Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

[English]
Elementary School Children's Intake Patterns of Health Functional Foods and Parent's Requirements in Daejeon Area: Jin Seon Park, Joon Ho Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):463-475. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study investigated intake patterns of health functional foods (HFF) in elementary school children and requirements of their parents in the Daejeon area using a questionnaire by 432 parents. Participating parents were composed of female, 83.6% and male, 16.4%. Most of the parents were in their 40's (53.0%) and 30's (45.8%). 47.9% of the children were male and 52.1% were female. The school year of the children was distributed evenly, ranging from the first year to the sixth year. The intake rate of HFF for parents appeared to be 65.3% and for children it appeared to be 63.2%. The primary reason of using HFF to their child was 'For health promotion' (54.4%); the largest reason of non-using HFF was 'Do not feel necessity because is healthy' (48.8%). In regards to purchase place, 'Drugstore' was most selected by 26.1%, while the largest amount of purchase motive was 'Decided by oneself for children's health' (37.7%). The average expense per month was, 'Less than 50 thousand portion' (20.3%). The intake period, 'less than 6 months' was won' for 54.9%. For intake items, 'Vitamin supplementation products' was the largest portion' (20.3%) was indicated. The intake period, 'less than 6 months' was the most selected by 51.3%. Most people (66.7%) selected '1 kind' of intake item. As for intake effect, 45.4% claimed 'A little help'. In regard to experiencing side effects, 'Is not' was 92.7%, however, diarrhea, nettle rash, nausea etc. were a little. The biggest problem of HFF was 'Falsehood/exaggerative advertisement' as identified by 53.1%. For improvement of the HFF system was, 'Verify by more strict formality' as selected by 55.8%. In regards to experience of nutrition education on HFF, 'Is not' was most selected by 51.0%. The most desirous form of nutrition education was, 'Simple paper material' (31.3%). The most desirous content of nutrition education was, 'nutritional management of classified by life cycle' (37.2%). Therefore, HFF must be used properly to promote the health and growth development of children by acquiring scientific and reasonable information about the ability and usage of the food.

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[English]
The Daily Intakes of Nutrients and Snacks of High School Smokers and Non-Smokers: Young Mi Song, Jang Il Han, Seong Ai Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):476-488. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study investigates the relationship of smoking on daily intake of nutrients and snacks in the Chungnam and Daejeon high school students. Up to date scientific nutrition education and counseling programs in the regular school system is needed for a professional nutrition education teacher. The primary objective of this study was to provide useful information to nutrition education teachers. A survey was conducted with 400 high school students in the Chungnam and Daejeon areas. 381 out of 400 questionnaires were analyzed with SPSS 12.0K. The subjects were composed of 49.8% male, 50.1% female and 40.9% regular high school students, 59.1% business high school students and smokers 43.1%, non-smokers 56.9%. 43.4% of smokers had been smoking since middle school. On analysis of daily nutrient intakes, 16 out of 19 nutrients except animal calcium, Vitamin A and Vitamin C were much more consumed by the smoking group than the non-smoking group non-significantly. Especially vegetable fat and Vitamin E were higher in the smoking group than the non-smoking group(p < 0.05). The intake ratio of carbohydrates: protein: fat was similar in the two groups (smoking group 55 : 15 : 29, nonsmoking group 56 : 15 : 28). Intakes of Vitamin B1 and potassium in comparison with the Korean dietary reference intakes (KDRI) were under 50% in both groups. However, sodium was taken over 200% compared to KDRI in both groups. Intakes of Vitamin C in the smoking group were as low as 76.5% in comparison to KDRI. Smokers need to increase the intakes of Vitamin C considering that smokers need to intake Vitamin C two times than non-smokers. Nutrient intakes from snacks in the smoking group were higher than the non-smoking group. Nutrients that originated from snacks which took over 20% among daily nutrient intakes were 12 nutrients (energy, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, P, Fe, K, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, dietary fiber) in the smoking group compared to 7 nutrients (energy, vegetable protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, Vitamin B2, Vitamin C) in the non-smoking group. The smoking group was significantly paying more money for snacks each month than the non-smoking group was (p < 0.01). Periods of consumption were irregular in the smoking group(p < 0.05) and the smoking group was used to taking snacks in the morning compared to the non-smoking group. The smoking group preferred sweets and high calorie food over other snacks in comparison of the non-smoking group. The nonsmoking group had better eating habits than the smoking group

