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A Study on the Body Composition, Physical Activity Level, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly in Busan
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Research Article
A Study on the Body Composition, Physical Activity Level, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly in Busan
Hwa-Jae Limorcid
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2016;21(2):178-189.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.2.178
Published online: April 30, 2016

Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hwa-Jae Lim. Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University, 176 Eomgwangno, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47340, Korea. Tel: (051) 890-1593, Fax: (051) 890-2646, hjlim@deu.ac.kr
• Received: February 26, 2016   • Revised: April 21, 2016   • Accepted: April 21, 2016

Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Objectives
    The objectives of the study were to assess body composition, physical activity level (PAL), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and daily energy expenditure (DEE) and to examine associations between PAL and body composition, BMR, and DEE of elderly in Busan.
  • Methods
    A cross-sectional study was conducted among 226 elderly aged 65-93 years. Body composition was measured by Inbody 720. PAL was calculated by daily activity diary. BMR was calculated by Harris-Benedict (H-B) formula, Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) formula, and Inbody 720 measurement. DEE was calculated by H-B formula, DRI formula, Inbody 720 measurement, and estimated energy requirements (EER) formula.
  • Results
    The mean fat free mass (FFM) in elderly men was significantly higher than that in elderly women (p<0.001). The mean percent body fat and fat mass (FM) in elderly women were significantly greater than those in elderly men (p<0.001, p<0.001). The mean PAL in elderly men (1.59) was significantly higher than that in elderly women (1.53) (p<0.001). The mean DEEs calculated by 3 methods except for H-B formula in elderly men were higher than EER for elderly men (2000kcal). The mean DEEs calculated by 4 different methods in elderly women were higher than EER for elderly women (1600kcal). Age showed significantly negative correlations with height (p<0.001, p<0.001), FFM (p<0.001, p<0.001), BMRs calculated by H-B formula (p<0.001, p<0.001), DRI formula (p<0.001, p<0.001) and Inbody 720 measurement (p<0.05 p<0.01) and DEEs calculated by H-B formula (p<0.001, p<0.001), DRI formula (p<0.001, p<0.001), Inbody 720 measurement (p<0.05, p<0.05), and EER formula (p<0.001, p<0.001) in elderly men and elderly women. PAL showed significantly positive correlations with FFM (p<0.05), BMR by Inbody 720 measurement (p<0.05) in elderly men and negative correlations with FM (p<0.05) in elderly women.
  • Conclusions
    Based on the results, PAL was associated with greater FFM in elderly men and lesser FM in elderly women. Therefore, nutritional education to increase physical activity for health promotion in late life is needed in the elderly.
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Table 1

General characteristics of the study subjects by gender

kjcn-21-178-i001.jpg

1) N (%)

Table 2

Anthropometric data of the study subjects by gender

kjcn-21-178-i002.jpg

1) Mean±SD

2) BMI=weight (kg) / height2 (m2)

***: p<0.001 significantly different by t-test

Table 3

Expending time by 5 activity levels and physical activity level

kjcn-21-178-i003.jpg

1) Mean±SD, values are min per day

2) (%)

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 significantly different respectively by t-test

Table 4

Basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure calculated by different methods

kjcn-21-178-i004.jpg

1) Harris-Benedict formula (H-B formula) BMR : Men : 66.4 + 13.7 × weight (kg) + 5 × height (cm) − 6.8 × age

Women : 655 + 9.6 × weight (kg) + 1.8 × height (cm) − 4.7 × age

2) Formula in DRI for Koreans (1st revision, 2010) BMR : Men : 204 – 4.0 × age + 450.5 × height (cm) + 11.69 × weight (kg)

Women : 255 – 2.35 × age + 361.6 × height (cm) + 9.39 × weight (kg)

3) Inbody 720 BMR : 370 + LBM × 21.6

4) EER (Estimated energy requirements) : Men : 662 – 9.53 × age + PA × 15.91 × weight (kg) + 539.6 × height (cm)

