Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

[English]
Nutritional Status of 5th Grade School Children Residing in Low-Income Area of Pucheon City: Sook Mee Son, Chung Sook Yang; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):267-274. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of 5th grade school children with iron depletion or iron depleted anemia with simultaneously assessing their general nutritional status. The anthropometric measurements, nutrient intake, and biochemical status of iron were measured for 261 school children from 5th grade residing in low income area of Pucheon. The mean height and weight of male were 138.7 cm and 33.6 kg respectively and were significantly lower than those of female. Mean fat percent, triceps skinfolds thickness and arm circumference were 21.4%, 13.7 mm and 22.2 cm for female and were significantly higher than 19.1%, 11.4 mm, 21.4 cm of male respectively. The intake on vitamin A and calcium were 46.4% and 47.7% of RDA for male and 36.6% and 44.9% for male respectively. The energy intake, carbohydrate, thiamin, niacin, ascorbic acid of male were significantly higher than those of female respectively. The mean daily intake of iron were 7.5 mg for male and 7.3 mg for female and were not significantly different. The mean biochemical indices of iron nutritional status were not significantly different between male and female expect free erythrocyte protoporphyrin(FEP) and FEP : hemoglobin ratio. The proportion of male assessed by serum iron(<70 microgram/dl), Hb(<12g/dl), Hct(<36%), FEP(<70 microgram/dlRBC) were 25.4%, 8.4%, 0.8%, 1.8% respectively and 23.2%, 8.4%, 3.4%, 1.0% for female respectively.

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Nutritional Status of Female Students in the Sixth Grade Attending a Rural Primary School: Hee Kyung Ro; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):275-280. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to assess the nutritional status of female students in the 6th grade in a rural primary school. The anthropometric data showed their mean height and weight were 149.5+/-6.5 cm and 41.3+/-7.6 kg, respectively, which are slightly higher than those in the Korean Standard Growth data. It was further observed that there was a wide variation in terms of physical growth and development among subjects. The mean hematocrit value was 40.3+/-3.3% and the mean hemoglobin concentration was 12.9+/-1.0gm/dl. It was proven that 22.8% of subjects were anemic based on the WHO standards for hemoglobin level. Twenty four hour dietary recall revealed that their food intakes of subjects was appropriate, compared to the RDA except for Ca. Mean Ca intake among subjects was 381.3 mg which is 47.7% of RDA. Nutrition education from mothers and the school influence nutrient intake significantly. Special nutrition education programs targeting mothers and students should be developed to provide practical assistance such as food choice and the forming of good eating habit.

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[English]
Estimation of Nutrients Intakes and Dietary Fiber Intake of Teenagers in Urban, Fishing, and Rural Areas.: Mal bun Kim, Yeun Kyung Lee, Hye sung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):281-293. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: Dietary fiber(DF) intake of teenagers was estimated and the major food sources of fiber were analyzed using three-day food records and data from 365 middle school students in urban, rural and fishing areas. Mean dwily DF intake of males was 9.2+/-3.9g in urban, 10.4+/-5.4g in rural, and 7.9+/-4.0g in fishing areas and the intake of female was 10.6+/-5.1g in urban, 10.6+/-5.2g in rural, and 7.7+/-3.3g in fishing areas. When related to energy intake, female consumed more DF(5.7+/-2.5g/1000 kcal, 7.0+/-3.5g/1000 kcal, 4.6+/-2.2g/1000 kcal, in urban, and rural, fishing areas respectively) than males(4.2+/-1.3g/1000 kcal, 4.6+/-1.5g/1000 kcal, 4.4+/-2.0g/1000 kcal in urban, rural, fishing respectively). Mean crude fiber(CF) intake of males was 4.1+/-1.7g, 4.5+/-2.4g, 3.7+/-2.4g, and female's intake was 4.7+/-1.9g, 4.8+/-2.2g, 3.7+/-1.9g in urban, rural, and fishing areas respectively. The mean DF : CF ratio for the subjects was 2.2-2.6, indicating that the DF intake is 2-3 times that of CF intakes. The intakes of the two measures of fiber were highly correlated(r=0.7781) . The major food sources for DF were cereals, vegetables and fruits and the percentage contributions of the food groups to the DF intake were 27-37%, 22-30%, and 11.5-19.7% respectively. The present study indicates that the DF intake of teenagers is considerably lower than the recommended level and they need to consume more DF than that indicated by the present levels. The importance of nutrition education on health and dietary pattern should also be emphasized among teenagers.

