Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Original Articles

[English]
Nutritional Risk of the Elderly Receiving a Home-Delivered Meal Service Program and the Factors for Nutritional Risk: Na Young Yi, Jung Hwa Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(3):197-207. Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.3.197

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the characteristics and nutritional risk of the elderly who receive home delivery services. We then analyzed the effects of the characteristics of the elderly who receive the home-delivery meal service on their nutritional risk.
METHODS
A total of 220 respondents who receive home-delivery meal service in Seoul participated in the survey. The survey consisted of the characteristics of the elderly (health status, tooth condition, physical activity, social participation activity, depression and relationship with neighbors), nutritional risk assessment and other general matters. The data was analyzed by using the SPSS program. Cross-tabulation analysis, t-test, correlation analysis and regression analysis were all conducted.
RESULTS
47.0% of the subjects were under 80 years old and 53.0% were over 80 years old, The nutritional risk score, as evaluated by a Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI) checklist was 10.7 points, and the high nutrition risk group was 91.5% of the subjects. The subjective self-health status score was 2.24 points (out of a total of 5 points) and the tooth status score was 3.30 points. The physical activity level was 2.17 points for the under 80 years old group and 1.76 points for the over 80 years old, and there was a significant difference according to age (p<0.01), The higher the health status, tooth condition, physical activity and social participation activity level, the lower was the nutritional risk. Further, the higher the degree of depression, the higher was the nutritional risk.
CONCLUSIONS
For the healthy life of the elderly in the community, various welfare policies should be planned to increase social participation as well as to promote physical health and reduce depression.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Health Outcome Comparison Based on Dietary Inflammatory Levels among Sample of Korean Elderly
Seul-Ki Koo, Hee-Sook Lim
Healthcare.2024; 12(10): 1003. CrossRef
광주광역시 서구지역 경로식당 이용 노인의 식품안정성에 따른 식생활 실태연구
지수 백, 영란 허
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2023; 39(5): 402. CrossRef
Nutritional Status according to the Frailty Status of the Elderly at Home in Seo-gu, Gwangju, Korea
Ye Eun Kim, Young-Ran Heo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 382. CrossRef

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[English]
Status and Needs Assessment on Nutrition Management and Meal Service for Elementary Â· Middle Â· High School Athletes among Athlete's Parents: Jung Hyun Hwang, Ji Yeon Kim, Kyung A Kim, Kyung Won Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(1):47-59. Published online February 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.1.47

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
Young athletes require adequate nutrition to maintain their athletic performance, growth and health. This study examined the status and needs of nutrition management and meal services for student athletes among the athlete's parents.
METHODS
The subjects were parents of elementary, middle, and high school athletes (n=323) from 18 schools participating mainly in the Sports Food Truck. The questionnaire included general characteristics, status and needs on nutrition management and meal service for student athletes, and satisfaction with the Food Truck. The survey was done during 2018. The data were analyzed according to the school groups using a Ï‡2-test or ANOVA.
RESULTS
Approximately 45% of subjects had difficulty in the nutrition management of athletes, and 87.1% had not received nutrition education. Approximately 74% wanted nutrition education held for athletes, and mainly wanted topics on nutrition management for health and eating for athletic performance. The preferred methods were lectures and cooking activity. The responses on the necessity of nutrition education for athletes, desired education topics, and desired times for education differed significantly according to the school groups (p < 0.05). Most subjects also wanted nutrition information mainly through SNS. In the athlete's meal, breakfast and snacks were highlighted as the meal to supplement. Approximately 90.3% responded that providing a meal service is necessary. The subjects preferred snacks before/after exercise and dinner if a meal service was provided. They preferred Korean food, followed by snacks, and a dish meal. As the meal type, the subjects wanted the Food Truck and packed meal. The responses on necessity of a meal service (p < 0.05), preferred food (p < 0.001), and meal type (p < 0.001) in the meal service differed significantly according to the school groups. Approximately 43% were satisfied with the Food Truck and 50.8% responded as average. They made suggestions for the Food Truck in terms of foods, operations and frequency.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the study results, nutrition education and meal service may support nutrition for student athletes considering the needs of the parents according to the school groups.