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[English]
Study of Bone Mineral Density, Body Composition and Dietary Habits of 20~30 Years Women: Jae Ok Koo, Hong Seok Ahn, Sook Young Yoo; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):489-498. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to identify bone mineral density (BMD), body composition, lifestyle and dietary habits of young women by physical measurement and questionnaires. The study subjects, 190 young women living in Seoul, were divided into three age groups: 20 ~ 24 years (93), 25 ~ 29 years (44) and 30 ~ 39 years (53). There was no significant difference in mean body muscle mass, protein, mineral, body fat and BMI among the three age groups. The rate of low weight (18%) in 20 years group was higher that of the 30 years (11.3%). The mean BMD and T-score were 0.44 g/cm2 and -0.66. BMD and T-score of the forearm bone were significantly higher in the 30 ~ 39 years group. But BMD and T-score of calcanues were not significantly different among the three age groups. The rate of normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis subjects by BMD were 60.5%, 38.4%, 1.1%, respectively. The rate of osteopenia in 20 ~ 24 years group was significantly higher than the other age groups. The rate of meal irregularity was significantly higher in 20 ~ 24 years group. The rate of women who walk and are exposed to sunlight more than 1hr per day were significantly higher in 20~24 years group than the others. However, the score of food behaviors is significantly higher (bad) in 20 ~ 24 years group than the others. The relationship between BMD and frequency of food intake showed significant differences in beans, broom, seaweed and rice wine. In conclusion, the risk rate of BMD was very high, 40% of the subjects, and the risk rate of BMD was higher in 20 years group than 30 years group, and the rate of low weight in 20 years group was higher than in 30 years group. The food habits and behaviors were not healthy enough. Therefore, nutrition education is needed for bone health.

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[English]
Interview Survey of Elementary School Students'Nutrition Education and Practice: Yu Jin Oh, Young Mee Lee, Jung Hyun Kim, Hong Seok Ahn, Jeong Weon Kim, Hae Ryun Park, Jung Sook Seo, Kyung Won Kim, O Ran Kwon, Hye Kyoung Park, Eun Ju Lee, Huy Ni Sung; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):499-509. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study investigated the experience and practice of elementary school students on nutrition education. The data were collected from 217 male and female students attending 5-6th grade elementary schools in Seoul and Kyunggi-Do from March to June 2007, interviewing face to face by a nutrition teacher and 3 interns of a nutrition teacher. The results were as follows: 86.5% of the subjects learned about 'Table etiquette', 'Reasons for eating fruits and vegetables'(78.7%), 'Food waste and environment'(72.3%), 'Healthy snacks'(55.7%), 'Food sanitation'(52.3%), 'Food culture of foreign countries'(48.1%). Nutrition education experience was significantly different by gender. A total of 43.5% boys responded that they never learned about 'basic food preperation'(p < 0.01). They had learned 'Nutrients for body'and 'Food waste and environment'in school, 'Healthy weight loss', 'Food culture of foreign countries', 'Food circulation'on television, Most content ('Table etiquette', 'Simple cooking', 'Food sanitation', 'Eating behaviors for health', 'Reasons for eating fruits and vegetables', 'Healthy snacks') was learned from parents. The practice after nutrition education was higher in 'Table etiquette'(2.14), 'Eating fruits and vegetables'(2.07) than others compared with education experience. The most reason of non-practice on nutrition information was 'Troublesome'. In 'Nutrients for body', a boy answered 'Difficult for practice'20.0%, a girl answered 'Difficult to understand'32.6%, showing a significant difference between the gender groups (p < 0.001). They remembered the 'Nutrients for body'(49.6%), 'Food sanitation'(44.5%) because of 'important content', 'Basic food preparation'(40.6%), 'Food culture of foreign countries'(36.3%) because of 'interesting content', 'Healthy weight loss'(52.0%), 'Eating behavior for health'(44.5%) and 'Healthy snacks'(33.7%) because of 'need for my health'.