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[English]
The Dietary Behavior and Nutrient Intake Status of the Yooth in Rural Areas of Korea: Gun soon Lee, Young Sang Yoo; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):294-304. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between dietary behavior and the nutrient intake status in the youth of rural areas, based on their personal characters such as their sex, age, family type, number of family members, mother's age, occupation, and school career. This study was made by use of a self-administrated questionnaire with a 24-hour recall for 5days as an instrument with 439 randomly selected students. Statistical methods applied to analyze the data were frequency, percent, Willcoxon Rank-sum test, Kruskal-wallis test, x2-test by contingence table, and Spearman's correlation coefficient in non parametric statistical cases. Some of the interesting results are as follows : 1) The correlation between sex and breakfast is highly significant. That is, over 80% of male students had breakfast every day, whereas only about 60% of female students had breakfast every day. Bad table manners and some other problems are insignificant with respect to the personal characters in the relations between the personal characters and eating behaviors. However, the regularity of every meal, the frequency of having meals with other family members, and the frequency of meals eaten out and snacks show significant differences. 2) The mother's occupation does not have any influence on the nutrient intake of their students when the relationship between personal characters and nutrient intake was analysed. On the other hand sex, the mother's school career, the numbers of family members, the type of family, and the income of the family showed significant differences nutrient intakes. 3) The regularity and the frequency of having meals, meals eaten out with their family members, and the table manners during meals showed significant differences in the intake of nutrient elements such as calorie, protein, fat, fiber, calcium, iron, phosphorus, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin and vitamin C. However some consideration during meals and problems in eating habit are insignificant with regard to nutrient intake.

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[English]
Ecological Studies of Maternal-Infant Nutrition and Feeding in Urban Low Income Areas - II. Anthropometric Measurements, Dietary Intakes, Breast Milk Components and Serum Lipid/Fatty Acid Composition of Lactating Women: Hong Seok Ahn, Yoon Shin Park, Ji Yoon Jeongm, sung Hye Park; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):305-318. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study was aimed at evaluating the nutritional status of Korean lactating women, who were attending peripheral community clinics in low-income areas, by anthropometric measurement, estimating dietary intakes and analyzing the contents of breast milk components, serum lipid content and fatty acid composition. Regarding anghropometric measurements, maternal circumferences decreased significantly at the trunk but not at the limbs. The skinfold thickness on all regions had the tendency to decrease during lactation. It was found that intakes of energy, protein, lipid and carbohydrates were desirable while calcium, zinc, copper and vitamin A were low and sodium was excessive. The energy % of fat was 22.41% of the total energy which is higher than the RDA for adults but it is proper for lactating women, but energy % from each fatty acid was usually low and an intake ratio of omega6/omega3 fatty acids was desirable. Accordingly, it is thought that dietary fat intake was balanced in quality. Concentrations of the nutrients in matured human milk showed the same range as that reported form different regions with the exception of calcium and magnesium which were relatively low. Serum lipid contents were decreased with the time postpartum and the average serum lipid content of lactating women were similar to the normal range of adults. Serum polyunsaturated fatty acids. especially omega6 fatty acids have gradually increased with the time postpartum, but the composition were not greatly influenced by dietary intakes.

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[English]
Study of Serum Lipids and the Obesity of Housewives in Mooan, Chonnam: Hyeon A Kim, hyeon Duck Kim, Ki sun Nam; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):319-326. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study was to investigate the level of serum lipids and obesity in housewives in Mooan, and relationships between them. The average age, height and weight were 51.1 years, 154.3 cm and 58.3 kg respectively. The level of obesity of subjects was higher than that of housewives in other areas investigated in other studies. BMI and RBW underestimated in the obese compared to BIA. The amounts of lean body mass and total body water of subjects above 60 years old were smaller than those of forties and their BMI and RBW were lower than those of forties. However, their body fat percentage was nearly same as that of forties. Serum HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C) of subjects was lower than 55 mg/dl, the lower limit of normal range. Triglyceride of subjects above 60years old was higher than the 95th percentile of those of the same age with reference to Mayo clinic. The serum total cholesterol(TC) showed positive correlation with LDL-cholesterol(LDL-C) and TC/HDL-C(p<0.001). LDL-C showed positive correlation with TC(p<0.001), but negative correlation with HDL-C(p<0.05). HDL-C showed negative correlation with triglyceride(p<0.05). TC/HDL-C showed a positive correlation with triglyceride(p<0.05). HDL-C was the serum lipid which showed the highest correlation with obesity and body composition. It showed a negative correlation with the percentage of body fat(p<0.001), total body fat(p<0.001), BMI(p<0.05) and RBW(p<0.05). TC/HDL-C showed positive correlation with the percentage of body fat(p<0.01) and total body fat(p<0.05). As the result of above, it is needed to make more researches to find out the proper method to estimate the obesity of subjects and educate subjects in Mooan about nutritional information for obesity.

