Principal Researcher, Department of Building a Digital Health Ecosystem, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju, Korea
© 2024 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflict of Interest
There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.
Funding
This study was performed with financial support from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency in 2023.
Data Availability
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
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Depopulation areas | Non-depopulation areas | P-value | Depopulation areas | Non-depopulation areas | P-value | Depopulation areas | Non-depopulation areas | P-value | Depopulation areas | Non-depopulation areas | P-value | Depopulation areas | Non-depopulation areas | P-value | ||
Sex | Male | 49.0 | 49.5 | 0.0430 | 49.0 | 49.5 | 0.0212 | 49.0 | 49.6 | 0.0191 | 49.1 | 49.6 | 0.0245 | 49.1 | 49.6 | 0.0291 |
Female | 51.0 | 50.5 | 51.0 | 50.5 | 51.0 | 50.4 | 50.9 | 50.4 | 50.9 | 50.4 | ||||||
Age group | 19–29 years | 13.4 | 19.8 | < 0.0001 | 12.7 | 19.1 | < 0.0001 | 12.2 | 18.6 | < 0.0001 | 11.7 | 18.2 | < 0.0001 | 11.5 | 18.0 | < 0.0001 |
30–39 years | 12.4 | 21.9 | 12.0 | 21.2 | 11.7 | 20.8 | 11.3 | 20.2 | 10.8 | 19.5 | ||||||
40–49 years | 16.7 | 22.7 | 16.2 | 22.4 | 16.0 | 22.3 | 15.7 | 22.0 | 15.6 | 22.0 | ||||||
50–59 years | 18.5 | 17.3 | 19.6 | 18.5 | 19.8 | 18.9 | 20.4 | 19.5 | 20.5 | 19.7 | ||||||
60–69 years | 17.5 | 10.3 | 16.7 | 10.4 | 16.5 | 10.5 | 15.8 | 10.5 | 16.5 | 10.8 | ||||||
≥ 70 years | 21.6 | 8.1 | 22.7 | 8.5 | 23.8 | 8.9 | 25.2 | 9.6 | 25.1 | 9.9 | ||||||
Education level | ≤ Middle school graduate | 53.3 | 23.9 | < 0.0001 | 53.2 | 23.4 | < 0.0001 | 52.8 | 22.8 | < 0.0001 | 52.4 | 22.1 | < 0.0001 | 51.2 | 21.7 | < 0.0001 |
High school graduate | 30.3 | 39.6 | 30.9 | 40.0 | 30.5 | 39.4 | 30.5 | 39.3 | 30.6 | 39.0 | ||||||
≥ College graduate | 16.4 | 36.5 | 15.9 | 36.6 | 16.7 | 37.7 | 17.1 | 38.6 | 18.2 | 39.3 | ||||||
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
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Depopulation areas | Non-depopulation areas | P-value | Depopulation areas | Non-depopulation areas | P-value | Depopulation areas | Non-depopulation areas | P-value | Depopulation areas | Non-depopulation areas | P-value | Depopulation areas | Non-depopulation areas | P-value | ||
Sex | Male | 49.2 | 49.6 | 0.0558 | 49.2 | 49.6 | 0.0848 | 49.3 | 49.6 | 0.1874 | 49.4 | 49.6 | 0.3430 | 49.4 | 49.6 | 0.5816 |
Female | 50.8 | 50.4 | 50.8 | 50.4 | 50.7 | 50.4 | 50.6 | 50.4 | 50.6 | 50.4 | ||||||
Age group | 19–29 years | 11.3 | 17.9 | < 0.0001 | 11.1 | 17.9 | < 0.0001 | 10.9 | 17.8 | < 0.0001 | 10.7 | 17.7 | < 0.0001 | 10.3 | 17.6 | < 0.0001 |
30–39 years | 10.2 | 18.9 | 9.9 | 18.4 | 9.5 | 17.9 | 9.1 | 17.4 | 8.6 | 16.8 | ||||||