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[English]
Development and Evaluation of Nutrition Education Media for Breast Cancer: Sang Hyun Park, Nami Joo; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):510-519. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to develop and evaluate nutrition education media for breast cancer. The booklet was developed and consisted of breast cancer and diet, breast cancer and nutrition, breast cancer and food safety and Ingredients and recipes for breast cancer. The questionnaire requested information related to demographics, importance and satisfaction of evaluation for nutrition education media, evaluation of each chapter, and satisfaction of educational media. The data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows (version 12.0). The results were summarized as follows. The importance score for nutrition education media was higher than the satisfaction score. As a result of IPA analysis, quadrant I included 'comprehension', 'appropriateness of media', 'emphasis of the point'. Quadrant II classified with 'appropriateness of terms', 'interest', 'authenticity', 'appropriateness of illustrations'. Quadrant III included 'appropriateness of color and calligraphy', 'simplicity'. Quadrant IV classified with 'appropriateness of examples', 'concreteness'.

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[English]
Foodservice Management and Food Sanitation Management in the Welfare Institutions for the Disabled in Korea: Hye Sang Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):520-530. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the foodservice management practices, the equipment ratio of sanitary facility/equipment, and dietitians' perceptions of (i) the barriers to sanitary management and (ii) the sanitary management performance level in the welfare institutions for the disabled in Korea. The survey was conducted during the period from September 7 to October 15, 2006. A total of 91 institutions (response rate 74.6%) were analyzed by using SPSS (windows ver. 14.0). The average number of meals served per day per an institution was 379. The majority (93.4%) of dietitians made decisions in procurement. The major part of the purchase was made through private contract. The factors affecting menu planning were nutrition, food preference, and cost, in the order of importance. Among the food items, fruits were infrequently served, while protein source foods and green leaf vegetables were almost daily served. The equipment ratio of sanitary facilities/equipment was 45%, which was relatively low. Most dietitians perceived 'limited availability of facilities and equipment'and 'the lack of support from financing department'as the major barriers in implementing a desirable sanitary system. Sanitary management performance in 'the food ingredient'was perceived as the lowest, while that in 'the uniform'showed the highest. The results of this study suggest that a proper supporting program on securing the facility/equipment and adequately trained employees are needed for successful sanitary management. Also, a more frequent supply of fruits for the disabled is recommended.

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[English]
An Analysis on the Priority of Selection of Supplier for School Food Service Materials: Myung Joo Park, Suk Whan Kim, Joung Sil Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):531-539. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to examine how nutritionists, principals and parents evaluated the importance and priorities of different selection factors for food materials suppliers in an attempt to suggest how to ensure the best supplier choice, since the selection of the best supplier was mandatory for the successful TQM of school food services. This study especially aims to develop priority alternatives based on relative rather than absolute assignments on selection of suppliers for school food service materials. To apply AHP, the selection factors of a food materials suppliers were grouped into five categories, which included quality, service, reliability, hygiene and price. And the five categories involved 28 elements. As the result, quality was considered most crucial on the whole, followed by service, reliability, hygiene and price; and food labeling in the category of quality evaluated as that of first priority in the totality evaluation elements.

