Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Original Articles

[English]
Satisfaction and Recognition Level of Environment-Friendly Agricultural Products in Cheongju Area: Na Ra Kim, Young Sun Cho, Seong Ai Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):75-85. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.1.75

The purpose of this study was to investigate basic data on the degree of parents' recognition and satisfaction with the use of environment-friendly agricultural products. The conclusions of this study are as follows. The survey on the use of environment-friendly products in households showed that 68.7% of the respondents used environment-friendly products at home. The frequency of purchasing organic products by household consumers showed that 25.1% of the respondents bought organic products one to two times per week. The most popular items of the environment-friendly agricultural products used were vegetables, comprising 63.9%. The households with more than 3,000,000 won of monthly income tended to consume more domestic livestock products (p < 0.05). In comparison to general agricultural products, environment-friendly agricultural products users showed higher satisfaction level with a better quality in term of safety, quality, nutrition, taste, appearance, diversity and price. The degree of satisfaction with safety was the highest (3.8 +/- 0.68), and price showed the lowest (2.76 +/- 0.79). The degree of parents' recognition of the governmental support for environment-friendly agricultural products showed that those who were aware of the supporting policy were 44.5%, but 55.5% of them didn't know about the fact that 46.6% of the respondents agreed that environment-friendly agricultural products should be used in more than 50% of the foods used for school food service. The respondents pointed out that vegetables (45%) sprayed with pesticide are the most urgent food item that need to be replaced by environment-friendly farm products.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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[English]
School Food Service Satisfaction and Menu Preferences of High School Students: Focused on Iksan, Cheonbuk: Kyung Hwa Lee, Eun Sook Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(1):108-123. Published online February 28, 2010

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate school food service satisfaction and menu preferences of high school students in Iksan, Cheonbuk area. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 692 high school students. Data was analyzed by SPSS 11.5 statistical software. Significant differences between genders were tested by the chi-square-test or t-test. The mean satisfaction score with school food service were 2.8 points out of 5 points. The satisfaction scores for menu (2.8 points) and food temperature (3.1 points) were low, but satisfaction with hygiene and facilities (2.7 points) and service (2.6 points) were lowest. The reason that high school students left food was 'the food taste is not good' (65.3%). The school food service areas needing improvement according to the subjects were food taste (39.3%), hygiene (24.3%). The mean score for menu preference was 3.7 points. The highest menu preference menu for the rice category was stir-fried rice (bokeumbap), for the soup was meat soup, for the kimchi was Korean cabbage kimchi. Based on the results we made the following suggestions: To increase the satisfaction with school food service, changes in the school food service policies are needed at the government and school levels. Efforts should be made to improve the taste of school food. The school food service menu should be improved by taking into account the preferences of the users. There is also a need for the development of nutrition programs like nutrition consulting linking students and family, and nutrition camps that will encourage correct dietary habits.

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[English]
A Survey on Use of Environment-Friendly Agricultural Products for School Food Service by Dietitians in Chungnam Province: Yang Soon Lee, Nam Oak Lee, Sung Hee Ko; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(5):556-564. Published online October 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to analyze the school dietitian's cognition, practical use of environment-friendly agricultural products to provide fundamental information for the qualitative improvement in the school food service. The results of the study are as follows: 1. It was clearly recognized that the subsidy for the school food service is generally insufficient, the amount of additional appropriate subsidy for the school food service was different according to type of school and roughly 300~600 won in each of foods needs to be supported. 2. The environmentfriendly agricultural products that were often used in the school food service were vegetables and grains. 3. In the analysis of cognition and problems toward using environment-friendly agricultural products, the dietitians recognized that environment-friendly agricultural products should be appropriately used. A reason that environmentfriendly agricultural products were better than general agricultural products was composed of a use of less additive, good ingredient, and good outer condition. 4. In the analysis of countermeasure on increasing environment-friendly agricultural products in the school meal service, the response to that more additional subsidy was necessary for the school food service. The highest and the most positive effects after using environment-friendly agricultural products were students' health improvement and improvement in parents' satisfaction with the school food service.

