Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Joung Won Lee

30 Articles

[English]
Recognition and use of Nutrition Labeling among Hamburger and Pizza Restaurant Consumers in Daejeon: Min Young Lee, Joung Won Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(2):227-238. Published online April 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.227

To investigate recognition and use of nutrition labeling on eating-out menus, self-recorded questionnaire was surveyed for 641 consumers who visited hamburger and pizza restaurants in Daejeon from May to July, 2010. Subjects were women of 51.3% and 92.9% aged 10s or 20s. Use frequency of hamburger and pizza restaurants was 2-3 times a month with 56.9%. Of subjects 41.0% knew nutrition labeling mandates of eating-out menus, 64.6% have seen nutrition labels of menus, and 44.5% read nutrition labels when purchasing. Among subjects who read nutrition labels, 67.0% (29.8% of total) referred to it when menu purchase and 60.4% (26.9% of total) experienced changing menu. The ratio of reading nutrition labels was different among gender, diet trial frequency and monthly eating-out cost. Reasons for not reading labels were "not interested in" or "never heard about" for 57.0%, and "not noticeable" for 28.7%. The ratio who read correctly all 3 pieces of information, such as calorie amount, daily value, and way of using daily value was 39.2%. Average number of correct reading was 2.13, which was different among gender, marital status, having children, diet trial frequency, monthly eating-out cost, the restaurants use frequency, and accompanying person. Many subjects wanted to be additionally provided with cholesterol and transfat. Therefore, practical and differentiated consumer educations considering consumer features are required for better nutrition labeling usage. Government's regulatory efforts and voluntary effort of eating-out companies, such as adding nutrients on labels and improving labeling places, are also necessary.

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A Franchise Hamburger Menu for University Students Determined by Identifying Selection Attributes Using Conjoint Analysis
Yu-Ni Choi, Sung-Suk Chung, Jeong-Ok Rho
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2022; 32(4): 250. CrossRef
A Study on the Association among Satisfaction of Nutrition Labeling, Change of Purchase Behaviors, and Dietary Life Care, based on the Awareness of Nutrition Labeling at Expressway Rest Areas
Jung-Eun Kong, Jin-Ah Moon, Jong-Wook Kim, Jeeyoung Yeon
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(6): 995. CrossRef
Recognition and Usage of Nutrition Labeling for Processed Foods and Restaurant Meals according to the Effort Level of Healthy Dietary Behavior in 5th Grade Elementary School Girls
Jin-Ah Moon, Jung-Eun Kong, Gui-Im Moon, Baeg-Won Kang, Jee-Young Yeon
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(5): 849. CrossRef
How nutrition information frame affects parents’ perceptions of restaurants: The moderating role of information credibility
Kiwon Lee, Youngmi Lee, Sooyoun Kwon
International Journal of Hospitality Management.2015; 46: 112. CrossRef
Consumption and Perception of High Caloric, Low Nutrient Dense Foods by Middle School Students in Daegu
Hyeon-Suk Kang, Nan-Hee Lee, Eun-Ju Lee, Sung-Hee Cho
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2012; 18(3): 234. CrossRef

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[English]
Nutritional Status and Eating Behavior of Lactating Women in Daejeon: Jisun Kim, Myung Soon Park, Joung Won Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):37-50. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.1.37

Abstract PDF PubReader

Nutrients intake status of 73 lactating women, that is 45 breast feeding (BF), 13 formula feeding (FF) and 15 mixed feeding (MF), living in Daejeon was investigated. Self-recorded food intakes for two weekdays and eating behaviors using questionnaires were surveyed from May to August 2008. Subjects aged 29.2 +/- 3.4 years and their infants aged 8.2 +/- 3.2 months. Body mass index of the subjects was 21.0 +/- 3.2. Of the subjects 23.3% were employed. Daily energy intake was 1953 +/- 391 kcal. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.77 +/- 0.14 and was higher in FF (0.86 +/- 0.13) than in BF (0.76 +/- 0.11) and MF (0.72 +/- 0.18). Nutrients that over 50% of the subjects took less than estimated average requirement were vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C and calcium. And index of nutritional qualities of those 5 nutrients were below one Forty six and sixths percent (46.6%) of the subjects showed GMFVD = 11111 pattern of five food group intakes and 57.5% took meals three times daily, 56.2% skipped often breakfast, and 64.4% dined out two times and more per week. Subjects having lower MAR (< 0.72, n = 24), compared with those having higher MAR (> or = 0.83, n = 24), showed more skipping daily meals and less frequency of eating-out, and took less legumes, vegetables, fishes, and milk. As the results, intakes of calcium, vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, and vitamin C were insufficient in lactating women, especially in BF and MF mothers. Meal skipping and low intakes of dairy foods, legumes, vegetables, and fishes might have adverse influences on nutritional status of lactating women. Accordingly, nutrition care program for lactating women should be focused on intake of three meals daily and a variety of food.

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A comparative study on nutritional knowledge and dietary behavior between Korean and Chinese postpartum women
Sohyun Kim, Heewon L Gray, Jia Li, Haeryun Park, Youngmi Lee, Kyunghee Song
Nutrition Research and Practice.2019; 13(6): 535. CrossRef
Nutrient Composition and Content of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements and Their Appropriateness for Pregnant and Lactating Women in Korea
Young-Hee Han, Jeong-Hyeon Seo, Gu-Rum Shin, Ju-Young Shin, Ye-Young Jo, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(4): 341. CrossRef
Development of Education Materials as a Card News Format for Nutrition Management of Pregnant and Lactating Women
Young-Hee Han, Jung Hyun Kim, Min Jun Lee, Taeksang Yoo, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(3): 248. CrossRef
The Association between Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults
So-Won Chung, Sung-Goo Kang, Jun-Seung Rho, Ha-Na Kim, In-Sun Song, Yun-Ah Lee, Soo-Jeong Heo, Sang-Wook Song
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2013; 34(6): 420. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of Frequent Eating-out and Breakfast Skipping on Body Mass Index and Nutrients Intake of Working Male Adults: Analysis of 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey Data: Joung Won Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(6):789-797. Published online December 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: In order to investigate the effects of frequent eating-out and breakfast skipping of working men on body mass index and nutrients intake status, working male adults aged 20 or over were selected (n = 1883) from the data of 2001 Korea national health and nutrition survey. The subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the eating-out frequency(high: once or more daily, low: less than once daily) and breakfast eating or not. Four groups were high eating-out with breakfast eating (n = 609), high eating-out with breakfast skipping (n = 192), low eating-out with breakfast eating (n = 877), and low eatingout with breakfast skipping (n = 205). High eating-out group showed higher body mass index (BMI) than low eating-out group, but the difference of BMI was disappeared when adjusted with age, residence region and family income. However high eating-out group in case of breakfast eating, compared with the low eating-out, showed higher intakes or densities of energy, fat, fat-energy% and higher ratio of energy-fat overintake, and also showed higher mean nutritional adequacy ratio and lower ratio of nutrients intake deficiency. Calcium, iron, vitamin A and C intakes were not affected by eating-out frequency, but were lowered by breakfast skipping. Breakfast skipping also decreased intake frequency of unprocessed cereals and increased those of ramyon and carbonated and alcoholic beverages. From the results frequent eating-out with breakfast eating caused increased intakes of energy and fat, but did not cause BMI increase. Breakfast skipping, but not eating-out, had negative influences on mineral and vitamin intakes. Accordingly good eating-out as well as breakfast eating should be exceedingly emphasized at nutrition education for the working males.

