Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Original Articles

[English]
Status and Needs Assessment on Nutrition Management and Meal Service for Elementary Â· Middle Â· High School Athletes among Athlete's Parents: Jung Hyun Hwang, Ji Yeon Kim, Kyung A Kim, Kyung Won Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(1):47-59. Published online February 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.1.47

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
Young athletes require adequate nutrition to maintain their athletic performance, growth and health. This study examined the status and needs of nutrition management and meal services for student athletes among the athlete's parents.
METHODS
The subjects were parents of elementary, middle, and high school athletes (n=323) from 18 schools participating mainly in the Sports Food Truck. The questionnaire included general characteristics, status and needs on nutrition management and meal service for student athletes, and satisfaction with the Food Truck. The survey was done during 2018. The data were analyzed according to the school groups using a Ï‡2-test or ANOVA.
RESULTS
Approximately 45% of subjects had difficulty in the nutrition management of athletes, and 87.1% had not received nutrition education. Approximately 74% wanted nutrition education held for athletes, and mainly wanted topics on nutrition management for health and eating for athletic performance. The preferred methods were lectures and cooking activity. The responses on the necessity of nutrition education for athletes, desired education topics, and desired times for education differed significantly according to the school groups (p < 0.05). Most subjects also wanted nutrition information mainly through SNS. In the athlete's meal, breakfast and snacks were highlighted as the meal to supplement. Approximately 90.3% responded that providing a meal service is necessary. The subjects preferred snacks before/after exercise and dinner if a meal service was provided. They preferred Korean food, followed by snacks, and a dish meal. As the meal type, the subjects wanted the Food Truck and packed meal. The responses on necessity of a meal service (p < 0.05), preferred food (p < 0.001), and meal type (p < 0.001) in the meal service differed significantly according to the school groups. Approximately 43% were satisfied with the Food Truck and 50.8% responded as average. They made suggestions for the Food Truck in terms of foods, operations and frequency.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the study results, nutrition education and meal service may support nutrition for student athletes considering the needs of the parents according to the school groups.

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[English]
Nutrient Intakes of Male College Combat Sport Athletes by Weight Control Status: Ji Yeon Kim, Ji Seon Lee, Seong Suk Cho, Hyon Park, Kyung Won Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(6):495-506. Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.6.495

OBJECTIVES
Weight control practices are common in combat sport athletes. This study was performed to examine nutrient intakes of male college combat sport athletes (taekwondo, boxing, judo) by weight control (WC) status.
METHODS
Subjects were male combat sport athletes (n=90) from colleges in Gyeonggi Province. Survey was conducted during 2016. Questionnaire included general characteristics, weight control, and dietary intakes during the period of training, weight control, weigh-in ~ before competition and between competitions. Subjects were grouped into high- and normal WC groups. T-test, Ï‡Â²-test, Fisher's exact test and ANCOVA were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
During training, energy intake was 75.4% of EER and C:P:F ratio was 57.5:13.9:28.7. Iron and zinc intakes were different by WC groups (p<0.05). During weight control, energy intake was 44.7% of EER in normal WC and 30.5% in high WC group (p<0.05). C:P:F ratio was 69:11.1:19.5, and ratio from protein and fat was lower in the high WC group (p<0.05). Most nutrient intakes during weight control were less than 50% of 2015 KDRIs (RNI or AI), and intakes including thiamin (p<0.01), vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, folate, calcium, potassium and zinc (p<0.05) were significantly lower in the high WC. Energy intake after weighing before the competition was 1,315 kcal, and energy (kcal/kg BW, p<0.05) and carbohydrate intakes (g/kg BW, p<0.01) were significantly higher in the high WC group. Energy intake between competitions was 691.1 kcal, with no difference by the WC group.
CONCLUSIONS
Nutrients intakes of combat sport athletes were inadequate. Dietary intakes during weight control were much below than the KDRIs, especially in the high WC group. It is needed to develop nutrition education programs for combat sport athletes to avoid severe energy restrictions and to apply specific dietary guides to each period of training and weight control.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Weight control practices, beliefs, self-efficacy, and eating behaviors in college weight class athletes
Ji Seon Lee, Seong Suk Cho, Kyung Won Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(1): 45. CrossRef

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[English]
Accuracy of Accelerometer for the Prediction of Energy Expenditure and Activity Intensity in Athletic Elementary School Children During Selected Activities: Su Ji Choi, Hae Sun An, Mo Ran Lee, Jung Sook Lee, Eun Kyung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(5):413-425. Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.5.413