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[English]
A Comparision of Normocholesterolemia and Hypercholesterolemia in Middle-Aged Men in Kwang-ju: Young Rahn Huh, Hyeon Sook Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):327-337. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in anthropometric, hematologic, and lipidologic data between normocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia and influencing factors in hypercholesterolemia in middle-aged men in Kwang-ju. 179 middle-aged men were involved. Anthropometric data(body weight, height, body circumferences and skinfold thickness) and hematologic data(blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, albumin and hemoglobin) were measured. Bleed lipid profile(total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, HDI-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol) were analyzed. To determined using questionnaire. The subjects were classified as hypercholesterolemic based on The Guideline for Korean Hyperlipidemia. body mass index, systolic blood pressure, waist and hip circumference, and triceps, subcostal, abdomen, subscapular and suprailliac skinfold thicknesses of the hypercholesterolemic group were significantly higher than in the normocholesterolemic group. The concentration of cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipod. HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and VLDL -cholesterol of the hypercholesterolemic group were significantly higher than normocholesterolemic group. The concentration of cholesterol has a significantly positive correlation with body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, waist/thigh ratio and skinfold thickness(triceps, subcostal, abdomen, and supraillic skin-fold thickness). The general tendency of socioeconomec status, frequencyu of meat intake, smoking amounts and duration and duration and drinking frequencies and amount were higher in the hypercholesteolemic group but not significant. In conclusion, hypercholesterolemia in middle-aged men was closely correlated with upper body fat obesity and most of them had an accompanied high triglyceride level tendency.

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[English]
The Health and Nutritional Status of Middle Aged Men at Worksite in Taejon: Mee Kyung Woo, Seong Ai Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):338-348. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the health and nutritional status of 123 middle aged men at their worksite in Taejon. The results of this study on the factors that influence their health and nutritional status were as follows : 1) 74.8% of the subjects had history in the order of alimentary, heat, liver, diabetic and pulmonary diseases. 30.3% stopped smoking at 42.3% yrs. and 74.5% smoked more than 10 cigarets per day. Also 71.9% drank 2-3 times per week and 35.3% drank 1-2 times per week. 91.4% exercised more than 30min every day. 2) 54.4% showed concerns about their health whereas 20.3% were afraid that they night get sick. 3) 90.4% ate regularly and 54.5% worried about their cholesterol, salt, fat and MSG intakes. 48.7% ate out 1-2times per week and their favorite foods eaten outside were Korea. 4) 41.5% were classified as 'normal A', 30.9% 'normal B' group and high blood pressure and liber diseases in 'doubtful for disease' group were pointed out from their 1996 health check ups. 5) By Broca index, 39.8% were overweight and 9.8% were obese however by BMI only 23.6% were overweight. According to the relationship between calculated and self recognized obesity, 62.4% categorized themselves into the right weight range but 34.3% thought they were thinner than they were. 6) 43.9% were border line in cholesterol intake and 12.1% needed medical care for high blood cholesterol. 7) The Average energy intake was 1970.6 kcal(80.9% RDA) with a 65 :19 : 16 ratio of carbohydrate : protein : fat. Protein, Fe, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and Vit. A. 8) Occupation, regularity of meals, partner's job, income. smoking, alcohol drinking, health concerns and eating out were the factors that influenced the subject's nutrient intakes and health status. from this study, it was found that middle aged men needs to know their health and nutritional status and to be educated correct health and nutritional information through formal or informal channel. The worksite is the vest place to do this and we want these results to be used to develop the nutrition education program for middle aged men at the worksite.

