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- Breakfast frequency, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, and body mass index among Korean adults: a cross-sectional study
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Jinkyung Choi†
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00192
Published online: August 7, 2026
Professor, Major of Food Science and Nutrition, Deayeon Campus, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
Received: 29 May 2026 • Revised: 13 July 2026 • Accepted: 5 August 2026
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Abstract
Objectives
This study investigated the associations between breakfast frequency, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption, and body mass index (BMI) among Korean adults and identified eating behavior factors associated with SSB consumption.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using questionnaire data from 343 Korean adults aged ≥ 20 years. Information on breakfast frequency, SSB consumption, demographic characteristics, and eating behaviors was collected. BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight and analyzed as both a continuous and a categorical variable. Differences between BMI categories and SSB consumption were examined using chi-square tests and independent t-tests. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to evaluate bivariate associations. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify factors independently associated with BMI after adjusting for age, sex, household income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, meal frequency, eating-out frequency, SSB consumption, and the interaction term between breakfast frequency and SSB consumption.
Results
SSB consumption differed significantly according to sex, education level, breakfast frequency, smoking status, and alcohol consumption (P < 0.05), whereas BMI category differed significantly only according to sex and physical activity. After adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors, sex and SSB consumption were independently associated with BMI, whereas breakfast frequency and the interaction between breakfast frequency and SSB consumption were not significantly associated with BMI.
Conclusion
Higher SSB consumption was independently associated with higher BMI, whereas breakfast frequency was not independently associated with BMI after adjusting for potential confounding factors. These findings suggest that SSB consumption may be more strongly associated with BMI than breakfast frequency among Korean adults.
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