NOTES

This study was supported by a grant of the Institute of Natural Sciences at Seoul Women's University in 2009.

REFERENCES

• 1. Abbasi F, Chang SA, Chu JW, Ciaraldi TP, Lamendola C, McLaughlin T, Reaven GM, Reaven PD. : Improvements in insulin resistance with weight loss, in contrast to rosiglitazone, are not associated with changes in plasma adiponectin or adiponectin multimeric complexes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006; 290(1): R139-R144.
• 2. Adamczak M, Wiecek A, Funahashi T, Chudek J, Kokot F, Matsuzawa Y. Decreased plasma adiponectin concentration in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2003; 16(1): 72-75.
• 3. Ahn GH, Kim SH, Yoo EG. The relationship between leptin adiponectin ratio and insulin resistance in healthy children. Korean J Pediatr. 2008; 51(3): 256-261.
• 4. Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, Kim MJ, Caron M, Vidal H, Capeau J, Feve B. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2006; 17(1): 4-12.
• 5. Berg AH, Combs TP, Du X, Brownlee M, Scherer PE. The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med. 2001; 7(8): 947-953.
• 6. Choi KM, Lee J, Lee KW, Seo JA, Oh JH, Kim SG, Kim NH, Choi DS, Baik SH. Serum adiponectin concentrations predict the developments of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in elderly Koreans. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004; 61(1): 75-80.
• 7. Clément K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature. 1998; 392(10): 398-401.
• 8. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334(5): 292-295.
• 9. Corbetta S, Bulfamante G, Cortelazzi D, Barresi V, Cetin I, Mantovani G, Bondioni S, Beck-Peccoz P, Spada A. Adiponectin expression in human fetal tissues during mid- and late gestation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90(4): 2397-2402.
• 10. Diez JJ, Iglesias P. The role of the novel adipocytederived hormone adiponectin in human disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003; 148(3): 293-300.
• 11. Engeli S, Feldpausch M, Gorzelniak K, Hartwig F, Heintze U, Janke J, Mohlig M, Pfeiffer AF, Luft FC, Sharma AM. Association between adiponectin and mediators of inflammation in obese women. Diabetes. 2003; 52(4): 942-947.
• 12. Fasshauer M, Paschke R. Regulation of adipocytokines and insulin resistance. Diabetologia. 2003; 46(12): 1594-1603.
• 13. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18(6): 499-502.
• 14. Funahashi T, Nakamura T, Shimomura I, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Takahashi M, Arita Y, Kihara S, Matsuzawa Y. Role of adipocytokines on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in visceral obesity. Intern Med. 1999; 38(2): 202-206.
• 15. Gannage-Yared MH, Khalife S, Semaan M, Fares F, Jambert S, Halaby G. Serum adiponectin and leptin levels in relation to the metabolic syndrome, androgenic profile and somatotropic axis in healthy non-diabetic elderly men. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006; 155: 167-176.
• 16. Galic S, Oakhill JS, Steinberg GR. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010; 316: 129-139.
• 17. Heymsfield SB, Greenberg AS, Fujioka K, Dixon RM, Kuschner R, Hunt T, Lubina JA, Patane J, Self B, Hunt P, McCamish M. Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controllrd, dose-escalation trial. JAMA. 1999; 282: 1568-1575.
• 18. Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y, Takahashi M, Matsuda M, Okamoto Y, Iwahashi H, Kuriyama H, Ouchi N, Maeda K, Nishida M, Kihara S, Sakai N, Nakajima T, Hasegawa K, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Hanafusa T, Matsuzawa Y. Plasma concentration of a novel adipose specific protein adiponectin in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20(6): 1595-1599.
• 19. Hotta K, Funahashi T, Bodkin NL, Ortmeyer HK, Arita Y, Hansen BC, Matsuzawa Y. Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes. 2001; 50(5): 1126-1133.
• 20. Hsueh WA, Buchanan TA. Obesity and hypertension. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1994; 23(2): 405-427.
• 21. Hulthe J, Hulten LM, Fagerberg B. Low adipocytederived plasma protein adiponectin concentrations are associated with the metabolic syndrome and small dense low-density lipoprotein particles: atherosclerosis and insulin resistance study. Metabolism. 2003; 52(12): 1612-1614.
• 22. Hulver MW, Zheng D, Tanner CJ, Houmard JA, Kraus WE, Slentz CA, Sinha MK, Pories WJ, MacDonald KG, Dohm GL. Adiponectin is not altered with exercise training despite enhanced insulin action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 283(4): E861-E865.
• 23. Iwashima Y, Katsuya T, Ishikawa K, Ouchi N, Ohishi M, Sugimoto K, Fu Y, Motone M, Yamamoto K, Matsuo A, Ohashi K, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Rakugi H, Matsuzawa Y, Ogihara T. Hypoadiponectinemia is an independent risk factor for hypertension. Hypertension. 2004; 43(6): 1318-1323.
• 24. Jo HS, Baek YH. Effects of combined exercise and green tea intake on body weight and adiponectin in obese high school children. J Life Sci. 2006; 16(6): 972-977.
• 25. Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Endocrine Reviews. 2005; 26(3): 439-451.
• 26. Kappes A, Loffler G. Influences of ionomycin, dibutyrylcyclo AMP and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on intracellular amount and secretion of apM1 in differentiating primary human preadipocytes. Horm Metab Res. 2000; 32(11-12): 548-554.
• 27. Kim JI. The association between hs-CRP concentration of blood and metabolic syndrome in the residents of rural community. Korean J Community Nutr. 2010; 15(6): 796-805.
• 28. Kim JY, Shin HW, Jeong IK, Cho SW, Min SJ, Lee SJ, Park CY, Oh KW, Kim HK, Kim DM, Yu JM, Ihm SH, Choi MG, Yoo HJ, Park SW. The relationship of adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin to insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in human obesity. Korean J Med. 2005; 69(6): 631-641.