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[English]
The Development and Evaluation of a Simple Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess the Dietary Intake of Adults in Large Cities: Hee Ja Lee, Haeng Shin Lee, Myung Ju Ha, Seung Hee Kye, Choi Il Kim, Choong Won Lee, Jin Sook Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):349-365. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: Using data obtained from 1,473 adults aged 18-68 yrs, residing in large cities and by use of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, we assessed the relative importance of various foods as indicators of both the amount and the variability of selected nutrient intake to develop a simple food frequency questionnaire. Since Cronbach's alpha value of the questionnaire including 78 food items was 0.76, the reliability of this questionnaire was acceptable. A large fraction of the variability of nutrient intake in this population could be explained by the small number of food items. The estimation of dietary nutrient intake such as total calories or protein content, which are derived from almost all foods, will require more food items with nutrients such as calcium or vitamin A, which are concentrated in a few food items. A dietary history ascertaining the intake of as few as 5-19 food items mighted be all needed in order to determent the association between disease outcome and the intake of a single nutrient. There was certainly a high level of agreement with nutrient intake by the sbujects who were cross-classified by quartiles of nutrient indices based on all the food items(78) and by quartiles of nutrient indices based on food items selected by stepwise multiple regression for selected nutrients. The data provided further evidence that useful information on dietary intake over an extended period can be obtained by a simple and relatively inexpensive food frequency questionnaire.

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[English]
The Effectiveness and Preferences of Nutritional Supplementary Drinks for the Elderly: Kyung Hee Han, Eun Hee Jung, Sook Ja Cho; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):366-375. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and preferences of supplementary drinks for very old subjects who are likely to be malnourished. Twenty-five elderly subjects were divided into two groups. The supplemented group(N=15) received 500mls of nutrient supplement(New Care) two times daily for 4 weeks. This resulted in a significant increase in the total calories, protein, minerals and vitamins. Nutritional status was assessed both anthropometrically and biochemically, before and after the study period. A significant improvement in mid arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness and serum albumin were observed in the supplemented group but not in the control group. There is a possibility that most of the elderly were in an anemic state at the beginning of the study since their mean hematologic parameters were within the lower normal range while their mean serum osmolarities was slightly higher than normal,. Although mean serum hemoglobin and hematocrit were not increased significantly, th percentage of the recovery rate from anemia in the supplemented group was higher than in the control group. Total lymphocyte count also showed similar tendency. Sensory evaluation of nutritional supplementary drinks were relatively good and the elderly showed great interest in nutrient supplements. This study suggests that a nutritional status of poorly nourished elderly subjects can be improved by providing them with nutritional supplementations.

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[English]
Strategies to Improve Nutrition in the Elderly : An Analysis of Health Related Factors and the Nutritional Risk Index of the Elderly: Kyeong sook Yim, Young Hee Min, Tae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):376-387. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: The elderly are the most rapidly growing segment of the population in Korea and the largest consumers of expensive medical care. It is reasonable to believe that improving the nutritional status would be beneficial to reducing morbidity and to improving the quality of their lives. This study was conducted to assess the health status and the Nutritional Risk Index of the elderly, and to provide the basic data for the Elderly Nutrition Improvement Program at the Public Health Center. One hundred and forty seven(76 males. 71 females) aged 60 years and over living in Suwon, were assessed with anthropometric measurements, body fat analysis, blood pressure measurements, and a set of about health and other related variables. Over half of them had less than a junior middle school education and were considered low income. The percentage of overweight and obese subjects was 33% by the BMI(Body Mass Index), and the prevalence of hypertension was 28%(males) and 31%(females). They had a lot of self-recognized health problems, the male elderly complained about more than the female elderly. In the case of psychological health status, however, the female elderly showed a higher proportions of depression than the male elderly(p<0.05). In social health status, the elderly had good relationships with friends and collegues, whereas they had poor relationships with their families. They had many nutritional risk factors, and smoking was the most prevalent risk factor for the male elderly and anemia was for the female elderly. The results of this study suggest that Elderly Nutrition Improvement Programs should be planned that can be easily followed. It would be helpful to design a program focusing on individual phychological and social health status, this would increase the efficiency of the program.