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[English]
Food Waste Management Practices and Influencing Factors at Elementary School Food Services: Seoung Hee Kim, Tong Kyung Kwak, Eun Hui Choi, Kyung Eun Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(6):815-825. Published online December 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: The study was designed to investigate food waste management practices and to identify factors affecting food waste generation at school food services. A total of 202 dietitians employed at elementary schools participated in the survey. The mean food waste weight per school was 77.54 kg, forty percent of the schools generated food waste of 50~100 kg every day and 53% generated plate waste less than 50 kg. Three quarters of the dietitians perceived plate waste as a major component of the food waste and vegetable dishes were a major source of the plate waste. Half of the dietitians used a food waste pick-up service for waste disposal, which was the most preferred waste disposal method. Approximately 90% of the dietitians conducted education on plate waste reduction for students but their perceptions on the effectiveness of the education was inconsistent. The contents were environmental issues (70.3%) and unbalanced food choice (56.7%). According to factor analysis based on performance score, solid waste management practices were grouped into 'information collecting and education', 'supervision of production process', 'cooperation with related groups', and 'control over production planning'. Practices appertaining to 'cooperation with related groups', 'information collecting and education' factor need to be improved. Dietitians should pay attention to 'recycle and reuse of left over' practice. Waste generation differed significantly by dietitians' ages and working experience. In order to reduce plate waste, more effective education materials and methods need to be developed and support from principals, teachers, and parents is necessary.

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[English]
The Factors (Job Burnout, Job Engagement, the Workplace Safety) Influencing Employees' Job Satisfaction in School Food Service Operations: Nam Chung Song, Hye Sang Lee, Kyung Eun Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(5):606-616. Published online October 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: The study was conducted to investigate the influences of food service employees' job burnout, job engagement, and workplace safety perception on their job satisfaction. A survey was administered on 589 school food service employees in Gyeongbuk from December 5, 2005 to February 18, 2006. The final response rate was 71% (N = 416); the data were analyzed using SPSS Windows (ver. 12.0). A majority of the respondents were females (99.0%) and 40 years old or older (75.3%); 84% were temporary contract-based or irregular workers. Among the job burnout dimensions, exhaustion (2.98 +/-0.59) was rated higher than cynicism (2.33 +/-0.54), while professional efficacy level (3.61 +/-0.47) was relatively high. In terms of job engagement, the means of absorption (3.67 +/-0.49) and dedication (3.65 +/-0.52) were higher than that of vigor (3.22 +/-0.46). A systematic environmental level (3.15 +/-0.58) was lower than safety knowledge level (3.63 +/-0.49) among the workplace safety statistics, whereas the anxiety level (3.25 +/-0.74) was relatively high. The food service staff were more satisfied with 'supervisors' and 'co-workers' than with 'pay' and 'promotion'. A hierarchial regression analysis revealed that dedication, absorption, systematic environment, and safety knowledge were significant factors to increase job satisfaction and exhaustion which significantly decreased their job satisfaction.

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[English]
Assessment of Food Safety Management Performance for School Food Service in the Seoul Area: Ji Hyun Lee, Yu Kyoung Goh, Ki Hwan Park, Kyung Ryu; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):310-321. Published online June 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: Effective and systematic sanitation management programs are necessary to prevent foodborne disease outbreaks in school foodservice operations. The purpose of this study was to identify the elements to improve in order to ensure the safety of school food service by evaluating sanitation management practices implemented under HACCP-based programs. The survey was designed to assess the level of hygiene practices of school food service by using an inspection checklist of food hygiene and safety. Fifty-four school foodservice establishments considered as poor sanitation practice groups from two year inspections by Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education were surveyed from September to December in 2005. Inspection checklists consisted of seven categories with 50 checkpoints; facilities and equipment management, personal hygiene, ingredient control, process control, environmental sanitation management, HACCP system and safety management. Surveyed schools scored 68.0+/-12.42 points out of 100 on average. The average score (% of compliance) of each field was 10.7/20 (53.3%) for facilities and equipment management, 7.4/11 (67.2%) for personal hygiene, 7.4/11 (74.1%) for ingredient control, 22.4/32 (69.8%) for process control, 8.9/12 (73.8%) for environmental sanitation management, 4.2/7 (59.7%) for HACCP systems management, and 7.2/8 (89.7%) for safety management, respectively. The field to be improved first was the sanitation control of facilities and equipment. The elements to improve this category were unprofessional consultation for kitchen layout, improper compartment of the kitchen area, lacks of pest control, inadequate water supply, poor ventilation system, and insufficient hand-washing facilities. To elevate the overall performance level of sanitation management, prerequisite programs prior to HACCP plan implementation should be stressed on the school officials, specifically principals, for the integration of the system.