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[English]
A Study on Actual Conditions and Needs of Breastfeeding Education for Pregnant Women in Health Centers: Joung Won Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(6):818-828. Published online December 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate actual conditions and needs on breastfeeding education for pregnant women in health centers for the development of a breastfeeding educational program. The questionnaires were mailed to 245 health centers and 148 (60.4%) questionnaires were returned. 91% of the health centers had breastfeeding education for pregnant women. 66% of them operated breastfeeding education as one part of other health programs. About 76% of supervisors and 64% of educators were the nurses. The teaching methods frequently used were lectures (30.5%), giving out booklets and leaflets (22.6%), demonstration and practice (21.5%), personal counseling (13.3%), and others. The teaching materials used were materials of outside speakers (39.7%), materials of development oneself (19.0%), materials of academic association or institute (14.8%), and others. The subjects which educators taught were the benefits of breastfeeding (16.7%), breastfeeding techniques (15.8%), caring for breasts before and after delivery (15.1%), nutritional management for lactating women (14.2%), coping strategies for the difficult situation of breastfeeding (13.3%), and others. Those were different from each other according to the educators' general characteristics. Success factors of education were increased motivation for breastfeeding (52.8%), practice (22.6%), professional's lecture (11.3%) and others. The failure factors of education were the ineffectiveness of the lecture method (69.2%), lack of education for supporters (15.4%) and lack of standardized education (15.4%). The most important barrier of education was the lack of a standardized breastfeeding educational programs (43.9%). The most effective teaching methods that educators thought were demonstration and practice (24.0%). The educators thought they need the tools and space for practice (28.2%), a standardized breastfeeding educational program (26.9%), and the human resources (24.4%) for effective education. Subjects that educators thought important for education were the breastfeeding techniques, benefits of breastfeeding, caring for breasts before and after delivery, nutritional management for lactating women, coping strategies for the difficult situation of breastfeeding, rooming system after delivery, ways to assess mother's milk quantity, introducing successful cases of breastfeeding in rank order. To promote the effectiveness of breastfeeding education, standardized breastfeeding educational programs, diverse teaching materials, space and tools, and human resources are needed.

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[English]
A Comparative Study on the Nutritional Status of the Families with Working Housewives and with Non-working Ones: Analysis of 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey Data: Joung Won Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(5):610-619. Published online October 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: In order to investigate if the employment of housewives may affect the nutritional status of their family members, an analysis was made for the data of 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition survey. Housewives aged 20 or over were divided into two groups of the working (W, 44.3%) and the non-working (NW, 55.7%), and household income levels were divided into 4 groups of low, middle, high, and high above according to the minimum cost of living in the year of 2001. Nutrient intakes were assessed by using dietary recommended intakes for Koreans of 2005. Working housewives showed similar levels to those of non-working housewives in most nutrients intakes except energy and vitamin C. However their families excluding housewives of W, than those of NW, took less protein, calcium, iron, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C when assessed as % of recommended intakes and took more sodium. Such differences were very strong in children and adolescents, and in the middle income households. More % of the families of W than those of NW consumed nutrients below the estimated average requirements. Percents of hypertension classified by both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher in adult family members of W than in those of NW. This tendency seemed to be more significant in the family members aged 30 to 49. Both obesity and under-weight rates of school children (7~12 yrs) in W were higher than those in NW. The above resuIts suggested that employment of housewives could have negative influences on the nutritional status of their family members, especially of their children and in the middle income class.

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[English]
Nutrient Intakes Differences of the People Living Near the Nuclear Plant by the Household Income Level: Hye Sang Lee, Joung Won Lee, Wan Soo Kim, Dong Yean Park, Kyeong Hee Yu, Myoung Soon Park, Joo Han Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(2):207-215. Published online April 30, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to measure and evaluate the food and nutrient intakes of the people living near the nuclear plant and to investigate the relationship between the household income level and the food and nutrient intake patterns. A total of 552 cases (263 males and 289 females) were surveyed during the period from April 1 to December 21 of 2005. Dietary intake was measured by means of the 24-hour recall method. The data were analyzed using SPSS Windows (ver. 14.0). The household income level of the subjects was classified into two groups : Low income group (LIG; < or = 2,000,000 won) and high income group (HIG; > 2,000,000). The subjects at large had less energy and nutrient intakes than did the population in town and village who participated in the 2005 National Health and Nutrition Survey. The intake of calcium, zinc, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin C, and folic acid was less than the Estimated Average Requirement in case of 50~95% of the subjects. The LIG consumed less beans, vegetables, fruits, meats, and beverages than did the HIG in male, while the LIG consumed less eggs and beverages than did the HIG in female. The LIG consumed less nutrients than did the HIG in male, except for carbohydrate, while the LIG consumed less nutrients including zinc, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folic acid than did the HIG in female. In addition, the LIG had higher percentage energy consumption from carbohydrate. These results suggest that higher food and nutrient intake is associated with higher income.

