Mi Yeon Ahn; Hwang woon Moon; Hae Yun Chung; Yoo Kyoung Park

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.208

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Nutrient and Carotenoid Intakes and Dietary Habits in Mentally Disabled Adults: Mi Yeon Ahn, Hwang woon Moon, Hae Yun Chung, Yoo Kyoung Park; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2015;20(3):208-219.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.208
Published online: June 30, 2015

¹Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea.

²Department of Sports and Outdoors, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea.

³Department of Food and Nutrition, Soongeui Women's College, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Yoo Kyoung Park. Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-701, Korea. Tel: (031) 201-3816, Fax: (031) 203-3816, ypark@khu.ac.kr

• Received: May 26, 2015 • Revised: June 22, 2015 • Accepted: June 26, 2015

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
According to preceding studies, many people with mental disability have unbalanced dietary habits or excessive intake of calories. Most of them are overweight or obese due to lack of self-control for food consumption, swallowing with inadequate chewing and physical inactivity. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the nutritional intake, including carotenoid, in mentally disabled people and find out a possible solution for nutritional improvement.
Methods
People with intellectual disability (N=28), emotional disability (N=44) participated in this study. The disorder grades were from I to III and ages were between 20 and 65 years. Assessments included anthropometry, daily intake of nutrients, including carotenoid, ROMA III questionnaire for assessing bowel movement.
Results
The average BMI of intellectually disabled people and emotionally disabled people was in the range of overweight and obesity respectively (23.7 ± 6.3 kg/m², 25.8 ± 4.1 kg/m²). Overall, the frequencies of vegetable and dairy product intakes were lower in this population. When compared with Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) from Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2010, the intakes of vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂ and calcium were insufficient in both groups. Also, lycopene intakes of carotenoid were low, compared with traditional Korean diet of the non-disabled people from the second year 2008 of the 4th National Health and Nutrition Survey. In addition, emotionally disabled people also had lower intake of cryptoxanthin.
Conclusions
The mentally disabled people in this study showed lower intakes of vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, calcium and carotenoids. Based on these findings, we recommend that it is important to encourage mentally disabled people to consume sufficient amounts of such nutrients in order to promote nutritional status.
Keywords: mentally disabled people; BMI; nutritional intake; carotenoids

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Fig. 1

The percentage of subjects with constipation

Table 1

The general information of subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) The degree of disability; Disabled Welfare Act rules, such as Article 2 and Article 2 Paragraph (2) ⌜Disability Criteria⌟ by The Ministry of Health and Welfare Notification No. 2013-56

Table 2

The intake frequency of grain in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) 1 serving size of staple meals: 1 bowl of rice (210 g), 2 slices of bread (100 g), 1 bowl of Noodle (300 g)

2) N (%)

3) 1 serving size of potato and sweet potato : one potato (130 g), 1/2 sweet potato (90 g)

Table 3

The intake frequencies of meat, fish, eggs and beans in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) 1 serving size of Meat, fish, eggs and beans: One small piece of fish (50 g), meat 60 g, 1 piece of chicken (60 g), one egg (50 g)

2) N (%)

Table 4

The intake frequencies of vegetables and fruits in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) 1 serving size of vegetables: 1 dish of vegetable (70 g), 1 dish of kimchi (40 g)

2) N (%)

3) 1 serving size of fruits: 1/2 apple, 1/4 pears, one tangerine, ten strawberries, 1/2 melon, 1 slice of watermelon, one tomato

Table 5

The intake frequencies of milk and dairy products in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) 1 serving size of milk: 1 cup (200 ml)

2) N (%)

3) 1 serving size of dairy products: 1 slice of cheese (20 g), yogurt 1/2 cup (110 g), ice cream 1/2 cup (100 g)

Table 6

The intake frequencies of sugars, and oil fat in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) N (%)

Table 7

The nutrients intake of subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities compared with that of the non-disabled people

1) The nutrient intake of the non-disabled people from the second year 2011 of the 5th National Health and Nutrition Survey

2) Mean ±SD

3) Recommended Nutrient Intake: Dietary Reference Intake For Koreans 2010

^*: P < 0.05, ^**: P < 0.01, ^***: P < 0.001 significantly different between intellectually disabled people and emotionally disabled people by two-independent samples t-test

Table 8

The carotenoid or subjects with intellectual disabilities and emotional disabilities

1) Traditional Korean Intake: Diet analyses from the second year 2008 of the 4th National Health and Nutrition Survey

2) β-carotene : all β-carotene, 9-β-carotene

3) Mean ±SD

4) Cryptoxanthin intake of emotionally disabled subjects : 0.03 ± 0.03

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Nutrient and Carotenoid Intakes and Dietary Habits in Mentally Disabled Adults

Korean J Community Nutr. 2015;20(3):208-219. Published online June 30, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.208