40–49 years | 15.3 | 21.7 | 14.8 | 21.2 | 14.3 | 20.8 | 13.8 | 20.3 | 13.2 | 19.7 | ||||||
50–59 years | 20.5 | 19.8 | 20.6 | 19.9 | 20.6 | 19.9 | 20.5 | 20.0 | 20.3 | 20.1 | ||||||
60–69 years | 17.1 | 11.5 | 17.3 | 12.0 | 17.6 | 12.4 | 17.9 | 12.7 | 18.9 | 13.4 | ||||||
≥ 70 years | 25.6 | 10.2 | 26.3 | 10.6 | 27.1 | 11.2 | 28.0 | 11.9 | 28.6 | 12.4 | ||||||
Education level | ≤ Middle school graduate | 50.0 | 20.8 | < 0.0001 | 49.6 | 20.6 | < 0.0001 | 48.8 | 20.0 | < 0.0001 | 48.4 | 19.8 | < 0.0001 | 47.3 | 19.6 | < 0.0001 |
High school graduate | 30.6 | 38.5 | 30.2 | 37.9 | 30.7 | 37.6 | 31.6 | 37.6 | 31.6 | 37.3 | ||||||
≥ College graduate | 19.4 | 40.7 | 20.2 | 41.5 | 20.6 | 42.4 | 20.0 | 42.5 | 21.1 | 43.0 |
2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | P for trend | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smoking | Depopulation areas | 23.0 | 22.8 | 22.1 | 21.5 | 21.2 | 19.8 | 19.4 | 18.6 | 18.5 | 18.1 | < 0.0001 |
Non-depopulation areas | 24.6 | 24.0 | 23.8 | 23.2 | 22.7 | 21.0 | 21.1 | 20.3 | 20.4 | 19.0 | < 0.0001 | |
High risk drinking | Depopulation areas | 14.8 | 18.7 | 15.8 | 18.8 | 19.5 | 19.8 | 19.0 | 19.7 | 19.4 | 19.1 | < 0.0001 |
Non-depopulation areas | 15.9 | 19.0 | 17.0 | 18.6 | 18.8 | 18.8 | 18.5 | 18.6 | 18.4 | 18.0 | < 0.0001 | |
Physical activity | Depopulation areas | 27.0 | 29.4 | 30.1 | 30.7 | 26.5 | 25.6 | 26.9 | 27.2 | - | 26.0 | < 0.0001 |
Non-depopulation areas | 20.9 | 20.6 | 19.9 | 20.7 | 21.2 | 22.6 | 21.7 | 22.0 | - | 23.7 | < 0.0001 | |
Walking practice | Depopulation areas | 86.6 | 83.7 | 84.2 | 82.6 | 80.1 | 79.9 | 78.8 | 80.0 | 80.1 | 79.9 | < 0.0001 |
Non-depopulation areas | 82.5 | 81.4 | 81.2 | 81.3 | 81.4 | 82.3 | 81.5 | 82.9 | 85.3 | 84.0 | < 0.0001 | |
Nutrition facts usage | Depopulation areas | 24.0 | 21.6 | 22.0 | 22.9 | 15.1 | 15.2 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 14.0 | 19.0 | < 0.0001 |
Non-depopulation areas | 34.4 | 34.9 | 34.3 | 33.1 | 25.6 | 25.1 | 25.8 | 26.4 | 25.2 | 29.1 | < 0.0001 |
Depopulation areas |
Non-depopulation areas |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | ||
Smoking | Year | 0.964 | (0.960–0.968) | < 0.0001 | 0.964 | (0.962–0.966) | < 0.0001 |
Sex | 0.036 | (0.035–0.037) | < 0.0001 | 0.049 | (0.048–0.050) | < 0.0001 | |
Age group | 0.978 | (0.977–0.979) | < 0.0001 | 0.981 | (0.981–0.981) | < 0.0001 | |
Education level | 0.8 87 | (0.872–0.902) | < 0.0001 | 0.785 | (0.778–0.791) | < 0.0001 | |
High risk drinking | Year | 1.037 | (1.032–1.042) | < 0.0001 | 1.015 | (1.013–1.018) | < 0.0001 |
Sex | 0.167 | (0.161–0.172) | < 0.0001 | 0.203 | (0.200–0.205) | < 0.0001 | |
Age group | 0.990 | (0.989–0.991) | < 0.0001 | 0.994 | (0.994–0.994) | < 0.0001 | |
Education level | 1.006 | (0.985–1.028) | 0.5596 | 0.874 | (0.866–0.882) | < 0.0001 | |