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[English]
Glycemic Index Lowering Effects of Breads Supplemented with Resistant Starch, Whole Rye Grain and Fructooligosaccharide: Min A Park, Joung Won Lee, Mal Shick Shin, Sun Yung Ly; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(2):189-197. Published online April 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: Low glycemic index (GI) foods have been reported to be very important in the control of blood glucose levels in diseases such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, which are becoming more prevalent in Korea. Bread consumption at breakfast and as a snack is also on the rise. To provide low GI alternatives, breads supplemented with dietary fibersfructooligosaccharide (FOS), ground whole rye, and 2 types of resistance starch (RS2 and RS4)-were developed. The GIs for these breads were evaluated with 13 healthy college students (M6, F7) and sensory tests were done. Four kinds of breads were made through the modification of a basic recipe for white bread (the control, B) as follows: for Bf, the entire amount of sugar was replaced with FOS. For Ryef, 50% of the white wheat flower was replaced with roughly ground wholerye (20 mesh: 12-20 mesh = 1 : 3) in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. For RS2f and RS4f, 20% of the white wheat flower was replaced with RS2 or RS4, in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. The overall preference score of Bf was similar to that of B, while those of Ryef, RS2f and RS4f were lower than that of B, but showed the acceptable degree of the overall preference. The glycemic indices of Ryef and RS2f were 46.1 and 45.9 respectively, which were significantly lower than the GI of B, 67.8. The GIs of Bf and RS4f were, however, 66.7 and 80.5 respectively, showing no significant difference compared to B. The glycemic loads for a 30 g serving were 9.5, 5.9, 6.2, 11.0 and 9.0 for B, Bf, Ryef, RS2f and RS4f, respectively. In conclusion, addition of RS2 or roughly ground whole rye to the dough formula significantly lowered the GI. Since the preferences shown for those two breads were acceptable, they may be recommended as a substitute for white bread for persons who need blood glucose management. More studies on the bread making process are required to improve preference and acceptance. Although GI lowering effects for F and RS4 were not found in this study, further studies are needed to verify their effects.

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[English]
Beverage Consumption and Related Factors among Adolescents in the Chungnam Urban Area: Bok Sun Kang, Myoung Soon Park, Young Sun Cho, Joung Won Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(4):469-478. Published online August 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: In order to investigate the adolescent's beverage drinking pattern and its related ecological factors, a questionnaire survey was conducted with the subjects of 920 middle and high-school students, 450 boys and 470 girls, residing in 4 cities of the Chungnam area. Of the subjects 65% liked, or liked very much, beverages and only 3.7% did not like beverages. They drank beverages 4.3 +/- 4.0 times a week on average, but 10.4% of them drank beverages more than twice a day. Male students drank more frequently than the females. The intake frequency of carbonated drinks was 1.7 +/- 2.3 a week, which was about 40% of the total beverages. However, more students drank mainly ion beverages (33.6%) than carbonated drinks (28.7%). As the students took more balanced food and ate more regularly, their beverage drinking frequency decreased and those taking carbonated drinks also tended to decrease. The more frequent the students took fast food, the more frequent they drank carbonated beverages. The drinking frequencies for beverages or carbonated beverages were also less in students eating cooked rice with sidedishes as breakfast than in students eating others. The drinking frequency for carbonated drinks showed significant correlations with the students' activities such as the time spent using computers and watching TV got longer, the drinking frequency for soft drinks was also higher. When nutritional knowledge was higher, drinking frequency for carbonated drinks got lower. In conclusion, to make the adolescents improve their attitudes toward drinking beverages and to prevent excessive drinking of carbonated drinks, they should be educated not only on the nutritional knowledge and the proper intake of beverages, but also on good dietary habits including balance, regularity, and types of meals. Proper snacking and fast food consumption also should be taught. Since ion beverages were taken more frequently than carbonated drinks among adolescents, further study is recommended on the impact of excessive intake of ion beverages.

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[English]
Effect of Nutrition-Related Education on the Acceptance of TV Food Advertisement in Middle School Students: Hae Ran Ko, Myoung Soon Park, Mi Young Song, Joung Won Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(1):108-115. Published online February 28, 2006

Abstract PDF: This study was to investigate the effect of the education about general nutrition knowledge on the acceptance of TV food advertisements in adolescents. Twenty hours of nutrition related education in home economics classes were done during 3 months, to conveniently selected 784 first grade middle school students living in large and small cities and rural areas of Chungnam Province. The education effects were evaluated through questionnaire surveys before and after the education and their comparative analysis. Average TV watching time was 2.92 +/- 1.66 hours per day, which was about one hour longer on weekends. Nearly half of the subjects watched TV mainly after 9 PM. After nutrition education, nutrition knowledge scores of total subjects were significantly increased from 7.73 +/- 2.16 to 10.25 +/- 2.51 with a full score of 16. Food attitude and food habit scores also significantly increased from 32.45 +/- 4.65 (full score 50) to 33.93 +/- 4.68 and from 36.20 +/- 5.70 to 37.29 +/- 5.87, respectively. The general acceptance of TV food advertisements scored 25.25 +/- 4.44 (full score 40) before education and 26.90 +/- 4.55 after education, which was significantly raised by the education. Acceptance scores of TV food advertisements showed significant positive relationships with the scores of nutrition knowledge, food attitudes, and food habits. In addition, TV watching time had negative relationships with nutrition knowledge, food attitudes, and food habits scores, but not with acceptance score of TV food advertisements. The above results suggested that school-based nutrition education improved slightly but significantly the attitude of accepting TV food advertisements maybe through increasing nutrition knowledge and making food attitudes and habits better. Nutrition education focused on the evaluation and acceptance of food advertisements are further needed to improve the TV food advertisement acceptance of adolescents.

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[English]
Food and Nutrient Consumption Patterns of the Korean Adult Population by Income Level - 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey: Bok Hee Kim, Joung Won Lee, Yoonna Lee, Haeng Shin Lee, Young Ai Jang, Cho il Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):952-962. Published online December 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: To explore the relationship between economic status and food and nutrient intake patterns, the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey result was analyzed. Dietary intake data of 6,978 Korean adults of 20 years and older who participated in the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey were used along with their demographic data. Economic status of the subjects was classified into the following 4 groups based on the self-reported average monthly income of household with reference to the minimum monthly living expenses (MLE) in 2001: low<100% MLE < or = middle<200% MLE < or = high<300% MLE < or = higher. Individuals in the higher income class had significantly higher mean intake for most of the nutrients including energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C, and a higher percentage of energy intake from fat. In addition, they consumed more animal foods including meats, eggs, fish/shellfish, milk/dairy products and fats. On the other hand, the mean intakes of individuals in the lower economic class for calcium, vitamin A, and riboflavin were lower than 75% of RDAs. And, there was a predominant difference in contribution of fat to total energy intake among the groups of different economic status. These results showed that household income is an important factor influencing the food and nutrient intake patterns of the Korean adult population. Although individuals at different age classes may respond differently to a change in economic status, developing and implementing nutrition policy and intervention programs for those nutritionally vulnerable groups should consider the economic status as an important factor to customize and differentiate the content of the program.