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[English]
Performance and Importance Analysis of Dietitian's Task in Public Health Nutrition Areas: Hae Ryun Park, Jin A Cha, Young Suk Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):540-554. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to analyze task performance and importance level of the dietitian who is working in the public health nutrition area. Work oriented job analysis methodology was employed for the study purpose. Subjects of 38 dietitians currently working at health centers in 2002 were recruited. Based on the focus group interview with 7 public health nutritionists and 7 professors, information about task elements was collected. Questionnaires measuring work performance and self-perception of importance of the selected task elements were administered. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1) The tasks with high performance and importance level among 20 tasks are developing nutrition education material (B1), nutrition services for adults and the elderly (C3), writing the proposal for nutrition services (A2), evaluating service effect (A4), improving professionalism (E1), and self management (E2). 2) The task elements with high performance and importance level among weekly task elements are nutrition education for diabetes (C56), nutrition counseling for adults (C47), nutrition for hypertension (C53), managing and keeping records (C80), nutrition education for kindergarten and nursery school children (C42), searching for nutrition education materials (B26), and searching for media (B27). 3) The number of task elements with high performance and importance level among monthly task elements are 13 in the planning and evaluation of public health nutrition service, and 5 in developing nutrition education materials. The tasks of a dietitian in the public health center show a very wide spectrum. However dietitians recognize most of the tasks are important even though they cannot perform those tasks adequately.

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[English]
Comparison of Maternal Fatty Acid Intake and Fatty Acid Composition of Serum Phospholipids Between Singleton and Twin Pregnancies: Seul Ki Kwon, Soo Jeoung Lim, Joong Sik Shin, Sung Hee Jang, Hong Seok Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):555-564. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: Essential fatty acids are important essential nutrients during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to compare fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids and essential fatty acid intakes between Korean pregnant women with a single baby and Korean pregnant women with twins. A total of 116 pregnant women who had maintained their health without any symptoms of pregnancy complications participated in the study. The subjects consisted of 57 women of singleton pregnancy and 58 women of twin pregnancy at the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd trimester of pregnancy. A 24-hour dietary recall was administered to each subject to obtain dietary information. The mean ages of the singleton pregnancy group and the twin pregnancy group were 31.44 years and 32.27 years, respectively, and the mean height values were 161.86 cm and 160.64 cm, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes in the singleton pregnancy group were 1639.95 kcal, 1904.71 kcal, and 1882.82 kcal for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester group, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes in the twin pregnancy group were 1745.99 kcal, 2203.46 kcal, and 2092.26 kcal for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester group, respectively. There were no significant differences in the mean fatty acid intakes by the type of pregnancy (i.e., singleton vs. twins and the stage of pregnancy (i.e., 1st vs. 2nd vs. 3rd trimester). However, the mean total fatty acid intake of those at the 1st trimester among the singleton pregnancy group tended to be higher than that of those at the 1st trimester among the twin pregnancy group. Such a trend seemed to be retro-versed. That is, the mean total fatty acid intakes of the twin pregnancy group were higher compared to the singleton pregnancy group for the 2nd and 3rd trimester group. The LA and total n6 concentrations of serum phospholipids of the singleton pregnancy group were significantly higher as the gestational age increased (p < 0.05). The alpha-LNA(p < 0.05), EPA (p < 0.05), and total n3 (p < 0.001) concentrations of serum phospholipids of the twin pregnancy group were significantly lower as the gestational age increased. The alpha-LNAconcentrations of serum phospholipids in the singleton pregnancy group at the 3rd trimester were significantly higher than that in the twin pregnancy group at the same trimester (p < 0.05). The serum phospholipids levels of AA and DHA of the twin pregnancy group were generally higher compared to those of the singleton pregnancy group. Particularly the differences reached at the level of statistical significance for those at the 1st trimester (p < 0.01). It is concluded that the study findings imply that fatty acid metabolism may meaningfully differ by the type and stage of pregnancy. Future research needs to be conducted to more elucidate grounding etiology and possible roles of dietary fatty acid intake levels in relation to the study findings.