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[English]
A Study on Dietary Behavior and Food Preference of SramaneraÂ·Sramanerika Monks in Nationwide Buddhist Monk's Universities: Su Jin Han, Sim Yeol Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(5):387-400. Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.5.387

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was designed to find out factors that are needed to be improved for the Buddhist training environment of SramaneraÂ·Sramanerika monks, who have been newly adapted for their life style after becoming a monk, and to provide basic data for the development of the standard diet in Buddhist temples.
METHODS
A self-administered questionnaire was applied to 365 SramaneraÂ·Sramanerika monks at 11 Buddhist monk universities. The questionnaire was designed to investigate their dietary habits, dietary evaluation, satisfaction of food service, and food preferences.
RESULTS
The study population consisted of 52.6% men, and 47.4% women. The subjects who had a vegetarian diet before joining the Buddhist priesthood were 27.7% women, and 13.5% men (p<0.01). 42.2% of the total subjects felt that they are healthy now and 19.4% felt weak. The most difficulty of dieting adaptation as soon as entering the priesthood was the strict diet rules (42.9%). The subjects considered health or nutrition (40.0%) highly when having meals. 94.8% women, 84.1% men ate breakfast every day (p<0.001). Women (55.4%) frequently ate snacks more than men (26.6%) (p<0.001). The results of the dietary evaluation indicated that the intake of milk, soy milk or dairy products and beans or tofu received lower than 3 points and women had lower point result than men (p<0.001). Foods with higher preference were grilled mushrooms, grilled laver, miso stew, sweet and sour mushrooms, steamed tofu with seasoning.
CONCLUSIONS
Women were more interested in their health than men but they also required to improve the nutritional eating habits. It appeared that the lower intake rates of the calcium containing food (milk and dairy), and proteins (beans and tofu) could result in nutritional imbalance. Therefore, it is necessary to offer food based on the standard menu plan with consideration given to their food preferences in order to maintain their health and desirable dietary habits.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Dietary Behavior and Food Preferences of Buddhist Monks in Korean Temples
Choong-Sun Lim, Sim-Yeol Lee
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2023; 33(4): 331. CrossRef
Vegetarianism as a protective factor for asymptomatic colonic diverticulosis in Asians: a retrospective cross-sectional and case-control study
Jihun Bong, Hyoun Woo Kang, Hyeki Cho, Ji Hyung Nam, Dong Kee Jang, Jae Hak Kim, Jun Kyu Lee, Yun Jeong Lim, Moon-Soo Koh, Jin Ho Lee
Intestinal Research.2020; 18(1): 121. CrossRef

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[English]
A Qualitative Study on Attitude, Acceptability, and Adaptation for Home-delivered Meal Services in the Korean Elderly from the Perspective of Life Context: Ji Yun Hwang, Bokyoung Kim, Kirang Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(5):459-467. Published online October 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.5.459

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to suggest the strategies for improvement of home-delivered meal services for the elderly, to identify reasons for recipients to get started with the services and to evaluate the attitude, acceptability and adaptation of recipients to the services from the perspective of life context.
METHODS
The data was collected through face-to-face in-depth interviews with eighteen low-income elderly recipients of home-delivered meals and analyzed using a qualitative research method.
RESULTS
The results were deduced as four themes which comprised of long-term vulnerable socioeconomic contexts resulted in entry to the services, conflicting acceptability to the services, passive adaptation to taking the services, and positive practices to cope with supplement free meals or other services. The service participation was initiated because of a combination of prolonged, vulnerable socioeconomic contexts, including poverty and unexpected life events such as diseases, disability, living alone, aging and unemployment. With regard to taking the services, conflicting acceptability was observed: positive aspects including saving living cost and good quality of meals, and negative aspects including lack of a tailored service and feeling of stigma. Although the recipients needed an individualized service, they did not express their needs and demands for the services and they accepted the unavailability as an accustomed, prolonged vulnerable socioeconomic context. With regard to lack of tailored services, either self-solution such as modification of eating patterns or community-based network and services were used.
CONCLUSIONS
We suggest that a system to concretely identify recipients' attitude, acceptability and adaptation for home-delivered meal services should be developed in the establishment of a tailored nutrition support system for the low-income elderly.