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[English]
Effects of School-based Nutrition Education for Korean Food Guide on Food Intake Frequency of Adolescents: Joung Sook Kim, Myoung Soon Park, Young Sun Cho, Joung Won Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(5):582-591. Published online October 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nutrition education about the Korean food guide to middle school students on food intake measured by food frequency. Three hundred first graders were sampled from two coeducational middle schools located in the small city of Chungnam area, and divided into 167 (74 boys, 93 girls) education groups of one school and 133 (70 boys, 63 girls) non education groups of the other school. Nutrition education was given to the education group for a total of 16 hours and no education to the non education group during the same period. After education, average nutrition knowledge scores of education group increased from 6.40 +/- 2.17 to 6.81 +/- 1.56 significantly, especially boys with a high range of increase and girls no increase. Dietary habit scores improved significantly from 46.2 +/- 6.5 to 49.1 +/- 6.2 in both boys and girls of education group. Of the knowledge and dietary habits, ability of choosing a balanced meal, biased eating to some food, and taking diverse foods at every meal improved significantly in education group. In non education group no significant increases of either nutrition knowledge scores and dietary habit scores were shown. In addition education group showed significant increases after education, in the intake frequencies of rice noodle loaf bread, kimchi, green and yellow vegetables, and soybean soybean curds by 0.27, 0.23, 0.40 and 0.32 servings per day, compared with non education group. These changes were greater in girls than in boys. According to these results, it can be concluded that nutrition education about the Korean food guide improved effectively not only student's nutrition knowledge and dietary habits, but also healthy food intake ability. It is necessary to prepare long-term and continuous school-based nutrition education programs for the students to get into a habit of healthy food intake.

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[English]
A Study of the Frequency of Food Purchase for Snacking and Its Related Ecological Factors on Elementary School Children: Seock Ah Kang, Joung Won Lee, Kyeung Eun Kim, Jae Ok Koo, Dong Yean Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(4):453-463. Published online August 31, 2004

Abstract PDF: In order to investigate food purchase frequency of elementary school children and its related ecological factors, 4314th, 5th and 6th grade elementary school children and their mothers, living in Seoul and Daejon, small city and rural area of Chungnam Province, were participated in this study. The subjects and their parents were surveyed by a selfrecording questionnaire about food purchase frequency and some ecological factors. Average height and weight of the subjects by gender and grade were similar to or a little bit more than the 1998 Korean Growth Standard. According to relative body weight, 30.6% and 10.8% of the subjects belonged to under-weight and obesity categories, respectively. Of the subjects, 46.9% used PC telecommunication or internet, 53.8% of them used it for less than an hour per day, and 46.4% watched TV for 2 to 4 hours a day. About 42% of the subjects spent 500 Won or less daily to buy snacks. A half of the subjects took snacks once a day because of hunger. Mothers' nutrition knowledge score was averagely 8.16 out of 13 full score and the average attitude score was 43.22 out of 50 full score. Foods purchased more than once a week were milk and yoghurt, cookies, ice-cream, ramyun, and gum in order. Family income, parents' education level, mothers' nutrition knowledge and food attitude score, students' snacking frequency and TV watching time showed significant correlations with purchase frequencies of some individual food items. In conclusion, the elementary school children considered taste most important rather than nutrition in buying snacks and most frequently bought carbohydrate foods and concentrated sugars except milk. Ecological factors such as mothers' nutritional knowledge and food attitude, TV watching time and snacking frequency had influenced the children's food purchase frequency. Accordingly, it is necessary to educate both children and their mothers about good food purchase and the importance of snacking.

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[English]
Frequency of Instant Noodle (Ramyeon) Intake and Food Value Recognition, and their Relationship to Blood Lipid Levels of Male Adolescents in Rural Area: Joung Won Lee, Yeon Ho Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(4):485-494. Published online August 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: In order to investigate the ramyeon intake patterns, food value recognition, and their effects on blood pressure and blood lipid levels, a total of 385 male students aged 13-15 years living in rural area were sampled randomly, and they were surveyed using questionnaire. Blood pressure and fasting serum lipids levels of 123 subjects selected among the total were determined. Of the total subjects 80.3% either liked or liked very much ramyeon and 42.2% of them were eating ramyeon from 1 to 2 times a week,21.1% 5-6 times a week, while 11.7% more than once a day, and 13.1% less than once a month. They took ramyeon from one (56.8%) to two (25.4%) packs each time. Two-third of subjects consumed entire ramyeon soup or more than half of it. Mostly they added egg or onion to ramyeon and took along with kimchi, cooked rice, danmuji, or dried laver. The food value recognition score about ramyeon was 41.33 out of 100 full grade. Comparing to underweight or normal weight subjects, overweight students tended to take ramyeon more frequently when playing with friends and tended to consume less soup of ramyeon. There was a significant negative correlation between ramyeon intake frequencies and HDL-cholesterol levels (r=-.223 p < .05). Moreover, among the normal body weight students (n=72) adjusted with relative weight, ramyeon intake frequencies showed not only a significant negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol level (r=-.244 p < .05), but also significant positive correlations with atherogenic index (r: .249 p < .05) and systolic blood pressure (r: .259 p < .05) . These results suggested that frequent intake of ramyeon with limited sidedishes as a whole meal might have negative influences on blood pressure and serum lipid levels. Nutrition education is needed to have correct food value recognition and proper consumption of ramyeon along with the balanced diet.

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[English]
A Needs Assessment to Develop Website Contents on Nutritional Information and Counseling for Teenagers: Joung Won Lee, Jung Sook Seo, Kyeung Eun Kim, Sun Yung Ly; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(5):664-674. Published online October 31, 2002

Abstract PDF: A survey was conducted to investigate the current status of utilization of cyber nutritional information for teenagers and the reason for their need of such website content. In the four cities of Seoul, Daejeon, Gwangju and Daegu, in September and October, 2000, 1262 secondary school students were randomly selected. Survey results are summarized as follows: The participants searched for nutritional information by means of internet/PC communication for 137.0 +/- 100.6 (Mean +/- S.D.) minutes per day, mainly for the purpose of playing games, entertainment, chatting, or doing homework. Of the participants, 4.5% searched for nutritional information by means of internet/PC communication primarily for doing homework, and secondarily for reasons related to their own health or diet. Their satisfaction levels with the web sites used to obtain nutritional information was average. Needs assessments regarding the content of the web sites and the screen design showed that the teenagers wanted simple, clearly explained content, current information, easy access, less complicated screens and more use of characters. Only 8.1% of the participants had received nutritional counseling by means of internet/PC communication and 91% of them used it less than once a month, showing the very low utilization of nutritional counseling. The teenagers' main reasons for using nutritional counseling were related to their homework or diets, and their satisfaction levels regarding the counseling were below average. Poorly understood answers, and slow responses were mentioned. They had high interests in 'Diet for better growth,' 'Acne and diet,' 'Dental health and diet,' and 'Adolescent development'. These topics are mostly related to appearance. In conclusion, it is necessary to provide for teenagers, on nutritional information web sites, simple and well organized information, including simple graphics and characters, appropriate for their gender and age, as well as counseling sites offering kind and satisfying responses.