Physical activity | Year | 0.990 | (0.985–0.995) | < 0.0001 | 1.022 | (1.020–1.024) | < 0.0001 |
Sex | 0.671 | (0.660–0.681) | < 0.0001 | 0.607 | (0.601–0.613) | < 0.0001 | |
Age group | 0.988 | (0.987–0.989) | < 0.0001 | 0.995 | (0.994–0.995) | < 0.0001 | |
Education level | 0.839 | (0.825–0.853) | < 0.0001 | 1.000 | (0.992–1.008) | 0.9571 | |
Walking practice | Year | 0.952 | (0.947–0.958) | < 0.0001 | 1.022 | (1.019–1.024) | < 0.0001 |
Sex | 0.753 | (0.733–0.775) | < 0.0001 | 0.868 | (0.856–0.879) | < 0.0001 | |
Age group | 0.994 | (0.993–0.995) | < 0.0001 | 1.004 | (1.004–1.005) | < 0.0001 | |
Education level | 1.055 | (1.028–1.083) | < 0.0001 | 0.980 | (0.970–0.990) | 0.0002 | |
Nutrition facts usage | Year | 0.935 | (0.930–0.940) | < 0.0001 | 0.942 | (0.940–0.944) | < 0.0001 |
Sex | 3.271 | (3.193–3.352) | < 0.0001 | 3.635 | (3.600–3.670) | < 0.0001 | |
Age group | 0.965 | (0.964–0.966) | < 0.0001 | 0.976 | (0.976–0.976) | < 0.0001 | |
Education level | 1.912 | (1.876–1.948) | < 0.0001 | 1.831 | (1.817–1.845) | < 0.0001 |
Depopulation areas |
Non-depopulation areas |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | ||
Obesity | Year | 1.062 | (1.058–1.066) | < 0.0001 | 1.049 | (1.047–1.051) | < 0.0001 |
Sex | 0.675 | (0.663–0.687) | < 0.0001 | 0.447 | (0.443–0.452) | < 0.0001 | |
Age group | 0.992 | (0.991–0.992) | < 0.0001 | 1.005 | (1.005–1.006) | < 0.0001 | |
Education level | 0.922 | (0.907–0.900) | < 0.0001 | 0.911 | (0.905–0.918) | < 0.0001 | |
Diabetes | Year | 1.037 | (1.034–1.041) | < 0.0001 | 1.020 | (1.018–1.023) | < 0.0001 |
Sex | 0.769 | (0.754–0.785) | < 0.0001 | 0.637 | (0.628–0.646) | < 0.0001 | |
Age group | 1.032 | (1.031–1.033) | < 0.0001 | 1.057 | (1.057–1.058) | < 0.0001 | |
Education level | 0.762 | (0.745–0.779) | < 0.0001 | 0.762 | (0.753–0.770) | < 0.0001 | |
Hypertension | Year | 1.032 | (1.029–1.035) | < 0.0001 | 1.009 | (1.007–1.011) | < 0.0001 |
Sex | 1.120 | (1.103–1.137) | < 0.0001 | 0.718 | (0.711–0.726) | < 0.0001 | |
Age group | 1.064 | (1.063–1.064) | < 0.0001 | 1.079 | (1.079–1.080) | < 0.0001 | |
Education level | 0.840 | (0.827–0.852) | < 0.0001 | 0.826 | (0.819–0.833) | < 0.0001 |
%. Sex, age and education level by region type were measured as percentages with the effect of the complex sampling design effect and appropriate sampling weights of the national survey using the SURVEYFREQ procedure in the SAS program.
All estimates were produced to represent the Korean population using complex sampling design parameters, such as strata, cluster, and sample weight, in the PROC SURVEYFREQ procedures.
OR and 95% CI were calculated from survey logistic regression analyses. OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
OR and 95% CI were calculated from survey logistic regression analyses. OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.