Citations

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Food Insecurity and Stress Among Rural Residents in South Carolina: The Moderating Influences of Household Characteristics, Neighborhood Social Environment and Food Environment
Caitlin Koob, Ye Luo, Catherine Mobley, Samuel Baxter, Sarah Griffin, Cassius Hossfeld, Leslie Hossfeld
Journal of Community Health.2023; 48(3): 367. CrossRef
Virtual Grocery Store: Fostering Healthy Nutrition among Seniors
Tara Crowell, Anthony Dissen, Elizabeth G. Calamidas, Elizabeth Finnerty, Laura Engelmann
Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics.2021; 40(4): 290. CrossRef
Interpersonal and Community Factors Related to Food Sufficiency and Variety: Analysis of Data from the 2017 Community Health Survey
Jiyoun Hong, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(5): 416. CrossRef
Experiences of Healthcare and Daily Life Support Services in Community-dwelling Elders Living Alone: A Thematic Analysis using Focus Group Interviewing
Yeon-Hwan Park, Kyung-Choon Lim, Be Long Cho, Hana Ko, Yu Mi Yi, Eun-Young Noh, So-Im Ryu, Sun Ju Chang
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2019; 21(3): 200. CrossRef
Food Insecurity and Geriatric Hospitalization
Rachel S. Bergmans, Briana Mezuk, Kara Zivin
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(13): 2294. CrossRef
Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and maternal depressive symptoms: Moderation by program perception
Rachel S. Bergmans, Lawrence M. Berger, Mari Palta, Stephanie A. Robert, Deborah B. Ehrenthal, Kristen Malecki
Social Science & Medicine.2018; 197: 1. CrossRef

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[English]
Recommendation of Serving Size of the Meal Service of Community Child Centers in Korea: Sang Eun Lee, Jae Eun Shim, Sooyoun Kwon, Yoonjae Yeoh, Jihyun Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(4):361-371. Published online August 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.4.361

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to set easily applicable portion sizes by sex and age for children at the Community Child Centers (CCC) in Korea.
METHODS
Considering the age and gender specific energy level at Target Patterns for children aged 6-18 years, which were suggested as a part of the 2010 Korean Food Guidance System (KFGS), we set three meal sizes. We reclassified the recommended daily servings of Grains, Meat.fish.eggs.beans and Vegetables group at Target Patterns into three meal sizes, and then calculated the recommended serving per meal. Each proposed amount of food per meal was calculated based on serving size of foods commonly eaten at KFGS, which was then allocated to five meal components; rice, soup, stew, protein and vegetable side-dishes and Kimchi. Each proposed amount of food per meal was applied to 173 menus' recipes from CANpro 3.0 as main ingredient's amounts. We cooked the 173 menus at the medium size and measured their weights after cooking.
RESULTS
Each recommended serving per meal was 0.75, 0.9 and 1.2 for Grains; 1.2, 1.6 and 2.4 for Meat.fish.eggs.beans; 2, 2.4 and 2.8 for Vegetables by meal sizes. Among five meal components, the ratio of small and large to medium size was 1/5 less and 1/3 more for rice and 1/3 less and 1/3 more for soup.stew, protein side-dish and Kimchi, respectively. We suggested the same amount for a vegetable side-dish to encourage vegetable intake. Proper portion sizes per meal of medium were rice 190 g, soup.stew 210 g (solid ingredients 60 g), protein side-dish 100 g (meat.eggs.beans) and 70 g (fish), vegetable side-dish 80g and Kimchi 30 g.
CONCLUSIONS
Proper portion size per meal suggested in this study may be useful at the CCC where dietitians are not available and the approach could be applicable to the other types of meal services.

Citations

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Effects of Multidisciplinary Health Promotion Program Among Children in Community Childcare Center
Yerin Kim, Gyeong Seob Shin, Jungwon Park, Minji Kang, Kumhee Son, Yoon Myung Kim, Kyung Hee Park, Hyunjung Lim
Clinical Nutrition Research.2024; 13(1): 8. CrossRef
Evaluation of Dietary Behavior and Nutritional Status of Children at Community Child Center in Busan Area Using Nutrition Quotient
Kyung-A Lee, Ha-Yeon Park, Eun-Soon Lyu
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2018; 34(4): 424. CrossRef
Investigation of the Management of Foodservice Facilities inCommunity Child Centers in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Area
Suk-Hyeon Park, Hyeon-A Jung
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2017; 27(4): 459. CrossRef
Intakes and Satisfaction of Home-delivered Meal Box for Children from Low-income Families in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
Gyusang Han, Sooyoun Kwon
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(5): 716. CrossRef
Assessment of Foodservice and Cooking Program for Children Attending Community Child Centers in Korea
Sooyoun Kwon, Yoonjae Yeoh
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2016; 26(3): 223. CrossRef
tatus of Meal Serving and Nutritional Quality of Foods Served for Children at Community Child Centers in Korea
Sooyoun Kwon, Yoonjae Yeoh
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(2): 352. CrossRef