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[English]
A Study of Nutritional Intakes, Food Preference and Blood Composition in Female College Students with Premenstrual Syndrome: Ju Youn Kim, Hong Seok Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):565-572. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to investigate nutritional intakes and preference food and blood composition of female college students of premenstrual syndrome. Based on physical measurement test results, both groups showed no noticeable difference and both groups were within the normal range according to body composition analysis. In terms of nutrients consumption, results showed nutritional intakes more than EAR (estimated average requirements) included phosphorus > vitamin B6>vitamin B1, while nutritional intakes less than EAR were vitamin A > vitamin B2> calcium > folic acid. A significant difference was observed for vitamin C intake (p < 0.05). The overall mean values of basic blood (WBC, RBC, Hct, and Hb), sex hormone (Estrogen, Progesterone), aldosterone, cortisol, Cu, Zn, and Ca, Mg indices in female college students were within the normal range and there was no significant difference between the PMS group and the Normal group. In conclusion, vitamin C intake of the PMS group showed a level of 84.8% EAR. Therefore vitamin C supplement can be beneficial to relieve the PMS Syndrome.

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[English]
Nutritional Risk in Oncology Outpatients Receiving Chemotherapy: Won Gyoung Kim, Mi Sun Park, Young Hee Lee, Dae Seog Heo; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):573-581. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: Although it is well known that cancer patients suffer from malnutrition, there are few published studies on malnutrition in outpatients receiving chemotherapy in Korea. This study aimed to evaluate nutritional risk in oncology outpatients receiving chemotherapy and to show the baseline data to set up nutritional management programs for cancer patients. This is a retrospective observational analysis on 1,962 patients referred for nutritional education before or during chemotherapy at Seoul National University Hospital Cancer Center from January 2006 to May 2007. According to a malnutrition screening tool, the proportion of patients having malnutrition risk was 23.0%. In the case of upper gastrointestinal cancer, more than 50% of patients were assessed as being at the risk of malnutrition. They showed more than 7% weight loss compared to their usual body weight and poor oral intake; energy intake was less than 100% of Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE) and protein intake was less than or equal to 0.77 g/kg/d. However, only 6.3% of breast cancer patients had risk of malnutrition and their oral intake was better; energy intake was 121% of BEE, and protein intake was 0.90 g/kg/d. Outpatients receiving chemotherapy had different nutritional risk depending on their cancer site. Nutritional management program should be conducted differently, depending on the cancer site and upper gastrointestinal cancer patients at high risk of malnutrition should basically have nutritional assessment and intervention.

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[English]
Nutrients Intake and Dietary Quality of Korean Parkinson's Disease Patients According to the Duration of Disease: Ju Yeon Lee, Tae Beom An, Beom Seok Jeon, Yun Young Kim, Ryo Won Choue; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):582-591. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: Both genetic and environmental factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson Disease (PD). The contribution of many environmental factors including dietary factor remains unproven. The purpose the study was to investigate the dietary habits, nutrient intake and dietary quality of Korean PD patients according to the duration of disease. PD patients were recruited from K and S university hospitals from May 2005 to January 2006. This study was carried out after approval by the Institute Review Board (IRB). British Brain Bank criteria was used to diagnose PD. The subjects were classified into 2 groups based on the duration of PD: < 25 months and > or = 25 months groups. General characteristics, anthropometric measurements, food habits and dietary intakes were investigated. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The mean age of < 25 months group (66.9 +/-8.0 yr) was significantly higher than that of > or = 25 months group (62.2 +/- 8.8 yr) (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found for academic background, occupation, living status and social activity, however, numbers of diseases, exercise and family history of PD were significantly different. 2) Anthropometric measurements were not different between the two groups. 3) The frequency of taking snacks was significantly higher in <25 months group and the amounts of alcohol consumption were significantly higher in > or = 25 months group. 4) Daily intakes of most nutrients were very low compared with DRI. 5) The MAR score was significantly lower in < 25 months group (p < 0.05;) however, the scores of DVS, DDS and DQI were not significantly different. As a conclusion an overall nutrient intake and dietary quality of the Parkinson's Disease patients need to be improved regardless of duration of the disease and a well-balanced diet should be emphasized.

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