Department of Food Science & Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea.
Copyright © 2012 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001)
2) Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
3) Pure alcohol intake (g/time) : a glass of Soju = 45 g, alcohol concentration in a glass of soju-20%, quantity of pure alcohol in a glass of Soju = 45 × 0.2 = 9 g
4) N (%)
5) The degree of usual activity
Stable status : almost lying down or spending a sedentary life
Light : a white-collar worker, a office manager, a technical worker, a housewife do light household cores or a worker in a similar position
Moderate : a housewife doing heavy household chores
Hard : who works in farming, fishing, civil engineering, building industry or something like this
Severe : a very heavy blue-collar worker such as transporting wooden or an athlete and so on.
Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001)
2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
3) BMI (kg/m2) = weight (kg)/height (m2), 4) ALT = Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L), GPT, 5) AST = Aspartate transminase, GOT (IU/L), 6) BUN = Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL), 7) HDL = low density lipoprotein, 8) LDL (low density lipoprotein) = Total cholesterol-HDL-cholesterol-Triglyceride/5, 9) Total cholesterol/HDL = Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, 10)
FBS = Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)
Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
1) N (%): by χ2-test among the income groups (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001)
2) N (%): by χ2-test between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001)
3) N (%): by χ2-test between normal and obesity in each income group (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group.
2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group.
2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group.
2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
3) N (%): †: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001, χ2-test
4) The subjects consuming below 75% EER (estimated energy requirement) and below EAR (estimated average requirement) in Ca, Fe, Vit A, riboflavin.
5) The subjects consuming over 125% EER and beyond optimal proportion of fat to energy.
Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001)
2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
Score: 3 times/day = 3.0, 2 times/day = 2.0, 1 time/day = 1.0, 4-6 times/week = 0.71, 2-3 times/week = 0.36, 1 time/week = 0.14, 2-3 times/month = 0.09, 1 time/month = 0.04, 6-11 times/year = 0.02, seldom = 0
Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
General characteristics of subjects
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001)
2) Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
3) Pure alcohol intake (g/time) : a glass of Soju = 45 g, alcohol concentration in a glass of soju-20%, quantity of pure alcohol in a glass of Soju = 45 × 0.2 = 9 g
4) N (%)
5) The degree of usual activity
Stable status : almost lying down or spending a sedentary life Light : a white-collar worker, a office manager, a technical worker, a housewife do light household cores or a worker in a similar position Moderate : a housewife doing heavy household chores Hard : who works in farming, fishing, civil engineering, building industry or something like this Severe : a very heavy blue-collar worker such as transporting wooden or an athlete and so on.
Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
Anthropometric measurement and biochemical factors of subjects
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001)
2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
3) BMI (kg/m2) = weight (kg)/height (m2), 4) ALT = Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L), GPT, 5) AST = Aspartate transminase, GOT (IU/L), 6) BUN = Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL), 7) HDL = low density lipoprotein, 8) LDL (low density lipoprotein) = Total cholesterol-HDL-cholesterol-Triglyceride/5, 9) Total cholesterol/HDL = Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, 10)
FBS = Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)
Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
Distribution of the subjects according to anthropometric measurement and biochemical factors of subjects
1) N (%): by χ2-test among the income groups (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001)
2) N (%): by χ2-test between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001)
3) N (%): by χ2-test between normal and obesity in each income group (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
Nutrient intakes of subjects
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group.
2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
Nutrient intakes per 1000kcal of subjects
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group.
2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
Proportion of nutrients intake of subjects
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group.
2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
3) N (%): †: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001, χ2-test
4) The subjects consuming below 75% EER (estimated energy requirement) and below EAR (estimated average requirement) in Ca, Fe, Vit A, riboflavin.
5) The subjects consuming over 125% EER and beyond optimal proportion of fat to energy.
Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
Food consumption frequency of subjects
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001)
2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
Score: 3 times/day = 3.0, 2 times/day = 2.0, 1 time/day = 1.0, 4-6 times/week = 0.71, 2-3 times/week = 0.36, 1 time/week = 0.14, 2-3 times/month = 0.09, 1 time/month = 0.04, 6-11 times/year = 0.02, seldom = 0
Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001) 2) Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001) 3) Pure alcohol intake (g/time) : a glass of Soju = 45 g, alcohol concentration in a glass of soju-20%, quantity of pure alcohol in a glass of Soju = 45 × 0.2 = 9 g 4) N (%) 5) The degree of usual activity
Stable status : almost lying down or spending a sedentary life Light : a white-collar worker, a office manager, a technical worker, a housewife do light household cores or a worker in a similar position Moderate : a housewife doing heavy household chores Hard : who works in farming, fishing, civil engineering, building industry or something like this Severe : a very heavy blue-collar worker such as transporting wooden or an athlete and so on. Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001) 2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001) 3) BMI (kg/m2) = weight (kg)/height (m2), 4) ALT = Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L), GPT, 5) AST = Aspartate transminase, GOT (IU/L), 6) BUN = Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL), 7) HDL = low density lipoprotein, 8) LDL (low density lipoprotein) = Total cholesterol-HDL-cholesterol-Triglyceride/5, 9) Total cholesterol/HDL = Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, 10) FBS = Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
1) N (%): by χ2-test among the income groups (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001) 2) N (%): by χ2-test between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001) 3) N (%): by χ2-test between normal and obesity in each income group (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001)
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group. 2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001) Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group. 2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001) Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group. 2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001) 3) N (%): †: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001, χ2-test 4) The subjects consuming below 75% EER (estimated energy requirement) and below EAR (estimated average requirement) in Ca, Fe, Vit A, riboflavin. 5) The subjects consuming over 125% EER and beyond optimal proportion of fat to energy. Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.
1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (†: p < 0.05, ††: p < 0.01, †††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (§: p < 0.05, §§: p < 0.01, §§§: p < 0.001) 2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ2-test, (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001) Score: 3 times/day = 3.0, 2 times/day = 2.0, 1 time/day = 1.0, 4-6 times/week = 0.71, 2-3 times/week = 0.36, 1 time/week = 0.14, 2-3 times/month = 0.09, 1 time/month = 0.04, 6-11 times/year = 0.02, seldom = 0 Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.