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[English]
Development of a Simple Evaluation Questionnaire for Screening the Dietary Patterns of Overweight Young Adults: Young Sook Park, Joung Won Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(5):675-685. Published online October 31, 2002

Abstract PDF: A study was performed to develop as a screening tool, the Simple Evaluation Questionnaire for screening Overweight Dietary Patterns in people in their 20's. We used the data from the 20 to 29 year old subjects who participated in the three surveys: the health behavior survey, the dietary habit survey and the food intake survey - as part of the National Health and Nutrition Survey of 1998. The 1,493 adults were classified into two body fatness groups, that of normal (including the underweight), and the overweight (including the obese) on the basis of their relative body weight (RBW). When comparing general variables between the two groups, significant differences (11 variables) were found in gender, sadness/depression state, stress level, age, number of diseases, age when overweightedness started, maximum body weight, sleep length, presently a smoker, everyday smoking habits, number of alcoholic drinks in the past month, and the number of alcoholic drinks when drunk, as well as snacking frequency and fatty food consumption. There were significant differences between the two groups in the three variables of daily soup/kuk, pan fried fish/meat/poultry and cooked fish paste/ham/dried squid in terms of cooked food intake, and 11 variables of food size, cooked rice, stews, vegetables and kimchi at breakfast, panfried foods and beverage/teas at lunch, cooked rice and stews (liquid) at dinner, cooked fish paste/ham/dried squid at snacks and cooked fishpaste/ham/dried squid at snack between lunch and dinner. In terms of raw food intake, we observed significant differences (8 variables) in daily food intake and grains, grains/vegetables/fishes (shellfish) at breakfast, meat at lunch and milk at snack after dinner. After developing questions with indicators and analyzing the indicators by logistic regression analysis using 34 variables, including these 33, plus eating-out frequency, we chose 10 questions for the simple evaluation of dietary patterns for the overweight category, in order to give each one point each. Among them we assigned an additional point to one question and two points to another question. The average scores of the overweight and normal groups, as shown by the questionnaire developed, were 5.97 +/- 2.36 and 7.36 +/- 2.21, respectively. A score of seven points was selected as the cut-off point. We examined the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the questionnaire to the results of 49.3%, 75.4% and 68.8%, respectively. The total score categorized as an overweight dietary pattern was 30.2%.

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[English]
The Development of a Simple Evaluation Questionnaire for Screening the Overweight-type Dietary Pattern in 30 to 49 Year Old Adults: Young Sook Park, Jae La Han, Joung Won Lee, Han Suk Cho, Jaeok Koo, Joung Hee Kim, Jin Sook Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(4):495-505. Published online August 31, 2002

Abstract PDF: A study was performed to develop as a screening tool the Simple Evaluation Questionnaire for Screening the Overweight-type Dietary Pattern in 30 to 49 Year Old Adults. We used the data from the 30 to 49 year old subjects who participated in the three surveys - the health behavior survey, the dietary habit survey and the food intake survey - as the National Health and Nutrition Survey 1998. The 3,598 adults were classified into to two body fatness groups of normal (including underweight) and overweight (including obese) on the basis of their relative body weight (RBW). When comparing variables between the two groups, significant differences were found in gender, education, job, employment status, perceived health status, sadness / depression state, stress level, age, number of diseases, age when overweigh-tedness started, maximum body weight, sleep length, drinking pattern (yes / no), amount of alcoholic drinks, frequency of intoxication or drunkeness, amount of alcoholic drinks when drunk, intensity of exercise, frequency of exercise, exercise duration, skipped meals, small meals and drug supplements. In terms of food intake, there were significant differences in the daily food intake in terms of breakfast, dinner, daily kimchi and dairy products. In terms of mealtimes, we found differences in the amount of cooked rice at breakfast, kimchi at lunch, soup / kuk at dinner, fresh vegetables for snacks, fried foods for snacks between breakfast and lunch, and fruits / juices for snacks between lunch and dinner. After developing questions with indicators and analyzing the indicators by logistic regression analysis three times, we chose 10 questions for a simple evaluation of dietary patterns for the overweight-type category in order to give one point each. Among them we selected two questions to add one additional point and one question to add two additional points. The average scores of the overweight and normal groups, as shown by the developed questionnaire, were 5.97 +/-2.36 and 7.36 +/-2.21, respectively. A score of seven points was selected as the cut-off point. We examined the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the questionnaire to the results of 67%, 59% and 62%, respectively.

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[English]
Characteristic Analysis of Internet nutrition Counseling Served by the Korean Society of Community Nutrition: Joung Won Lee, Sun Yung Ly, Kyeung Eun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(1):86-91. Published online February 28, 2002

Abstract PDF: An analysis for a period of 15 months (from September 2000 to November 2001), of the nutrition counseling internet site, "Dietnet" served by the Korean Society of Community Nutrition, showed the following results. Nutrition counseling was conducted without charge by 50 professionals, including professors in the food and nutritional areas, medical doctors, and dietitians. Counselees consisted of mostly females under 30 years of age. Although two thirds of the users of this site asked questions anonymously, they were very sincere. They asked questions mostly related to their own concerns, but there were quite a few inquiries about their parents or grandparents. There were significant differences in the counseling contents depending on the ages of the counselees. Teenagers showed the highest interest in height growth and weight control, whereas people in their twenties were mostly interested in diseases, foods, and weight control. Those over the thirty made inquiries mostly about diseases. The most frequent questions were relevant to gastrointestinal, circulatory and hepatic diseases. As indicated above, counseling questions included of a variety of both comprehensive and specific questions. There were also quite a few questions related to decisions on the correct usage of specific foods. Therefore, we recommend that more professionals, such as food science majors, medical doctors who practice western and oriental medicine, and other professionals who specialize in psychological behaviors related to weight control and infant food habits be recruited to serve the site more effectively and intensively. In light of the further need for internet sites with nutrition counseling and delivery of nutritional information to the public, nutritionists capable of managing websites are also required.