PA=1.0 (sedentary), 1.11 (low active), 1.25 (active), 1.48 (very active)

Women : 354 – 6.91 × age + PA × 9.36 × Weight (kg) + 726 × Height (cm)

PA=1.0 (sedentary), 1.12 (low active), 1.27 (active), 1.45 (very active)

5) Mean±SD

6) TEE (Total energy expenditure) : BMR (calculated by H-B formula, DRI formula, Inbody 720) × physical activity level

***: p<0.001 significantly different by t-test

abcd: Significantly different at p<0.001 by repeated measure ANOVA test

Table 5

Correlation coefficients between age and anthropometric data and physical activity patterns

kjcn-21-178-i005.jpg

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Table 6

Correlation coefficients between age and basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure calculated by different methods

kjcn-21-178-i006.jpg

1) EER : Estimated energy requirements

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Table 7

Correlation coefficients between physical activity level and anthropometric data and physical activity patterns

kjcn-21-178-i007.jpg

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Table 8

Correlation coefficients between physical activity level and basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure calculated by different methods

kjcn-21-178-i008.jpg

1) EER : Estimated energy requirements

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

Table 9

Correlation coefficients among different methods of the basal metabolic rate

kjcn-21-178-i009.jpg

1) H-B BMR : basal metabolic rate calculated by Harris-Benedict formula

2) DRI BMR : basal metabolic rate calculated by DRI formula

3) Inbody BMR : basal metabolic rate measured by Inbody 720

***: p<0.001

Table 10

Correlation coefficients among different methods of total energy expenditure

kjcn-21-178-i010.jpg

1) H-B TEE (Total energy expenditure) : basal metabolic rate calculated by Harris-Benedict formula × physical activity level

2) DRI TEE : basal metabolic rate calculated by DRI formula × physical activity level

3) Inbody TEE : basal metabolic rate measured by Inbody 720 × physical activity level

***: p<0.001

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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    A Study on the Body Composition, Physical Activity Level, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly in Busan
    A Study on the Body Composition, Physical Activity Level, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly in Busan

    General characteristics of the study subjects by gender

    1) N (%)

    Anthropometric data of the study subjects by gender

    1) Mean±SD

    2) BMI=weight (kg) / height2 (m2)

    ***: p<0.001 significantly different by t-test

    Expending time by 5 activity levels and physical activity level

    1) Mean±SD, values are min per day

    2) (%)

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 significantly different respectively by t-test

    Basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure calculated by different methods

    1) Harris-Benedict formula (H-B formula) BMR : Men : 66.4 + 13.7 × weight (kg) + 5 × height (cm) − 6.8 × age

    Women : 655 + 9.6 × weight (kg) + 1.8 × height (cm) − 4.7 × age

    2) Formula in DRI for Koreans (1st revision, 2010) BMR : Men : 204 – 4.0 × age + 450.5 × height (cm) + 11.69 × weight (kg)

    Women : 255 – 2.35 × age + 361.6 × height (cm) + 9.39 × weight (kg)

    3) Inbody 720 BMR : 370 + LBM × 21.6

    4) EER (Estimated energy requirements) : Men : 662 – 9.53 × age + PA × 15.91 × weight (kg) + 539.6 × height (cm)

    PA=1.0 (sedentary), 1.11 (low active), 1.25 (active), 1.48 (very active)

    Women : 354 – 6.91 × age + PA × 9.36 × Weight (kg) + 726 × Height (cm)

    PA=1.0 (sedentary), 1.12 (low active), 1.27 (active), 1.45 (very active)

    5) Mean±SD

    6) TEE (Total energy expenditure) : BMR (calculated by H-B formula, DRI formula, Inbody 720) × physical activity level

    ***: p<0.001 significantly different by t-test

    abcd: Significantly different at p<0.001 by repeated measure ANOVA test

    Correlation coefficients between age and anthropometric data and physical activity patterns

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

    Correlation coefficients between age and basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure calculated by different methods