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
Accurate assessment of energy expenditure is important for estimation of energy requirements in athletic children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of accelerometer for prediction of selected activities' energy expenditure and intensity in athletic elementary school children.
METHODS
The present study involved 31 soccer players (16 males and 15 females) from an elementary school (9-12 years). During the measurements, children performed eight selected activities while simultaneously wearing the accelerometer and carrying the portable indirect calorimeter. Five equations (Freedson/Trost, Treuth, Pate, Puyau, Mattocks) were assessed for the prediction of energy expenditure from accelerometer counts, while Evenson equation was added for prediction of activity intensity, making msix equations in total. The accuracy of accelerometer for energy prediction was assessed by comparing measured and predicted values, using the paired t-test. The intensity classification accuracy was evaluated with kappa statistics and ROC-Curve.
RESULTS
For activities of lying down, television viewing and reading, Freedson/Trost, Treuth were accurate in predicting energy expenditure. Regarding Pate, it was accurate for vacuuming and slow treadmill walking energy prediction. Mattocks was accurate in treadmill running activities. Concerning activity intensity classification accuracy, Pate (kappa=0.72) had the best performance across the four intensities (sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous). In case of the sedentary activities, all equations had a good prediction accuracy, while with light activities and Vigorous activities, Pate had an excellent accuracy (ROC-AUC=0.91, 0.94). For Moderate activities, all equations showed a poor performance.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, none of the assessed equations was accurate in predicting energy expenditure across all assessed activities in athletic children. For activity intensity classification, Pate had the best prediction accuracy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Developing a Multimodal Monitoring System for Geriatric Depression
Youngshin Cho, Kyuhee Lim, Sunghee Lee, Yuntae Kim, Mijung Kim, Chang Oh Kim, Youkyung Kim, Heejung Kim
CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2023; 41(1): 46. CrossRef
Comparison of Physical Activity Level, Physical Activity Pattern and Energy Expenditure in Male and Female Elementary School Soccer Players using Accelerometer and Physical Activity Diary
Hae-Sun An, Su-Ji Choi, Mo-Ran Lee, Jung-Sook Lee, Eun-Kyung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(6): 529. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Education Providing School Lunch by Personalized Daily Needed Food Exchange Units for Adolescent Athletes in Jeonbuk Province: Kang Mo Ko, Sook Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(1):25-36. Published online February 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.1.25

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of nutrition education providing school lunch by personalized daily needed food exchange units using Food Exchange System for adolescent athletes.
METHODS
The subjects were 60 sports high school students (educated group, 30 vs. non-educated group 30). Nutrition education was provided for 4 weeks (40 min/lesson/week). In addition, personalized school lunch was served for 4 weeks, nutrition education period. The personalized lunch were provided Food Exchange Units according to personalized daily needed energy. The lessons were '5 Major nutrients, functions and foods', 'My daily needed energy and food exchange units by Food Exchange System', 'My meal plan by food exchange units according to my daily needed energy' and 'Smart choice of healthy snacks and eating outs'. After nutrition education, we examined the differences in anthropometric characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake between the educated and the non-educated group.
RESULTS
We observed improvements in lean body mass in the educated group. With regard to nutrition knowledge, there were improvements in 'Functions of vitamins', 'Functions of minerals', 'Foods of fat', 'Foods of vitamin', and 'Foods of mineral' in the educated group. In relation to dietary attitude, there were improvements in 'Taking a meal with family and friend', 'Taking a meal at ease', 'Taking a meal with kimchi and vegetables', 'Taking a meal with three kinds of side dishes', 'Priority of choosing snacks' and 'Type of snacks' in the educated group. With regard to dietary intakes according to Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, there were improvements in intakes levels of fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, calcium, iron and zinc. The index of nutrition quality, as indicated by nutrition adequacy ratio also improved in the educated group.
CONCLUSIONS
These results showed that a nutrition education program providing education lessons and personalized school lunch by food exchange units according to daily needed energy showed positive changes in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake of adolescent athletes. Nutrition education program providing personalized school lunch by Food Exchange Units may improve dietary behaviors and dietary intakes of adolescents.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Nutrition Quotient and Dietary Self-efficacy according to the Transtheoretical Model in Adolescent Athletes
Nahan Kim, Kwang-Seok Hong, In-Kyung Jung
Exercise Science.2022; 31(4): 499. CrossRef
Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to the Frequency of Milk Consumption in Korean Adolescents: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ji Hyun Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(6): 485. CrossRef
Status and Needs Assessment on Nutrition Management and Meal Service for Elementary · Middle · High School Athletes among Athlete's Parents
Jung Hyun Hwang, Ji Yeon Kim, Kyung A Kim, Kyung Won Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(1): 47. CrossRef
Evaluation of educational school meal programs in Gyeonggi province, South Korea
Youngmi Lee, Oksun Kim, Uiok Lee, Sooyoun Kwon
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(1): 111. CrossRef