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[English]
Seasonal and Regional Variations in Nutrient Intakes of Korean Adolescents as Assessed as 3-Day Dietary Records: Wha Jin Hyun, Joung Won Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(4):592-603. Published online October 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: Seasonal variations of nutrient intake ware evaluated through a 3-day dietary records in 196 Korean adolescents(86 males, 108 females) aged 13 - 15 years and living in urban and rural areas of Chungnam. The seasonal differences of nutrient intake were tested by repealed measure ANOVA. Comparing nutrient intakes among flour seasons using repealed measure ANOVA, mean values of daily intakes were higher in winter and autumn for most nutrients, and were the lowest in summer in the urban areas and in spring in rural areas. Girls recieved the largest amount of nutrients, except Ca and vitamin B/sub 12/, in winter and the lowest amount in summer, while in boys significant differences were not observed among the four seasons for meet nutrients, except fats, Mg, and vitamin E. Interestingly, the seasonal differences for many nutrients were more evident in rural areas than in urban areas. Vitamin A intake in urban areas was higher in winter and spring, while in rural oreas, in summer. Mean values of daily intakes as a percent of the RDA throughout the year in boys and girls ware 82.2% and 84.2% for energy and 88.9% and 82.7% for protein, respectively. Ca and vitamin A intakes were as low as 32.4% and 24.2% of the RDA in boys and 39.7% and 30.6% in girls. Intakes of Fe, Zn, folic acid and vitamin B/sub 12/ ranged from 40 - 60% of the RDA. The nutrients which showed the largest seasonal difference in the percent of RDA were vitamin E in boys and vitamin C, vitamin E, and Fe in girls. The index of nutritional quality(INQ) for Fe was significantly lower in autumn in both genders. The INQ for vitamin C in girls of both areas was much higher in winter. Annual mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality, ranged from 0.57 - 0.69, which was higher in winter than in other seasons. Conclusively, nutrient intakes of Korean adolescents showed seasonal variations, particularly in girls and in rural area. Thus, seasonal variations should be considered in the assessing nutritional status, particularly ill the rural areas of Korea.

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[English]
Factors Influencing Food Consumption by Food Frequency Qustionnaire of University Students in Taejon: Mee Sook Lee, Joung Won Lee, Mee Kyung Woo; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(2):172-181. Published online May 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to analyze the foods which 424(male 171, female 253) university students surveyed consumed frequently and to evaluate and the factors affecting their food consumption patterns. The survey was conducted at the beginning of nutrition courses each semester, March and September, 1998, with the questionnaire composed of general information, food, drinking and smoking habits, nutrition knowledge/attitude and food frequency questionnaire. The rates of alcohol drinking in male and female students were 89.2% and 78.1% respectively, and the rates of smoking were 68.1% and 1.6% in males and female. The nutrition knowledge score was higher in females than in males, but the nutrition attitude score was not significantly different between the male and female groups. The foods frequently consumed among students were cooked rice(14.3/week), kimchi(11.1/week), coffee(5.7/week), vegetables in soup, jjigae and jorim(3.5/week), carbonated beverages(3.3/week), cooked mixed rice(3.2/week). Ramyun and chocolate candies biscuits were frequently consumed, too. There were several factors influencing food consumption patterns. These were gender, regularity of mealtimes, the status of alcohol drinking and smoking, residence type and the levels of nutrition knowledge and attitude. Males ate more frequently cooked rice, coffee, carbonated beverages, ramyun, functional beverages and ham sausage, while females ate more frequently cooked mixed rice and fruits. Those who had the habits of irregular mealtimes seemed to eat more soft drinks, instant foods and snacks. These trends were also found in the alcohol drinking and smoking groups. High level groups for nutrition knowledge of attitude score chose raw yellow green and green vegetables, cooked mixed rice, soybeans and seaweeds more frequently than the other groups. On the other hand, low level groups for nutrition knowledge or attitude score were apt to eat carbonated beverages and ramyun more frequently. Therefore, more attention should be taken to males, having habits of irregular mealtimes, alcohol drinking and smoking, and low level groups for nutrition knowledge or attitude score so as to improve their health.

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[English]
Development of a Simple Screening Test for Identifying Korean Elderly at Risk of Undernutrition: Ki Nam Kim, Taisun Hyun, Joung Won Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(3):475-483. Published online September 30, 2000

Abstract PDF: The develop a simple screening test for identifying Korean elderly at risk of undernutrition, the data of the health-related habits, dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes of the elderly in Chongju were analyzed. Two risk indicators, mean adequacy ratio (MAR) and the respondents perceived health, were used to detect the undernutrition risk of the elderly. In order to select a list of questions for the test, factors a affecting nutritional status and items investigated in previous nutrition surveys of the elderly were considered, and 21 questions were primarily selected. A multiple regression and stepwise regression analysis were used to take out the weak predictors of poor nutrient intake, and to give item weights to the strong predictors, and a list of 17 questions was finally adopted. To determine the cut-point of the test score, sensitivity, and positive predictive values were calculated. The Simple Screening Test developed in this study is a brief, easily scored tool to predict poor nutrient intake and the perceived health status of the elderly. The test may provide a basis of further comprehensive nutritional assessment or intervention planning, if necessary, for those who are diagnosed ad "high risk". The test, however, needs to be independently validated by other groups of individuals.

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[English]
The Effects of Smoking and Alcohol Drinking on Nutritional Status and Eating Habits in Adult Males: Chung Shil Kwak, Joung Won Lee, Wha Jin Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(2):161-171. Published online July 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking and/or alcohol drinking on the nutrient intake, nutritional status, and eating habits of adult males. The subjects were 157 male adults aged 20-49 living in Daejon. Interviews with questionaire on smoking and alcohol drinking habits and eating habits, anthropometric measurement, biochemical blood test, and dietary assessment by one-day 24 hour recall and two-day diet record were carried out. The subjects were divided into four groups : control (non-smoking and non-drinking), drinking only, smoking only, and the both(drinking and smoking). The average numbers of smoked cigarettes were 17.8/d and 19.1/d in the smoking only group and the both group, respectively. The frequency of alcohol drinking was 8.3 times/month and 11.6 times/month in the drinking only group and the both group, respectively. Height was significantly higher(P 0.05) in the drinking only group than in the none and smoking only groups, while the other anthropometric indices were not different among the four groups. There were positive correlations between smoking and drinking or coffee intake. Alcohol drinking increased eating-out frequency and the intakes of energy, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin A, B1, B/sub 6/, Fe and P, while smoking decreased snack frequency and intakes of energy, protein and vitamin B/sub 6/. Blood pressure was not changed in the smoking only and drinking only groups compared to the none group, while systolic blood pressure was elevated in both group(P 0.05). Alcohol drinking significantly elevated(P 0.05) serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholestrol level, while smoking did not change the serum lipid and cholesterol levels. Hemoglobin nd MCHC levels were significantly elevated(P 0.05) by smoking. From these data, it is suggested that both smoking and drinking have influence on some eating habits and nutrient intakes, and especially alcohol drinking can induce hypercholesterolemia.