• 29. Körner A, Kratzsch J, Gausche R, Schaab M, Erbs S, Kiess W. New predictors of the metabolic syndrome in children role of adipocytokines. Pediatr Res. 2007; 61(6): 640-645.
• 30. Kumada M, Kihara S, Sumitsuji S, Kawamoto T, Matsumoto S, Ouchi N, Arita Y, Okamoto Y, Shimomura I, Hiraoka H, Nakamura T, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. Association of hypoadiponectinemia with coronary artery disease in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003; 23(1): 85-89.
• 31. Lee MY, Kim JH. Association of serum lipids and dietary intakes with serum adiponectin level in overweight and obese Korean Women. Korean J Community Nutr. 2010; 15(1): 27-35.
• 32. Mallamaci F, Zoccali C, Cuzzola F, Tripepi G, Cutrupi S, Parlongo S, Tanaka S, Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. Adiponectin in essential hypertension. J Nephrol. 2002; 15(5): 507-511.
• 33. Mantzoros CS, Williams CJ, Manson JE, Meigs JB, Hu FB. Adherence to the mediterranean dietary pattern is positively associated with plasma adiponectin concentrations in diabetic women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84(2): 328-335.
• 34. Matsubara M, Maruoka S, Katayose S. Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with dyslipidemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 87(6): 2764-3769.
• 35. Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T, Kihara S, Shimomura I. Adiponectin and metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24(1): 29-33.
• 36. Matsuzawa Y. Establishment of a concept of visceral fat syndrome and discovery of adiponectin. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2010; 86: 131-141.
• 37. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985; 28(7): 412-419.
• 38. Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2007 National health and nutrition survey report. 2008.
• 39. Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2008 National health and nutrition survey report. 2009.
• 40. Motoshima H, Wu X, Sinha MK, Hardy VE, Rosato EL, Barbot DJ, Rosato FE, Goldstein BJ. Differential regulation of adiponectin secretion from cultured human omental and subcutaneous adipocytes: effects of insulin and rosiglitazone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 87(12): 5662-5667.
• 41. Muoio DM, Dohm GL. Peripheral metabolic actions of leptin. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 16(4): 653-666.
• 42. Ohashi K, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Kumada M, Fujita K, Hiuge A, Hibuse T, Ryo M, Nishizawa H, Maeda N, Maeda K, Shibata R, Walsh K, Funahashi T, Shimomura I. Adiponectin replenishment ameliorates obesity-related hypertension. Hypertension. 2006; 47(6): 1108-1116.
• 43. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Okamoto Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Hotta K, Nishida M, Takahashi M, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation. 2000; 102(11): 1296-1301.
• 44. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO, Criqui M. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: Application to clinical and public health practice:A statement for healthcare professionals from the centers for disease control and prevention and the American heart association. Circulation. 2003; 107(3): 499-511.
• 45. Pi-Sunyer FX. Medical hazards of oesity. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119(7 Pt 2): 655-660.
• 46. Rahmouni K, Haynes WG. Leptin and the cardiovascular system. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2004; 59: 225-244.
• 47. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14719 initially healthy American women. Circulation. 2003; 107(3): 391-397.
• 48. Ryo M, Nakamura T, Kihara S, Kumada M, Shibazaki S, Takahashi M, Nagai M, Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T. Adiponectin as a biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. Circ J. 2004; 68(11): 975-981.
• 49. Galic S, Oakhilla JS, Steinberga GR. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010; 316(2): 129-139.
• 50. Steinberg GR, Dyck DJ. Development of leptin resistance in rat doleus muscle in ewsponse to high-fat diets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 279: E1374-E1382.
• 51. Steinberg GR, Parolin MI, Higenhauser GJ, Dyck DJ. leptin increase FA oxidation in lean but not obese human skeletal muscle: evidence of peripheral leptin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 283: E187-E192.
• 52. Steinberg GR, Smith AC, van Denderen BJW, Chen Z, Murthy S, Campbell DJ, Heigenhauser GJF, Dyck DJ, Kemp BE. AMP-activated protein kinase is not down-regulated in human skeletal muscle of obese females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89: 4575-4580.
• 53. Vettor R, Milan G, Rossato M, Federspil G. Review article: adipocytokines and insulin resistance. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 22: Suppl 2. 3-10.
• 54. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Saris WH, Hukshorn CJ, Campfield LA. Effects of weekly administration opegylated recombinant human Ob protein on appetite profile and energy metabolism in obese men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001; 74: 426-434.
• 55. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic-report of a who consultation on obesity. 1998; Geneva: 7-12.
• 56. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, Terauchi Y, Kubota N, Hara K, Mori Y, Ide T, Murakami K, Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Ezaki O, Akanuma Y, Gavrilova O, Vinson C, Reitman Ml, Kagechika H, Shudo K, Yoda M, Nakano Y, Tobe K, Nagai R, Kimura S, Tomita M, Froguel P, Kadowaki T. The fat derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nat Med. 2001; 7(8): 941-946.
• 57. Yatagai T, Nagasaka S, Taniguchi A, Fukushima M, Nakamura T, Kuroe A, Nakai Y, Ishibashi S. Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with visceral fat accumulation and insulin resistance in Japanese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2003; 52(10): 1274-1278.