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[English]
School Dietitians' Satisfaction with and Needs for School Meal Service Support Centers: Hyeyeong Cho, Sooyoun Kwon, Youngmi Lee, Jihyun Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(2):194-204. Published online April 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.2.194

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to investigate school dietitians' satisfaction with and needs for School Meal Service Support Centers. A web-based on-line survey was conducted with 1,102 nutrition teachers or school dietitians using four School Meal Service Support Centers during the summer of 2011. The data from 578 respondents (52.5%), consisting of 165 (44.4%), 334 (53.4%), 41 (67.2%), and 38 (86.4%) dietitians using Seoul, Gyeonggi, Suncheon and Gyeongju centers, respectively, were analyzed. The main reason for using the centers was subsidies from local governments. The dietitians using the metropolitan centers, which were Seoul and Gyeonggi centers, tended to buy agricultural products through the centers only, and those using local centers, which were Suncehon and Gyeongju centers, bought those products from the private suppliers as well as from the centers. The dietitians' overall level of satisfaction with the centers was not high showing 3.3 out of 5 points; it was significantly associated with the operating system and services of the centers such as system efficiency, delivery accuracy, communication, and information provision rather than the agricultural products provided by the centers. The dietitians preferred joint operation of the centers by local governments and producers' groups. They wanted School Meal Service Support Centers to be evaluated every year. It was suggested that efforts should be made to improve the operation system and service of School Meal Service Support Centers for improving dietitians' satisfaction with the centers. In addition, an evaluation system for School Meal Service Support Centers should be implemented soon based on school dietitians' needs.

Citations

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Analysis of Surveys to Determine the Real Prices of Ingredients used in School Foodservice
Seo-Hyun Lee, Min A Lee, Jae-Yoon Ryoo, Sanghyo Kim, Soo-Youn Kim, Hojin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(3): 188. CrossRef
Recognition of Environmentally-friendly Agricultural Products for School Foodservice of Nutrition Teachers and Parents in 2018 at Seongnam in Gyeonggi province
Jisoo Kwon, Wookyoun Cho
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(4): 290. CrossRef
An Analysis of Importance-Performance on School Meal Support and Local Food Supply Policy
Choong-Seop An, Won-Tae Kim, Ho Kim
Korean Journal of Organic Agricultue.2018; 26(4): 585. CrossRef
Analysis of Nutrition Teachers' Awareness of Necessity for an Operating School Meal Support Center in Chungnam
Jonghwa Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(6): 506. CrossRef
A Study on the Satisfaction for Food Service with School Food Service Center of Elementary and Middle School Parents in Chungnam
Sung-Bum Yang
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(3): 404. CrossRef
Status of Purchasing Food Materials and Satisfaction with Service Quality of Group-buying Companies in Foodservice at Child-care Centers
Yoonjae Yeoh
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(1): 193. CrossRef

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[English]
A Survey of Satisfaction and Preference for Military Meal Service and Food Behaviors and Food Habits of Some Military Personnel: Eun Sil Kim, Bok Mi Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(4):520-533. Published online August 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate satisfaction and preference for current military meal service and food behaviors and food habits of some military personnel in Chunchen and Wonju of the Kwangwon area. The results are as follows. In the anthropometric survey, average height of the subjects was 175.03 +/- 5.30 cm, average weight was 69.15 +/- 7.74 kg. As a result of surveying satisfaction in the current food service, an item high in satisfaction was adequacy of serving hours, whereas an item of low satisfaction was diversity of menu. The item of food service improvement needs of the subjects were in order more variety of menu, nutrition, preference, sanitation, cooking method. As a result of surveying eating behavior of the subjects, most items were high medium response. They preferred soju and relish and also they liked the bokkum cooking method. As a result of surveying food habits of the subjects, items of good habits were regularity of meals, marginal meals, diversity of food intake, dairy and dairy products, avoiding too exciting meals and natural food diet; whereas, items of bad habits were fast food intake, alcohol, smoking, carbonated and caffeine beverages, skipping breakfast, snacks, fatty food intake, yellow or green vegetable intake and fruit and seaweed intake. Following is the result of a survey on the preference of meals by cooking method serving the current military meal service. They liked one-dish meals such as Bokkeumbap, Bibimbap, Tteokguk; whereas, they disliked curryrice, Jajangbap. In case of soup, they liked soup made from meat better than vegetable soup or soup made with fish. Also they liked pot stem better than soup. Generally they liked meals containing meat in most cooking methods. These results suggest that continuous and practical nutrition education to change food habits in military life are necessary to prevent chronic disease with increasing age.