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Nutrient and Carotenoid Intakes and Dietary Habits in Mentally Disabled Adults

Fig. 1 The percentage of subjects with constipation

Fig. 1

Nutrient and Carotenoid Intakes and Dietary Habits in Mentally Disabled Adults

Table 1

The general information of subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) The degree of disability; Disabled Welfare Act rules, such as Article 2 and Article 2 Paragraph (2) ⌜Disability Criteria⌟ by The Ministry of Health and Welfare Notification No. 2013-56

Table 2

The intake frequency of grain in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) 1 serving size of staple meals: 1 bowl of rice (210 g), 2 slices of bread (100 g), 1 bowl of Noodle (300 g)

2) N (%)

3) 1 serving size of potato and sweet potato : one potato (130 g), 1/2 sweet potato (90 g)

Table 3

The intake frequencies of meat, fish, eggs and beans in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) 1 serving size of Meat, fish, eggs and beans: One small piece of fish (50 g), meat 60 g, 1 piece of chicken (60 g), one egg (50 g)

2) N (%)

Table 4

The intake frequencies of vegetables and fruits in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) 1 serving size of vegetables: 1 dish of vegetable (70 g), 1 dish of kimchi (40 g)

2) N (%)

3) 1 serving size of fruits: 1/2 apple, 1/4 pears, one tangerine, ten strawberries, 1/2 melon, 1 slice of watermelon, one tomato

Table 5

The intake frequencies of milk and dairy products in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) 1 serving size of milk: 1 cup (200 ml)

2) N (%)

3) 1 serving size of dairy products: 1 slice of cheese (20 g), yogurt 1/2 cup (110 g), ice cream 1/2 cup (100 g)

Table 6

The intake frequencies of sugars, and oil fat in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) N (%)

Table 7

The nutrients intake of subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities compared with that of the non-disabled people

1) The nutrient intake of the non-disabled people from the second year 2011 of the 5th National Health and Nutrition Survey

2) Mean ±SD

3) Recommended Nutrient Intake: Dietary Reference Intake For Koreans 2010

^*: P < 0.05, ^**: P < 0.01, ^***: P < 0.001 significantly different between intellectually disabled people and emotionally disabled people by two-independent samples t-test

Table 8

The carotenoid or subjects with intellectual disabilities and emotional disabilities

1) Traditional Korean Intake: Diet analyses from the second year 2008 of the 4th National Health and Nutrition Survey

2) β-carotene : all β-carotene, 9-β-carotene

3) Mean ±SD

4) Cryptoxanthin intake of emotionally disabled subjects : 0.03 ± 0.03

Table 1 The general information of subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) The degree of disability; Disabled Welfare Act rules, such as Article 2 and Article 2 Paragraph (2) ⌜Disability Criteria⌟ by The Ministry of Health and Welfare Notification No. 2013-56

Table 2 The intake frequency of grain in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) 1 serving size of staple meals: 1 bowl of rice (210 g), 2 slices of bread (100 g), 1 bowl of Noodle (300 g)

2) N (%)

3) 1 serving size of potato and sweet potato : one potato (130 g), 1/2 sweet potato (90 g)

Table 3 The intake frequencies of meat, fish, eggs and beans in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) 1 serving size of Meat, fish, eggs and beans: One small piece of fish (50 g), meat 60 g, 1 piece of chicken (60 g), one egg (50 g)

2) N (%)

Table 4 The intake frequencies of vegetables and fruits in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) 1 serving size of vegetables: 1 dish of vegetable (70 g), 1 dish of kimchi (40 g)

2) N (%)

3) 1 serving size of fruits: 1/2 apple, 1/4 pears, one tangerine, ten strawberries, 1/2 melon, 1 slice of watermelon, one tomato

Table 5 The intake frequencies of milk and dairy products in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) 1 serving size of milk: 1 cup (200 ml)

2) N (%)

3) 1 serving size of dairy products: 1 slice of cheese (20 g), yogurt 1/2 cup (110 g), ice cream 1/2 cup (100 g)

Table 6 The intake frequencies of sugars, and oil fat in subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities

1) N (%)

Table 7 The nutrients intake of subjects with intellectual or emotional disabilities compared with that of the non-disabled people

1) The nutrient intake of the non-disabled people from the second year 2011 of the 5th National Health and Nutrition Survey

2) Mean ±SD

3) Recommended Nutrient Intake: Dietary Reference Intake For Koreans 2010

^*: P < 0.05, ^**: P < 0.01, ^***: P < 0.001 significantly different between intellectually disabled people and emotionally disabled people by two-independent samples t-test

Table 8 The carotenoid or subjects with intellectual disabilities and emotional disabilities

1) Traditional Korean Intake: Diet analyses from the second year 2008 of the 4th National Health and Nutrition Survey