    1) EER : Estimated energy requirements

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

    Correlation coefficients between physical activity level and anthropometric data and physical activity patterns

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

    Correlation coefficients between physical activity level and basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure calculated by different methods

    1) EER : Estimated energy requirements

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

    Correlation coefficients among different methods of the basal metabolic rate

    1) H-B BMR : basal metabolic rate calculated by Harris-Benedict formula

    2) DRI BMR : basal metabolic rate calculated by DRI formula

    3) Inbody BMR : basal metabolic rate measured by Inbody 720

    ***: p<0.001

    Correlation coefficients among different methods of total energy expenditure

    1) H-B TEE (Total energy expenditure) : basal metabolic rate calculated by Harris-Benedict formula × physical activity level

    2) DRI TEE : basal metabolic rate calculated by DRI formula × physical activity level

    3) Inbody TEE : basal metabolic rate measured by Inbody 720 × physical activity level

    ***: p<0.001

    Table 1 General characteristics of the study subjects by gender

    1) N (%)

    Table 2 Anthropometric data of the study subjects by gender

    1) Mean±SD

    2) BMI=weight (kg) / height2 (m2)

    ***: p<0.001 significantly different by t-test

    Table 3 Expending time by 5 activity levels and physical activity level

    1) Mean±SD, values are min per day

    2) (%)

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 significantly different respectively by t-test

    Table 4 Basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure calculated by different methods

    1) Harris-Benedict formula (H-B formula) BMR : Men : 66.4 + 13.7 × weight (kg) + 5 × height (cm) − 6.8 × age

    Women : 655 + 9.6 × weight (kg) + 1.8 × height (cm) − 4.7 × age

    2) Formula in DRI for Koreans (1st revision, 2010) BMR : Men : 204 – 4.0 × age + 450.5 × height (cm) + 11.69 × weight (kg)

    Women : 255 – 2.35 × age + 361.6 × height (cm) + 9.39 × weight (kg)

    3) Inbody 720 BMR : 370 + LBM × 21.6

    4) EER (Estimated energy requirements) : Men : 662 – 9.53 × age + PA × 15.91 × weight (kg) + 539.6 × height (cm)

    PA=1.0 (sedentary), 1.11 (low active), 1.25 (active), 1.48 (very active)

    Women : 354 – 6.91 × age + PA × 9.36 × Weight (kg) + 726 × Height (cm)

    PA=1.0 (sedentary), 1.12 (low active), 1.27 (active), 1.45 (very active)

    5) Mean±SD

    6) TEE (Total energy expenditure) : BMR (calculated by H-B formula, DRI formula, Inbody 720) × physical activity level

    ***: p<0.001 significantly different by t-test

    abcd: Significantly different at p<0.001 by repeated measure ANOVA test

    Table 5 Correlation coefficients between age and anthropometric data and physical activity patterns

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

    Table 6 Correlation coefficients between age and basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure calculated by different methods

    1) EER : Estimated energy requirements

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

    Table 7 Correlation coefficients between physical activity level and anthropometric data and physical activity patterns

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

    Table 8 Correlation coefficients between physical activity level and basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure calculated by different methods

    1) EER : Estimated energy requirements

    *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

    Table 9 Correlation coefficients among different methods of the basal metabolic rate

    1) H-B BMR : basal metabolic rate calculated by Harris-Benedict formula

    2) DRI BMR : basal metabolic rate calculated by DRI formula

    3) Inbody BMR : basal metabolic rate measured by Inbody 720

    ***: p<0.001

    Table 10 Correlation coefficients among different methods of total energy expenditure

    1) H-B TEE (Total energy expenditure) : basal metabolic rate calculated by Harris-Benedict formula × physical activity level

    2) DRI TEE : basal metabolic rate calculated by DRI formula × physical activity level

    3) Inbody TEE : basal metabolic rate measured by Inbody 720 × physical activity level

    ***: p<0.001


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