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[English]
Comparison of Nutrient Intake and Meal Service Satisfaction of Elderly at the Local Community Centers:Free and Reduced Meal Service Charge: Bong Soon Choi, Sun Young Kwon, Ju Young Seo, In Sook Lee, Hee Ja Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(3):303-310. Published online June 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and foodservice satisfaction of homebound elderly had lunch at the local community centers by the difference of meal service charge. Two local community center with congregate meal service program located in Daegu and Gyongsan were selected; one with free of meal service charge (F), and the other with 500-1,000 won for meal service charge (K). According to the dietary assessment, energy and nutrient intakes of the 156 elderly subjects were as a whole under the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Elderly of F service center showed higher % RDA for the selected nutrients and MAR (mean adequacy ratio) than those of K service center (p<0.001). Participants were satisfied with most of the congregation meal service from community center with different reasons such as 'tasty (K service center)' and 'free of charge (F service center)'. In conclusion, elderly had the lunch at the community center with free of meal service charge was poor nutrition status and lower socioeconomic level than the other type of community center in this area. Therefore, healthy menu for elderly should be developed and managed by professional dietitian, as well as its impact on health status of this group, and congregate meal service system might be extended to the homebound elderly of whole community with free of charge.

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[English]
Parents' Perception and Attitudes to the School Meal Service Program(SMSP) in Kindergarten: Youngmee Lee, Yu Jin Oh; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):141-150. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: This Study investigated kindergarten parents' attitude, satisfaction and demand in the school meal service programs (SMSP). The subjects were 2450 parents that their child attended at kindergarten's SMSP from 16 provinces. To compared children's eating habits according to their parent age group and residence area, the percentage of regularly breakfast eating were lower in 'below 30 years old' group and large city residence than 'above 30 years old' group and middle and small city residence. And taking breakfast item was partially different pattern according parent age, 'below 30 years old' group and large city child ate more bread and milk as breakfast than Korean style breakfast with steamed rice and soup and side dish. In the prefer types of school meal service, most prefer types of meal service was fully meal service at kindergarten, 79.1% subjects wanted this type. But 'below 30 years old' group's parent answered 'lunch box brings from home' ratio was higher than 'above 30 years old' group. Most parents accepted the present meal cost and 63.8% of subjects was willing to pay more money to improve the quality of SMSP. Twenty-six precent parents was responded that no improvement children's eating habit through SMSP. And they answered the key point of SMSP management was 'cooking sanitation' (65.1%) and 'nutrition' (50.0%) and they answered the urgent improvement point at SMSP was 'improvement taste and quality of meal' (62.6%). Kindergarten parents' attitude about catering service as SMSP was not to prefer, but 10.4% of subjects answered that catering service is ideal meal service type in kindergarten and they expected the advantage of catering service was 'convenience of foodservice'(40.7%) and 'support foodservice facilities and labor'(32.4%) and they also pointed out disadvantage was 'lower in meal freshness'(53.9%) and 'sanitation problem'(51.9%).

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[English]
Analyzing the Current Congregate Meal Service Program for Homebound Elderly: Hyun Young Jung, Il Sun Yang, Hae Young Lee, In Sook Chae; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):919-926. Published online December 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to examine the current congregate meal service program for homebound elderly. One hundred three meal service centers in charge of the congregate meal service programs as part of the elderly foodservice program were surveyed for administrative structure, menu management, food purchasing and production management, hygiene, equipment, and facilities. Statistical data analyses were completed using the SAS 8.1 program for descriptive analysis and ANOVA. The meal cost of 54.4% of the congregate meal service centers ranged from won1,500 to won1,999 per meal. According to the menu analysis, all nutrients except calcium and Vitamin B2 were at levels of more than 33% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans. A total of 81.5% of the centers were operated without the services of a dietitian, and food purchasing, menu planning and other food-service management processes were handled by non-professionals, such as volunteers, cooks or social workers. Although 88.3% of the centers required a therapeutic diet menu for the health of the elderly, most directors (77.6%) replied that in their current status they could not afford to serve therapeutic diets. These results suggest that financial and systematic supports by government is very necessary. Fifty-five percent of the centers never used standard recipes. For determining portion sizes, 93.2% of the congregate meal service centers depended on the personal experience of the personnel. Finally, the current congregate meal services for the homebound elderly were not operated systematically. To improve the elderly food service program, it is strongly recommended that it be managed by professionals.