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[English]
Amounts and Food Sources of Nutrients of Elementary School Lunch Menus by the Type of Foodservice and the Percent Energy from Fat: Hye Jeong Youn, Young Hee Han, Taisun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(1):90-105. Published online February 28, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to assess macro- and micronutrient compositions in school lunch menus based on the 'Dietary Guideline' for School Lunches. Ninety-five dieticians in elementary school in Chungbuk were asked to complete a questionnaire on characteristics of the school lunch program (such as type of foodservice, food production system), the information about dietitians (such as age, education, and job history), and the extent of the use of processed foods and frozen foods. They were asked to return the questionnaire with the menus including the name and the quantity of every food ingredient offered during a week. A total of 554 lunch menus provided for a week of June 2004 were analyzed. Average nutrient content per meal was as follows; 660 kcal, energy; 92.9 g, carbohydrate; 26.7 g, protein; 21.1 g, fat; 287 microgramRE, vitamin A; 0.5 mg, thiamin; 0.5 mg, riboflavin; 29.3 mg, vitamin C; 338.2 mg, calcium; 3.9 mg, iron; and 97 mg, cholesterol. Average percentages of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat was 56.2%, 16.2%, and 29.0%, respectively. The mean nutrient content per meal was higher in rural-type than in urban-type schools. The weekly menu of 40% of the schools provided < 55% of energy from carbohydrate, and 39% of the schools offered lunch that provided > or =30% of energy from fat. The micronutrient content was generally high when the percent energy from fat was less than 25%. Our results showed that only 52.6% of the schools provided lunches with the energy composition as in the 'Dietary Guideline' of School Lunches. Whole Milk was the major contributor to fat, saturated fatty acid and cholesterol. We suggest that school foodservices start to provide low fat milk instead of whole milk to reduce fat, saturated fatty acid and cholesterol. If low fat milk is served instead of whole milk, percentage of energy from fat and saturated fat can be reduced from 29% to 25%, and from 10.2% to 9.1%, respectively, and cholesterol could be reduced from 97 mg to 79 mg. Efforts to meet 'Dietary Guideline' for School Lunches should be made, especially to reduce fat intake, while maintaining essential nutrient intake at sufficient levels for children.

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[English]
The Study on Dietary Behaviors of Elementary School Student in Chungnam Area According to the School Food Service Type, Gender and Grade: Hye Soon Chang, Myung Ja Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(5):608-617. Published online October 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: This study compared the food habits and attitudes towards dietary life culture in types of feeding management, gender and grade. The subjects were 352 elementary school students who lived in Seocheon, Chungnam. The independently managed school students were better than jointly managed school students in food habits (p < 0.05). In skipping school meals, upper grade students were skipped more than lower grade students (p < 0.05). In rate of eating school meals, boys were faster than girls (p < 0.001). The independently managed school students and the jointly managed school students were different on distasteful food. Boys disliked vegetables and girls disliked cereals and beans (p < 0.05). Upper grade students ate more well-balanced meals than lower grade students (p < 0.05). As for the question "what you will do if the distasteful foods are provided through school meals", they responded. the highest percent of students, "I will try once or twice". And the response "I have them for health" was higher independently in managed school students than the jointly managed school students (p < 0.05), girls than boy (p < 0.05), and the lower grades than the upper grades (p < 0.05). As for the question "what you will do if the distasteful foods are provided, after the guide for school meals was performed", the response, "I will make an effort to have it" accounted for the highest percents, and there were differences in lower grade students who were high percents than upper grade students (p < 0.01). As for the recognition for unbalanced diets, most of the students recognized that it is a "bad habit"; the girl students accounted for more percentage than boys (p < 0.05). The criterion of food choice were different in gender and grade (p < 0.01). As for the factor of influences for the food habits formation, lower grade students were "school education" and upper grade students were "parents" (p < 0.05). Thus, the systematic guide for proper intakes of nutrition should be performed. Also, the time when students can be educated by an expert of nutritional education, which is connected with school meals and students can grow healthily.