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Consumers' Response and Purchasing of Traditional Fermented Foods Marketed in Taejon: Nam Sook Koo; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):388-395. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: A survey was conducted to investigate housewives' perception and consumption of Korean fermented foods marketed in Taejon. Most subjects know how to prepare Kimchi(seasoned and fermented vegetables), 65-67% can make Kochujang(fermented red pepper soybean paste), Toenjang(Korean style soysauce) and Jang-atchies(pickled basic side dishes), 56% can make Kuk-ganjang(Korean style coysauce), 45% can make Chonggukjang (fermented soybean) and 34% can make Jot-kals(salt-fermented fish products). With decreasing age(p<0.0001), not many other subjects could make other fermented foods besides Kimchi. The percentages of subjects buying fermented foods were 71.5% for Chin-ganjang(Japanese style soysauce), 51.7% Jot-kals, 27.1%Kochujang, 25.7% Chonggukjang, 20.1% Jang-atchies, 10.4% Toenjang, 5.9% Kuk-ganjang, and 3.8% Kimchi. the uounger in age, the higher the tendency to buy marketed Kimchies(p<0.05) and Kochujang(p<0.01). The resons for purchasing fermented foods were convenience (52.9%), lack of preparation knowledge(17.5%), lack of time for preparation(12.5%), and lack of space for food storage(8.2%). Subjects indicated that their reasons for mot buying were as follows : use of additives or unreliability with regard to manufacturing dates(45%), bad taste(21%), unsanitary treatment(16%) and to keep their indigenous taste(14%). They cosidered expiration dates, taste, crpteria and safety as the important standard in selecting marketed foods. Younger subjects insisted on the improvement of sanitary condition and partial change of taste to increase the consumption of fermented foods. However, older subjects thought it best to keep the taste original for more utilization of fermented foods.

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[English]
A Glance at the Health Status and Food Intake of North Koreans: young sook Park, Kee Choon Rhee, Ki Young Lee, Eun Young Rhee, Soon Hyung Yi, Dea Nyun Kim, youn Shil Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):396-405. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: We performed this study to understand the health status and food intake of North Koreans. Information was collected by individual closed in-depth interviews of 11 escapers from North Korea as well as books, newspapers and North Korean movies. Interviews were done from October, 1996 to May, 1997, covering their heights and weights, their appearance and disease, food system and intake of various main/side foods, concern about health and hygiene. North Korean's height and BMI were lower than those of South Koreans. Difference of BMIs between North and South Koreans was profound in middle aged women than in other age groups. Childrem showed many malnutrition appearances of moon face, large abdomem, arrow-like legs, flaky skin, decolored hair, etc.. Main foods in North Korea were rice-shaped corn, corn flour, wheat flour and wet noodle, and side foods were kimchi and/or soups and steamed soy paste. Food supply system there seemed not to work normally for many years, so foods, especially in cities, has been extremely short in government-operating shops, but some in private market. Many housewives were eager to make and sell simple snack food products, We noticed that North korea schools didn't check students' health even though their medical policy was based on preventive medicine. Their living environmental hygiene was shown to be oyt of control.

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Comparisons of Teachers' Satisfaction with School Lunch Program in Middle and Elementary Schools run by Foodservice Management Type: Joung Woo Lee, Yang Ja Park, Young Sook Park, Mee Sook Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):406-416. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: Teacher's satisfaction with school lunch programs run by foodservice(FS) management types were surveyed with questionnaire at 5 middle and 4 elementary schools. The 88 middle and 104 elementary school teachers who participated and schools' FS management were of 5 types : self/conventional, contracted/conventional, contracted/commissary and contracted/dosirak delivery. Most teachers knew correctly their schools' present FS management types and thoroughly understood the main reasons for needing school lunch program with proper nutrition, better taste and balanced diets in addition to the first reason its less work than preparing homelunches. Teacher's satisfactions with their present school FS were high in self/conventional and contracted/conventional and was very low in contracted/commissary and contracted/ dosirak Taste, hygiene, nutrition and dining facilities in turn were pointed out to be improved : firstly hygiene in the self and firstly taste in the contracted. Particularly dining-rooms were found to have narrow space, uncomfortable chairs and tables, unclean, and having unpleasant smells. Teachers observed that the overall students' food habits such as eating more various foods and better table manners through that school lunch programs, particularly the self-managed types were improved. Conclusively most teachers emphasized school lunch programs to be continued and preferred self-managed types and contracted/conventional types as the second best in having less work to manage, better, taste, nutrition and hygiene, less cost and better nutrition education in turn. And they thought school founders should handle the finances needed to newly establish or repair the school FD facilities, otherwise provided with the partial aid of student's parents.

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