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[English]
Nutrient Intakes and Health-related Behaviors of the Elderly in Rural Area: Young Sook Park, Sun Kim, Ki Soon Park, Joung Won Lee, Ki Nam Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(1):37-45. Published online March 31, 1999

Abstract PDF: A study about health status of the elderly in rural area was performed with 110 home-bound elderly. The results obtained by questionaires and personal interviews recall were as follows. 1) Subjects were 68.6 years of age on average. They revealed the physical tendency of not overweight but high blood pressure. 2) We found that seniors who live alone in rural area were more than in urban area. 3) Average daily intakes of energy and protein of rural elderly were lower than the Korean RDA and the intakes of Ca, riboflavin and niacin in female were also lower. 4) Nutrient intakes were related to family income, food expense, smoking amount, drinking frequency and duration of exercrse, which suggested the needs of nutrition education for the seniors and meal services especially for the low-income elderly.

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[English]
Examination about the Television's Role of Nutrition Education through Content Analysis of Nutrition-related Programs: Joung Won Lee, Bokyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(4):642-654. Published online October 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: In order to examine the television(TV)'s role of nutrition education and the nutritional interests and problems of the general public in the 1990s, a comtents analysis was done on two nutrition-related TV programs, a regular round-table talk show and a newscast. Broadcast from January 1993 to July 1997 and from January 1997 to July f1997, respectively. Nutrition-related information was classified into five categories. Food and nutrient(39.5%) and diseases(34.7%) were most frequently telecasted, which were followed by food habits and general health(13.0%), traditional dishes and cookery(8.2%), and food sanitation and safety(4.6%). In becoming the latest year, some trends in the issues displayed increased telecasts about disease, dish and cookery, and food safety, while the telecasting of food and nutrient decreased. The contents about the relations hip between life-style(including diet) and chronic degenerative diseases and the importance of balanced diets and regualr meals for health promotion became particularly emphasized. Overall, two TV programs provided the public with positive, practical, and sometimes practive nutrition education messages for improving eating life and health care. They also raised the public's awareness of the nutritional importance of Korean staple foods such as rice, kimchi, seaweed, and soysauce, and they sometimes satified the audience's curiosities by introducing Korean food culture or foods of Buddhist priests. When the accident of food toxicity occurred concrete information about how to manage it was rapidly given to the public. In addition they played a role in food balance policy by telecasting over-product foods such as garlic and onion. However some negative points appeared. Telecasts on milk and its products and diabetes mellitus showed the least frequently. These shows should be broadcast more often considering the present nutrition and health problems in Korea. Some functions or effects of foods were mostly explained by only physicians of Chinese medicine. Sometimes misinformed, unclear, overemphasized, biased, or unfair information was televised to the public. If these problems could be solved through the sincere cooperation between nutrition faculty and TV produces, become televison could a more complete and effective medium for educating the public about nutrition.

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[English]
Nutritional Intake Status of the Elderly Taking Free Congregate Lunch Meals Compared to the Middle-Income Class Elderly: Joung Won Lee, Kyung A Kim, Mee Sook Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(4):594-608. Published online October 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: Comparative studies regarding the nutritional status of 93 home-living elderly people taking free congregate lunch meals(FL) and 87 middle income class elderly people(MI) were performed in Taejon city. Data was obtained from questionaires, anthropometry and interviews for the 24-hour dietary recall of 2 nonconsecutive days during August, 1996. The average age for FL was 75.8 years. The monthly familly income for FL belonged to the low-income class. FL females had lower heights and weights than MI females. The average daily nutritional intake of both FL and MI were low, particularly in FL whose %RDA of energy was 68.5%, protein 65%, Ca 29.6%, Fe 50.8%, vitamin A 34.5%, vitamin E 30.5%, riboflavin 40.6%, vitamin C 76.9%. MI's %RDA of energy was 76.4%, protein 80.a2%, Ca 48.1%, Fe 78.6%, vitamin A 67.3%, vitamin E 117.4%, riboflavin 45.6%, vitamin C 136.5%. Comsumption of Zn, vitamin B6 and folic daily average. There was no nutrient having average INQ(Index of nutritional quality) over 1 for either group. The INQs for protein, Ca, Fe and vitamin A were 0.802, 0.377, 0.625 and 0.296 in FL, and 0.900, 0.601, 0.784 and 0.602 in MI, respectively. The MAR(Mean adequacy ratio) was low with the value of 0.500-0.518 in FL and 0.630-0.723 in MI. The percentage of main nutrients from lunch was the highest among the three meals for FL males, while that from breakfast was the highest for MI. Free lunches taken by FL supported higher percentages of main nutrients than home-lunches taken by MI. Eating-out was done more frequently by MI than by FL and that eating-out brought them more nutritional intake. The above data indicated that the dietary nutritional intake status of the FL elderly was very poor in both quantity and quality and that free congregate lunch significantly contributed to the daily nutrient-intake for the FL elderly.

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[English]
Energy Value of Breakfast and Its Relation to Total Daily Nutrient Intake and serum Lipid in Korean Urban Adults: Wha Jin Hyun, Joung Won Lee, Chung Sil Kwak, Kyung Hee Song; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(3):368-379. Published online August 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to assess the energy value of breakfast and its relation to total daily nutrient intake and serum lipid. Dietary intakes were evaluated through the 3-day dietary recalls(interview for 1day and self-report for 2 days) from 333 Korean urban adults aged 20-49 year. Serum lipids in fasting blood samples were measured form 98 of those 333 adults. Low energy breakfast(<15% of daily energy intake) was consumed by 22.6% of males and 18.5% of females. 59.4 of males and 43.3% of females consumed a breakfast of average energy intake(15-25% daily energy intake) ; and 18.1 of males and 38.2% of females consumed a significant contribution to a total daily nutrient intake. The daily nutrient intake except crude fiber and vitamin A, B, B, and C in males and except vitamin C in females significantly increased as the energy value of breakfast increased. The differences in energy and nutrient intakes at breakfast were not made up for by other meals. To make matters worse, the satisfactory-energy breakfast group took more energy at dinner compared with the low-energy and average-energy breakfast group took more energy at dinner compared with the low-energy and average-energy breakfast groups in females. Among serum lipid parameters, TG was negatively correlated with energy provided at breakfast, and total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol had a negative correlation with energy and carbohydrates provided at breakfast in males. For females TG was positively correlated with the ratio of carbohydrates to energy at breakfast but negatively correlated with the ratio of fat to energy at breakfast. These results suggest that satisfactory energy intakes at breakfast have positive effects on the adequacy of daily nutrient intake and may positively affect the serum lipid status.