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[English]
Comparison Analysis of School Foodservice Dietitians' Job Satisfaction, Work Value, and Turnover Intention Based on the Expectation to be a Nutrition Teacher: Myeong Hwa Cha, Sun Hee Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(3):361-373. Published online June 30, 2006

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to identify the difference of school food service dietitians' work value, job satisfaction, and turnover intention based on their expectation to be a nutrition teacher. Also, this study explored the differences in expectation to be a nutrition teacher, work value, job satisfaction, turnover intention depending on demographics and school foodservice operational characteristics. This study surveyed dietitians who worked at school foodservice in Kyunggii and Daegu, Gyeoungbuk Province. A total of 509 responses were collected using on-site survey and online survey (59.3%). Dietitians expressed favorable work value (3.88+/-0.34) and mid level of a job satisfaction (2.99+/-0.64). The percentage of dietitians who had an intention to leave after the promulgation of a nutrition teacher system (13.2%) was lower than that of dietitians who had an intention to leave prior to it (23.2%). Most dietitians expected a salary rise (84.7%), more chance to teach nutrition education (76.0%), and the improvement of power not only as a teacher but as a dietitian (72.7%). Dietitians who had higher expectation levels to be a nutrition teacher (>3 on the 5 point Likert scale) showed a higher tendency of significant turnover intention (F=4.40, p<0.01) and more confident work value (F=15.292, p<0.001) when comparing those who had lower expectations. There were significant differences in work value, job satisfaction, turnover intention, and expectation to be a nutrition teacher depending on career length and employment status of dietitians. This study revealed that school food service dietitians have favorable expectations to be nutrition teachers with high work value.

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[English]
Analysis for Internal Audit and External Audit of the Sanitation/Safety Management Performance for the School Foodservice in Gyeongbuk Area: Hye Sang Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(3):374-382. Published online June 30, 2006

Abstract PDF: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of the characteristics of dietitians, the characteristics of school food services, equipment ratio of HACCP facility/equipment and perception of barriers to HACCP implementation on external and internal audit of food safety/sanitation management performance in school food service. An e-mail survey was conducted with 144 dietitians in Gyeongbuk Province. A response rate was 57.6% (N=83) and data was analyzed using SPSS windows (ver. 12.0). Dietitian perceived facilities/equipment-related and stakeholder-related as the big barriers in implementing a HACCP system. Total scores of sanitation/safety management performance for external and internal audit were similar at 92 and 91 out of 100, respectively. "Facilities/equipment" and "HACCP system" categories in both external and internal audit were rated the lowest. As dietitian perceived facilities/equipment-related (p<0.001) and stakeholder-related (p<0.05) barriers to HACCP implementation were greater, the scores of the external and internal audits were significantly lower. As dietitian perceived barriers for all categories were greater, the scores of internal audits were significantly lower (p<0.05). As a result of multiple regression analyses, the scores of the external audit was positively associated with career as a school food service dietitian, but was negatively associated with barriers related to facility/equipment, while the scores of the internal audit was negatively associated with barriers related to facility/equipment and employees. This study suggests that supporting programs on securing the facilities/equipment and employee training are needed for successful HACCP implementation in school food service.

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[English]
Development of Performance Indicators Based on Balanced Score Card for School Food Service Facilities: Tongkyung Kwak, Hyeja Chang, Jiyong Song; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):905-919. Published online December 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: This study raised the necessity of developing performance indicators for measuring the management efficiency and effectiveness of school food service, and as a means of helping its implementation, a balanced score card (BSC) approach developed by Norton and Kaplan was adopted. This study established BSC in seven phases through literature: Phase 1 Defining a school food service and the scope of working activities, Phase 2 Establishing the vision of a school food service, Phase 3 Setting strategic goals, Phase 4 Identifying critical success factors (CSFs), Phase 5 Developing Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Phase 6 Extracting cause and effect relationship, and Phase 7 Completing a preliminary BSC. The preliminary BSC was turned into a survey, which was administered to food service related people working at the Office of Education and School Food Service including 16 offices, 209 dietitians, 48 school administrators both from self-operated and contract-managed, and 9 experts in areas related to school food service. They were asked questions about strategics from 4 different perspectives, 12 CSFs, 39 KPIs, and the cause and effect relationships among them. As a result, among the CSFs based on 4 different perspectives, all factors other than "zero sum on profit/loss" from the financial perspective turned out to be valid. In terms of KPIs, manufacturing cost percentages, casualty loss count/reduction rates, school foodervice participation rates, and sales goal achievement rates were found to be valid from the financial perspective, while student satisfaction index, faculty satisfaction index, leftover ratio, nutrition educational performance count, index of evaluating nutrition education, customer claim count/reduction rate, handling customer claim count/reduction rate, and parent satisfaction index were found to be valid from the customers' perspective. Besides, nutritional requirement sufficient ratio, nutritional management score, food poisoning outbreak count, employee safety accident count, sanitary inspection assessment index, meals per labor hour (productivity index), computerization ratio, operational management index, and purchase management assessment index were also found to be valid from the perspective of internal business processes. From the perspective of innovation and learning, employee turnover ratio/rate of absenteeism, annual education and training count, employee satisfaction index, human resource management assessment index, annual menu-related customer feedback, food service information index for employees and parents/schools were also found to be valid. The significance of this study is to present indices for measuring overall performance of school lunch food service operations without putting any limitation on types of school food service management, and to help correctly assess the contribution of the current types of school food service management to schools and students.

