinds of food. Saving food expenses (55.6%) and overcoming hunger (16.6%) were found as the effectiveness to the users.

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[English]
A Study on the Sanitary Management of School Foodservice Operations in Daejeon and Chungnam: Sang Hyun Park, Young Hee Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):234-242. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to the evaluate sanitary management status of school foodservice in Deajeon and Chungnam and to suggest basic data for sanitary improvement. A questionnaire was used in this study as a survey method. The subjects consist of 529 dietitians that are employed in the school (primary.middle.high school) foodservice. These results may be summarized as follows : 71.0% of surveyed school foodservices managed separately place for contamination and uncontamination. 91.5% didn't maintain adequate temperature at kitchen. A holding rate of hygiene utensils is lower in Chungnam than Daejeon. The dietitian group aged 30 - 34 showed significantly higher scores than other groups in personal hygiene of employees. The dietitian group graduated from a college showed significantly lower scores than other groups in purchasing & receiving, preparation, storage, food remains & waste, kitchen utensils and equipments and personal hygiene. It was significant to serving, personal hygiene and facilities & structure by Daejeon and Chungnam. In serving, Daejeon showed significantly lower scores than Chungnam. In personal hygiene, facilities and structure, Chungnam showed significantly lower scores than Daejeon. The foodservice group (started < 1990) showed significantly lower scores than other groups (started > or = 1990) in preparation.

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