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[English]
Analyzing the Current Practice of the Home-Delivered Meal(HDM) Service Program for Homebound Elderly: Il Sun Yang, Hyun Young Jung, Hae Young Lee, In Sook Chae; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(5):736-743. Published online October 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to research the current home delivered meal (HDM) service programs for seniors living in the community. Fifty seven centers which operated a HDM service program were surveyed with respect to their administrative structure, menu management, food purchasing and production management, hygiene and equipment and facility. -Statistical data analyses were completed using the SAS 8.1 program for descriptive analysis and t-test. The results showed that 55 percent of the study group were from 70 to 79 years old. All of the participants received free HDM. As a result of the meal cost analysis, the meal cost at 56.1% of the HDM service centers was from won2,000 to won2,499 per meal. A total of 68.4% of the HDM service centers were operated without the services of a dietitian. According to the menu analysis, all nutrients except Vitamin B2 were at levels of more than 33% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans. Although 96.6% of the HDM service centers required a therapeutic diet menu for the health of the elderly recipients, 68% of the directors responded that they could not afford to serve therapeutic meal. Food purchasing, menu planning and other foodservice management processes were handled by non-professionals, such as volunteers, cooks or social workers. Forty two percent of the HDM service centers never used standard recipes. For determining portion sizes, 75.4% of the HDM service centers depended on personal experience. Finally, the current HDM service programs for the homebound elderly were not operated systematically. It is suggested that professionally trained personnel should be included among the staff members to provide a more effective HDM service. The HDM service programs should be supported financially and systematically by the government.

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[English]
Satisfaction of the Elderly toward Free Congregate Meal Service: Hae Won Nam, Young Mee Lee, Choon Ok Myung, Ki Wan Lee, Young Sim Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(1):74-82. Published online March 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: This study was designed to determine the attitude and degree of satisfaction of recipients toward the meal service program for elderly people. Nine hundred and eight elderly people(male: 301, female: 607) were interviewed by trained personnel. The results were as follows. Forty two percent of them had no income and 43.8% of the respondents were supported economically by the government. Their main reasons for attending the free congregated meal program was economic hardship(37.9%) The channels of becoming aware of the free meal program were through their friends(33.4%) and the meal service centers were located in the respondents residence area(36.0%) Thus any other advertisement from local government of official channels about the free meal program were not effective for the elderly 26.9% of the respondents felt inconvenience in visiting the meal service centers because they had some difficulty in walking, 53.5% of them however answered that they didn t have any complains and were quite satisfied with the meal service. The average satisfaction score for the free meal service was 63.4(maximum score 75) As for each evaluation item respondents were highly satisfied with volunteers attitude in meal serving(4.58+/-0.65: maximum 5 point) The evaluation score of females was generally lower than that of males(p<0.05) Oncemore, respondents who were in lowere socio-economic classes were marked by having significantly lower satisfaction scores for the meal service compared with higher scocio-economic classes. For the welfare of elderly people, meal service programs should be extended to more elderly persons and developed considering the elderlys ecological factors.

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[English]
Study on Effective Methods for Reducing Leftovers in the Food Service Business & Industry: Mooyoung Jun, Hywsun Min; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(1):92-99. Published online March 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: A large amount of food waste in known to bring about many problems including environmental pollution. This study was carried out to investigate effective methods for reducing leftovers in the food service business & industry. The reasons for producing leftovers in food service restaurants, customers perferences of foods, cooking methods the degree of saltiness, and serving size were surveyed using questionnaire and the menu was improved based on the customers perferences. Excessively large serving sizes and the unfavorable cooking methods is food service were the main reason for the leftovers of side dish and one=dish foods. Because the largest amount of leftover came from soups & stews, an effective way of reducing leftovers in food service would be to reduce the serving size of soups & stews. Total leftovers was reduced to about 60% after improving menu (p<0.01) and the each leftover or rice, soup&stew, and side dishes was also reduced significantly after improving the menu(p<0.001) The environmental campaign to reduced food waste by bulletin intra-net using personal computers slogans & posters, and new letters was conducted for one week each and then leftovers were measured 9 times for following three weeks regularly. The total amount of leftovers decreased slightly due to the environmental campaign, but the difference was not significant. When we adopted penalty or prize system leftovers were decreased by about 35%(p<0.001) and the penalty system was more effective than the prize system in reducing leftover (p<0.001) When we compared the leftovers under the three services, a tray service was more effective in reducing leftover than complete self-service of partial self-service(p<0.001).