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[English]
Adolescents' Nutrient Intake Determined by Plate Waste at School Food Services: Kyung Eun Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(4):484-492. Published online August 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purposes of the study were to analyze nutrients of the menus served and to evaluate students' nutrient consumption at school food services. Three middle schools (boys, girls, and co-ed schools) were located in Seoul and Kyunggi Province. A weighed plate method was employed to measure plate wastes and consumption of the menus served. Data was collected for 3 consecutive days at each school. Nutrient analyses for the served and consumed menus were performed using CAN-PRO. On average the students consumed 67% of the menus they were served. By menu category, the students consumed more than 90% of the rice and one-dish foods they were served. Kimchis (54%) and soups/stews (55%) were the menu categories with the lowest consumption rates. The menus served at the boys and coed schools did not meet 1/3 of the recommended daily allowances (RDA) for calcium, iron, and vitamin B2. Due to the plate wastes, the actual consumption of the boys school students did not meet the 1/3 RDA for calories, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and niacin. The menus served at the girls school exceeded the 1/3 RDA for all nutrients, but the actual consumption did not meet the 1/3 RDA for calcium, iron, and vitamin B2. During the 3-day periods, the served and consumed menus provided 27% and 24% of energy from fat, which exceeded the recommended proportion of 20%. To improve nutrition management at school food services, dietitians should understand factors that influence students' consumption and implement nutrition education programs that emphasize balanced diets.

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[English]
Influences of School Food Service Employees' Food Safety Training on Food Safety Knowledge and Practices: Kyung Eun Lee, Kyung Ryu; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(5):597-605. Published online October 31, 2004

Abstract PDF: The purpose of the study was to investigate relationships among food safety training, knowledge, and practices of school food service employees. A questionnaire that identified employees' food safety training experience, knowledge, and practices was developed based on a review of literature. A total of 341 Korean school food service employees participated in the survey; the final usable responses were 293 (a response rate: 86%). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for Windows (version 10). Most of the respondents (> 86%) took training sessions on 'proper hand washing' and 'proper food storage temperatures', whereas less than 60% had training on 'monitoring procedures and corrective actions at critical control points'. The mean score of their food safety knowledge was 8.02 out of 11. The majority of the employees knew correctly 'potentially hazardous foods (93.2%)' and 'diseases and symptoms with which they are excluded from working (87.0%)'; less than 50% chose a correct answer for 'sanitizing food contact surfaces.' A chi-square analysis revealed that the employees' actual knowledge did not differ significantly by whether they had food safety training (at the level of alpha = 0.01), except one topic "diseases and symptoms with which they are excluded from working." Their self-reported practice scores were rated as 2.98 - 3.39 based on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1-not at all, 5-always). Employees' food safety training should be conducted continuously and repetitively to improve the effectiveness of the training.

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[English]
School Food Service in Korea: Investigation of the Operation and Management Systems: Young Eun Lee, Il Sun Yang, Jin A Cha, In Sook Chae, Hye Seung Kang; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(3):361-372. Published online June 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the operation and management systems of the school food services in Korea and to provide useful data for improving the quality of the school food services. This study was conducted in school food service operations nationwide using a written questionnaire. The questionnaires were mailed to the dieticians of three types of school food service systems-conventional, commissary, and joint-management. Of the 660 schools that participated in this study, the responses from 212 conventional system, 212 commissary system and 200 joint-management system services were selected for analysis. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing the SAS/Win 6.12 program so as to provide a descriptive statistics. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows: The average number of meals served per day was 1014, 738 and 695 in the conventional food service, the commissary food service and the joint-management food service systems, respectively. Over half (58.9%) of food service facilities were utilizing computer programs for their operations. Most of the commissary food service systems (52.4%) had a satellite school and served a maximum of 2000 meals per day. In most of the joint-management food service systems (87.1%), the number of food service schools managed was two and a maximum of 3330 meals were served. Only one dietician was posted irrespective of the school food service system. The mean hours of work by the dietician per day was 8.9, 8.6 and 8.6 in the conventional food service, the commissary food service and the joint-management food service systems, respectively. The principal work functions of cook personnel were cooking and cleaning.

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