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[English]
Physical Characteristics and Dietary Patterns of Strength Athletes; Bodybuilders, Weight Lifters: Seongsuk Cho, Hyunkeun Lee, Kyungwon Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(6):864-872. Published online December 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive assessment of the nutritional habits of resistance trained males in relation to protein and carbohydrate intakes in comparison with the recommended values. Thirty-four male bodybuilders (27.0 +/- 2.1years, 173.5 +/- 5.0 cm, 8.3 +/- 0.61% body fat), twenty-four male weight lifters (20.9 +/- 2.1years, 171.8 +/- 6.9 cm, 7.6 +/- 0.98% body fat) and twenty-five male non-athletes (26.9 +/- 2.5years, 175.3 +/- 5.7 cm,, 8.5 +/- 0.95% body fat) participated in the study. Participants completed a comprehensive survey by twenty-four hour dietary recall methods. All diets were analyzed using the Computer Aided Nutritional (Pro) analyzer by a registered dietician. Body fat was measured using skin fold thickness. The average time spent in resistance training was 18.0 +/- 1.7 hrs/week for body builders and 14.6 +/- 8.7 hrs/week for weight lifters. Total daily calories were 2583.6 +/- 874.8 kcal (31.9 +/- 11.9 kcal/ kg) for bodybuilders, 3565.9 +/- 1281.8 kcal (42.7 +/- 15.0 kcal/kg) for weight lifters and 2016.0 +/- 955.3 kcal (28.1 +/- 13.9 kcal/kg) for non-athletes (p = 0.001). Percent of calories from carbohydrate, protein, and fat 64.2%, 27.1%, and 8.7% for bodybuilders, and 66.3%, 18.6%, and 15.1% for weight lifters. The mean protein intake was 1.9 +/- 1.2 g/ kg of BW for bodybuilders, 1.6 +/- 0.6 g/kg of BW for male weight lifters and 1.1 +/- 0.69 g/kg of BW for non-athletes. Although dietary calcium (78.7%) and riboflavin (86.3%) intakes for bodybuilders were below the RDA, dietary intakes of micronutrients were not deficient. More research needs to be conducted to determine the optimal amounts of protein, carbohydrates, fats, and micronutrients for the resistance trained athletes.

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[English]
Eating Behaviors, Perception of Body Image, Hematological Indices and Nutrient Intake of Adolescent Female Athletes in Incheon: Sun Hee Cheong, Hyuni Sung, Soon Ki Kim, Kwanghoi Kim, Mihye Cho, Kyung Ja Chang; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):951-963. Published online December 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating behaviors, the self-perception of body images, the hematological indices and the nutrient intake of adolescent female athletes in Incheon. The subjects were 112 female athletes (track and field: n = 32, target shooting: n = 27, fencing: n = 29, swimming: n = 14, badminton: n = 10) from middle and high schools in Incheon. This cross-sectional study was conducted by means of a self-administered questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), ferritin, serum iron, mean cor-puscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin saturation (TS). Nutrient intakes obtained by means of the 3 day-recall method were analyzed using the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS 10.0 program. Most of the female athletes had dietary problems such as eating unbalanced meals, skipping meals, and preferences for processed foods. More than 60% of the female athletes skipped breakfast. As for perception of their body images, track and field athletes in particular, controlled their weights significantly better than the other athletes (p < 0.05). With regard to their physical exertion during exercise, 56.3% of the swimmers and 31.3% of the track and field athletes answered "very hard", which was a significant difference (p < 0.001). More than 80% of the female athletes experienced vertigo during exercise (p < 0.01). Also more than 50% of the female athletes, with the exception of the badminton players, had experienced irregular menstruation (p < 0.05). The average serum iron levels (p < 0.05), the serum ferritin levels (p < 0.05) and TS (p < 0.05) of the track and field athletes was significantly lower as compared to that of the other athletes. The nutrient intakes of the female athletes, with the exception of Vitamin B6, niacin and phosphorus were lower than the Korean Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA). In particular, the calcium and iron intakes of the female athletes were under 50% of the Korean RDA. Therefore, proper nutritional education and supplementation are required for female athletes to encourage desirable eating habits, as well as to improve their nutritional status and exercise performances.

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[English]
Nutrient Supplement Use, Nutritional Knowledge and Nutrient Intakes of Athletes: Soon Im Woo, Seong Suk Cho, Kyungwon Kim, Jung Hyun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(1):94-106. Published online February 28, 1998

Abstract PDF: Nutrient supplements are often used by athletes as ergogenic aids. This study was done to investigate the use of nutrient supplements, nutritional knowledge and nutrient intakes of athletes. Subjects of this survey consisted of 195 national team athletes. The prevalence of nutrient supplement use among all subjects was 30.3%, and the frequency of use, by decreasing order, was weight lifting, taekwondo and badminton athletes. Sport drinks were the type of nutrition supplement used most frequently and vitamin C was the second one. Major reasons for nutrient supplement use were to improve training performance and to recover from fatigue, to supplement fluid and to control weight. The average score of nutritional knowledge was 19.9+/-2.5 for nutrient supplement users, and 19.8+/-3.6 for nutrient supplement nonusers. Intakes of protein, calcium and niacin of the user were higher than those of the nonuser. This information provided by this study can help sport nutritionists identify nutrient supplement most often consumed by national elite athletes and can aid counselors as they guide athletes towards more healthful nutrition practices.

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