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[English]
Analyzing the Producer's Attitudes toward Specialist's Advice and the Panelist Constitution of Nutrition related TV programs: Joung Won Lee, Bokyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(2):317-328. Published online May 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: In order to investigate if nutrition-related TV programs give the public correct and useful imformation, 26 producers(PD) having worked for any one of the nutirtion-related TV programs were surveyed by using questionnaire on the attitudes toward seeking an expert's advice about the issues and the panelist's constitution of one typical nutrition-related TV show program broadcasted during the last 5 years was analyzed. The most important reason for selecting the nutrition-related issues was to satisfy the interests and demands of audiences. Both being motivated by food-related accidents and to educate people for the health promotion were the second ones. In the process of nutrition-related program production, 53.9% of PDs always requested expert's advice, while 46.1% occasionally did. Professors in food and nutrition were regarded as the most proper advisor. Dietitians, physicians and physicians of Chinese medicine wer the next in order. The similar pattern were shown in the rankd of specialists actually invited as panelists to the program. Both the speciality and being well-known were less positive and favorable for participating in the program compared to experts in other areas. The number of programs about food and nutrition broadcasted on the TV show during 1993-1997(July) was 361(about 30%). The total of 1,043 specialists appeared, 2.9 persons per program on the average. Of these, only 12.9% were professors in food and nutrition as well as dietitians. The largest(20.2%) was physicians or medical professors, and 13.6% cooks and 12.6% physicians of Chinese medicine. Of 361 programs 45 were thought to be undesirable on the panelist constitution. Particualrly in 19 programs, where nutritionists were not invited, physicians or physicians of Chinese medicine explained diet therapy, food, nutrient or dietary habit.

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[English]
Effect of Vitamin C Supplementation on Iron Status of Adolescent Girls with Low Hemoglobin Levels: Joung Won Lee, Chun Keun Park; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(5):687-694. Published online December 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study investigated the effects of vitamin C supplementation on the nutritional iron status of 31 adolescent girls, aged 12-15 years, with low hemoglobin levels. They were randomly divided into four groups, and for two groups daily150 mg or 900 mg of L-ascorbic acid(AsA) was given in three equal doses at three meals during 9 weeks. To another group daily 60 mg iron as ferrous sulfate was given in the same way as AsA. The control group was given sugar placebo. Body iron status was monitored through the determination of Hb, Hct, MCHC, and serum ferritin concentrations. Dietary AsA and iron intakes were measured from food consumption surveys performed by 3-day 24-hour recalls. The amount of absorbed iron was estimated from the model of Monsen et al. The average amounts of food iron for four groups were 12.3- 15.0 mg and 11.1 - 18.9 mg at initial and at final period of the supplementation trial, respectively. The tentatively estimated amount of absorbed iron was significantly increased in the 900 mg AsA and iron supplementing groups, but not in the 150 mg AsA and placebo groups. Both Hb and MCHC were improved to above normal levels in all groups except the placebo group. Hct was elevated only in the AsA 900 mg group whose Hct was relatively lower than the other groups. Serum ferritin concentrations of the four groups, which were as low as 8.50 - 14.39ng/mL on average at the intial periods, augmented significantly to 20.18ng/mL and 26.63ng/mL in the 900 mg AsA and iron groups, respectively. Serum ferritin was not elevated in either the AsA 300 mg group or the placebo group. The above data indicated that the daily supplementaion of 150 mg AsA to the meals containing 12-15 mg iron per day promoted Hb levels of adolescent girls with low Hb, and the 900 mg AsA supplementing improved not only Hb level but also body iron store. A supplementation of 60 mg iron per day appeared to be slightly more effective in improving the iron status in comparison to the 900 mg AsA supplement.

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[English]
Nutritional Status of the Elderly Living in Cheongju - I. Health-Related Habits, Dietary Behaviors and Nutrient Intakes: Ki Nam Kim, Joung Won Lee, young Sook Park, Tai Sun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(4):556-567. Published online October 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: The health-related habits dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes of the elderly living in Cheongju were investigated by interviews with a questionnaire from August to September in 1996. The responses of 169 free-living elderly aged over 65(male 91, female 78) were analyzed. Thirty-six percent of the subjects smoked currently, 33%, drank alcoholic beverages, and 52% exercise regularly. Exercise was mostly in the from of walking for 1/2-1 hour. Significantly higher proportions of males smoked, drank, and exercised as compared to females. Food groups eaten at every meal were examined on a 5-point scale, and the consumption scores were compared with groups according to sex, age, smoking, drinking, and exercise habits. The elderly who exercised regularly got significantly higher scores in their calcium intakes and the variety of the 6 food groups than the elderly who did not exercise. The dietary assessment data showed that the energy intakes of males and females were 81.9% and 72.8% of the RDAs, respectively. The proportions of the elderly consuming less than 75% of RDAs of vitamin A and calcium were 96.5% and 91.1% of the total subjects, respectively. Higher educational status, more pocket money and regular exercise had positive effects on nutrient intakes, while smoking and drinking among females, but not males, had negative effects. Therefore, to improve nutritional status of the elderly, intake of vitamin A-and calcium-rich food such as milk with regular exercise should be emphasized on the education program.

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[English]
Comparisons of Students' and their Parents' Satisfaction of School Lunch Program in middle School by Foodservice Mangement: Young Sook Park, Joung Won Lee, Mee Sook Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(2):218-231. Published online May 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: A study about the satisfaction of school lunch program was performed to 591 students and 541 parents in 5 middle schools by FS management system. The FS systems of the participating schools were 3 type of self-operating/traditional, self-operating/commissary and catering/delivery systems. Most joyful mealtime to students were identified as lunch because of eating with friends. Satiety after school lunch and leftover were different by FS system, such as adquate satiety greater in self-operating one and leftover food more in catering one than in the others. Foods tasted better in self-operating system than in catering one. The later was very poor for keeping soup hot and found more salty, more sweet and hotter than home meal. Students showed no difference in nutrition education but agreed greater to learning etiquette and to habit of various foods in self-operating system than in catering one. Students concluded they prefered school lunches to home-prepared lunches. Less work to prepare lunches home, better taste and nutrition, same meals to all students and nurition education were main reasons for parent to need school lunch program and they showed higher satisfaction of present school FS in self-operating system than in catering one. Parents claimed hygiene, taste, nutrition, nutrition education, food amount and service should be improved, especially in case of catering system and stressed on hygiene as the most important criteria for good school FS Management. They supported strongly school lunch program to coninue and prefered self-operating system than the others.

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