Table 1

Comparison of anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure in the subjects according to BMI

1) Mean ± SE, NS: not significantly different among groups

2) Waist circumference

a,b,c: means with different superscript letter among groups are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 2

Comparison of serum lipid profiles and hs-CRP level in the subjects according to BMI

1) Mean ± SE

2) LDL-cholesterol : Total cholesterol - (VLDL-cholesterol + HDL-cholesterol), VLDL-cholesterol: TG / 5 by Friedwald equation

3) Atherogenic index : (Total cholesterol - HDL-cholesterol) / HDL-cholesterol

4) hs-CRP: High sensitivity C-reactive protein

a,b,c: Means with different superscript letter among groups are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test

Table 3

Comparison of glucose, insulin, and Homa-IR in the subjects according to BMI

1) Mean ± SE

2) Homa-IR : Fasting insulin (µU/dL) × fating glucose (mmol/l) / 22.5

a,b,ab: Means with different superscript letter among groups are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test

Table 4

Comparison of adiponectin and leptin in the subjects according to BMI

1) Mean ± SE

a,b: Means with different superscript letter among groups are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test

Table 5

Pearson's correlation coefficients among anthropometric measurement, serum lipids, Homa-IR, adipokines and hs-CRP

^*,^**: significantly correlated between measures at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 by Pearson's correlation coefficient

1) Homa-IR : fasting insulin (µU/dL) × fating glucose (mmol/l) / 22.5

Table 6

Pearson's correlation coefficient among leptin, adiponectin, hs-CRP and Homa-IR

^*,^**: significantly correlated between measures at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 by Pearson's correlation coefficient

1) Homa-IR : fasting insulin (µU/dL) × fating glucose (mmol/l) / 22.5

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Relationship between Bone Mineral Density and Bone Metabolic Biochemical Markers and Diet Quality Index-International(DQI-I) in Postmenopausal Obese Women
  Yeonah Jeong, Misung Kim, Saeron Shin, Ahreum Han, Geomsuk Seo, Cheongmin Sohn
  Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(3): 284.     CrossRef
• Amelioration of metabolic disturbances and adipokine dysregulation by mugwort (Artemisia princeps P.) extract in high-fat diet-induced obese rats
  Yun-Hye Kim, Chung-Mu Park, Gun-Ae Yoon
  Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(6): 411.     CrossRef
• Relationships among Serum Adiponectin, Leptin and Vitamin D Concentrations and the Metabolic Syndrome in Farmers
  Seo-Eun Yeon, Hee-Ryoung Son, Jung-Sook Choi, Eun-Kyung Kim
  Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(1): 12.     CrossRef
• Nutrient Intake, the Concentrations of Leptin, Adiponectin, Cotisol & Insulin by the Body Fat Content of Women
  Soon Yei Lee, Hyun Sook Bae
  Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(6): 714.     CrossRef