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[English]
Food Preference of Elementary School Children Under meal service in Taejon: Nan Sook Koo, Chong Im Park; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(3):440-453. Published online August 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: This study was done to provide basic information for nutrition education and meal planning by analyzing children's food preference. For this purpose, 938 children from eleven elementary schools under meal service were randomly selected in Taejon. The survey was conducted by questionnaires, and data were analyzed by SAS program. Children prefered ssalbap to japkogbap and liked kimbap the best among one dish foods. But their most favorite foods were chajangmyun in noodles, miyeokkuk in soups, and chamchichigae in pot stew. Sixth graders like kimchichigae more than third graders. In the case of chims, children like duejigalbichim, sogalbichim, and dalgyalchim. In the jorim, they prefered duejigogi jangjorim, mechurial jangjorim to any other jorims. The preference of bockum, namul, jangachi, and jotgal is generally low. Children's preference is high in fruit, drink, fried food, one dish food and is low in jangachi, namul, bockum. These results suggest that the preference of foods should be fully taken into consideration in school meal service so that they can eat foods with pleasure. Foods, which are low in preference due to the cooking method, should be prepared with new cooking methods developed specifically for children. 'Even though the preference of food is low to the children, the nutritious foods should be utilized in the school menu. Then, the imporatance of food intake must be taught to them through nutrition education.

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[English]
Opinions about Free Congregate Site Meal Service for Elderly in Sungnam Area: Young Mee Lee, Hee Kyung Byun; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(2):246-255. Published online May 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study was designed to find out opinions about free congregate site meals that the program served to improve nutritional status of low socio-economic elderly. This study was conducted in Sungnam-shi. The purpose of this study provided the baseline data to extend the meal service program in this area. Five hundred samples were selcted by the propotion of population in three districts(Sujung-gu, Jungwon-gu,Bundang-gu). The result were as follows. 72.8%of subjects were women and 27.2%of subjects were extended family type. Seventy% of respondant were not aware of the free meal service for elderly. Major channels of information about free meal service were mass media(33.8%)and advertisement material from city (24.3%). The rate of recognition and channels of information about free meal service were different according to demographic characteristics of subjects. Sixty-eight of subjects pointed that the meal service program was highly necessary in these areas and the necessity of the program was not significantly different by socio-economic variables. The group who know about free meal service had a positive attitude toward supporting the meal service program. Women preferred labor volunteers(46.8%)at meal service center and men preferred donations. According to levels of education each group preferred different types of surpport for free congregate site meals for elderly.

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[English]
Nutritional and Health Status of Korean Elderly from Low-income, Urban Area and Improving Effect of Meal Service on Nutritional and Health Status - V. The Effect of Meal Service for One Year on Nutritional and Health Status: Sook Mee Son, Yaung ja Park, Jae Ok Koo, Yoon Na Lee, Hye Young Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(1):63-73. Published online February 28, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to assess the effect of one year's of meal service for home-staying urban elderly with low incole on their nutritional status. One hundred and eighty three subjects, who had already completed the first nutritional survey, were assigned to two group : meal served(served) and non-meal served(non-served). A meal containing approximately on half of the RDA for energy, protein, calcium and iron was served as lunch everyday to served group. After on year of meal service, follow-up-nutritional survey was done and changes of parameters were analyzed with paired t-test. Served female showed signficantly increased intake of riboflavin and calcium, while non-served female showed significantly decreased intake of calcium. Serum total protein, serum albumin and serum cholesterol were significantly increased in female regardless of meal service. Served remale was observed with significantly elevated LDL-cholesterol, whereas non-served female showed singnificantly lowered HDL-cholesterol. Significantly decreased serum iron, serum transferrin saturaion and significantly increased TIBC were observed for female regardless of meal service. But the proportion of anemic elderly according to Hb or serum iron was decreased more in served group. Female showed significantly increased serum zinc and copper regardless of meal service, whereas only served male showed significantly increased serum copper.

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