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Table 1

General characteristics of subjects

1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (^†: p < 0.05, ^††: p < 0.01, ^†††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (^§: p < 0.05, ^§§: p < 0.01, ^§§§: p < 0.001)

2) Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ²-test (^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001)

3) Pure alcohol intake (g/time) : a glass of Soju = 45 g, alcohol concentration in a glass of soju-20%, quantity of pure alcohol in a glass of Soju = 45 × 0.2 = 9 g

4) N (%)

5) The degree of usual activity

1. Stable status : almost lying down or spending a sedentary life

2. Light : a white-collar worker, a office manager, a technical worker, a housewife do light household cores or a worker in a similar position

3. Moderate : a housewife doing heavy household chores

4. Hard : who works in farming, fishing, civil engineering, building industry or something like this

5. Severe : a very heavy blue-collar worker such as transporting wooden or an athlete and so on.

Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.

Table 2

Anthropometric measurement and biochemical factors of subjects

1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (^†: p < 0.05, ^††: p < 0.01, ^†††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (^§: p < 0.05, ^§§: p < 0.01, ^§§§: p < 0.001)

2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ²-test, (^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001)

3) BMI (kg/m²) = weight (kg)/height (m²), 4) ALT = Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L), GPT, 5) AST = Aspartate transminase, GOT (IU/L), 6) BUN = Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL), 7) HDL = low density lipoprotein, 8) LDL (low density lipoprotein) = Total cholesterol-HDL-cholesterol-Triglyceride/5, 9) Total cholesterol/HDL = Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, 10)

FBS = Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)

Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.

Table 3

Distribution of the subjects according to anthropometric measurement and biochemical factors of subjects

1) N (%): by χ²-test among the income groups (^†: p < 0.05, ^††: p < 0.01, ^†††: p < 0.001)

2) N (%): by χ²-test between normal group and obesity group (^§: p < 0.05, ^§§: p < 0.01, ^§§§: p < 0.001)

3) N (%): by χ²-test between normal and obesity in each income group (^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001)

Table 4

Nutrient intakes of subjects

1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (^†: p < 0.05, ^††: p < 0.01, ^†††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group.

2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ²-test, (^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001)

Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.

Table 5

Nutrient intakes per 1000kcal of subjects

1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (^†: p < 0.05, ^††: p < 0.01, ^†††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group.

2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ²-test, (^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001)

Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.

Table 6

Proportion of nutrients intake of subjects

1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (^†: p < 0.05, ^††: p < 0.01, ^†††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: There were no significance between normal group and obesity group.

2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ²-test, (^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001)

3) N (%): ^†: p < 0.05, ^††: p < 0.01, ^†††: p < 0.001, χ²-test

4) The subjects consuming below 75% EER (estimated energy requirement) and below EAR (estimated average requirement) in Ca, Fe, Vit A, riboflavin.

5) The subjects consuming over 125% EER and beyond optimal proportion of fat to energy.

Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.

Table 7

Food consumption frequency of subjects

1) By two-way analysis, Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different among the income groups by DUNCAN's multiple range test (^†: p < 0.05, ^††: p < 0.01, ^†††: p < 0.001), Mean ± SE: Mean values are significantly different between normal group and obesity group (^§: p < 0.05, ^§§: p < 0.01, ^§§§: p < 0.001)

2) Mean ± SE: Mean values adjusted by age and sex are significantly different between normal and obesity in each income group by t-test or χ²-test, (^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001)

Score: 3 times/day = 3.0, 2 times/day = 2.0, 1 time/day = 1.0, 4-6 times/week = 0.71, 2-3 times/week = 0.36, 1 time/week = 0.14, 2-3 times/month = 0.09, 1 time/month = 0.04, 6-11 times/year = 0.02, seldom = 0

Means without a common letter (a, b, c) differ significantly among income groups.

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

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