Da-Mee Kim; Youl-Ri Kim; Kyung-Hee Kim

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.2.102

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Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Young Women according to Breakfast Frequency in Seoul: Da-Mee Kim, Youl-Ri Kim, Kyung-Hee Kim; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2018;23(2):102-115.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.2.102
Published online: April 30, 2018

¹Department of Food & Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.

²Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Kyung-Hee Kim. Department of Food & Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Samyangro-gil 144-33, Dobonggu, Seoul 01369, Korea. Tel: (02) 901-8591, Fax: (02) 901-8372, khkim@duksung.ac.kr

• Received: February 13, 2018 • Revised: April 5, 2018 • Accepted: April 5, 2018

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
Although breakfast is important to nutrition balance, prevention of overeating, and weight control, people in their 20s (males: 55.1%, females: 49.9%) were reported to have the highest rate of skipping breakfast in 2016 Korea Health Statistics. This study aims to examine dietary habits and nutrient intake depending on breakfast frequency among young women in Seoul.
Methods
The subjects were 655 young women in Seoul from August to October 2016, and the survey was performed by using a questionnaire that included general characteristics, dietary habits, and eating behavior. Body composition was determined by bioelectric impedance analysis. Nutritional status was examined by the 24-hour recall method.
Results
The participants were classified by breakfast intake frequency; ‘≥ 5 times/week (n=160)’, ‘1–4 times/week (n=327)’, and ‘breakfast skipping (n=168)’. The ‘breakfast skipping’ group had lower frequency and regularity of meals. In addition, the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had a higher frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. There was no difference in total calories between the ‘breakfast skipping’ group and other groups, but the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had significantly low carbohydrate and fiber intakes. The participants showed lower intakes of calories, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, niacin, folic acid, calcium, potassium, and zinc in comparison with recommended intakes. Especially, the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had significantly lower fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, potassium levels compared to the ‘≥ 5 times/week’ group. For Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), the ‘breakfast skipping’ group recorded a ratio of 0.60, which was lower than those of other groups. Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) including fiber, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus were significantly lower in the breakfast skipper group, compared to the breakfast eater group.
Conclusions
The ‘breakfast skipping’ group showed low regularity of meals and a high frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. The breakfast regular eater group showed high intake of micronutrients and quality of meals was high in general. Skipping breakfast could lower nutrient intake and quality of meals, which requires attention.
Keywords: Breakfast frequency; young women; nutritional status; nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR)

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by a fund(HD16A1351) by Research of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Fig. 1

The percent of recommended energy and nutrient intake of the young women by breakfast frequency

Table 1

General characteristics of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) Mean ± SD

2) n (%)

3) Excluding people who do not skip breakfast

^*: p<0.05, ^***: p<0.001

Table 2

Anthropometric indices and body compositions of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) Mean ± SD

2) Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Scheffe's multiple range test

^**: p<0.01, ^***: P<0.001

Table 3

Dietary habits of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) n (%)

2) Significantly different between BMI by chi-square test

^**: p<0.01, ^***: P<0.001

Table 4

Eating behavior of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) n (%)

2) Significantly different between BMI by chi-square test

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: P<0.001

Table 5

Energy and nutrient intake of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) Mean ± SD

2) Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Scheffe's multiple range test

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: p<0.001

Table 6

Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio(MAR) of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) Mean ± SD

2) Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Scheffe's multiple range test

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: P<0.001

Table 7

Index of Nutritional Quality(INQ) of the young women by breakfast frequency

INQ: INQ: Nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal / recommended nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal

1) Mean ± SD

2) Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Scheffe's multiple range test

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Young Women according to Breakfast Frequency in Seoul

Korean J Community Nutr. 2018;23(2):102-115. Published online April 30, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.2.102

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Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Young Women according to Breakfast Frequency in Seoul

Fig. 1 The percent of recommended energy and nutrient intake of the young women by breakfast frequency

Fig. 1

Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Young Women according to Breakfast Frequency in Seoul

Table 1

General characteristics of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) Mean ± SD

2) n (%)

3) Excluding people who do not skip breakfast

^*: p<0.05, ^***: p<0.001

Table 2

Anthropometric indices and body compositions of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) Mean ± SD

2) Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Scheffe's multiple range test

^**: p<0.01, ^***: P<0.001

Table 3

Dietary habits of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) n (%)

2) Significantly different between BMI by chi-square test

^**: p<0.01, ^***: P<0.001

Table 4

Eating behavior of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) n (%)

2) Significantly different between BMI by chi-square test

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: P<0.001

Table 5

Energy and nutrient intake of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) Mean ± SD

2) Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Scheffe's multiple range test

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: p<0.001

Table 6

Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio(MAR) of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) Mean ± SD

2) Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Scheffe's multiple range test

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: P<0.001

Table 7

Index of Nutritional Quality(INQ) of the young women by breakfast frequency

INQ: INQ: Nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal / recommended nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal

1) Mean ± SD

2) Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Scheffe's multiple range test

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01

Table 1 General characteristics of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) Mean ± SD

2) n (%)

3) Excluding people who do not skip breakfast

^*: p<0.05, ^***: p<0.001

Table 2 Anthropometric indices and body compositions of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) Mean ± SD

2) Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Scheffe's multiple range test

^**: p<0.01, ^***: P<0.001

Table 3 Dietary habits of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) n (%)

2) Significantly different between BMI by chi-square test

^**: p<0.01, ^***: P<0.001

Table 4 Eating behavior of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) n (%)

2) Significantly different between BMI by chi-square test

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: P<0.001

Table 5 Energy and nutrient intake of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) Mean ± SD

2) Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Scheffe's multiple range test

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: p<0.001

Table 6 Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio(MAR) of the young women by breakfast frequency

1) Mean ± SD

2) Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Scheffe's multiple range test

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: P<0.001

Table 7 Index of Nutritional Quality(INQ) of the young women by breakfast frequency

INQ: INQ: Nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal / recommended nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal

1) Mean ± SD

2) Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Scheffe's multiple range test