Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Original Articles

[English]
Analysis of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus Intakes and Contribution Rates of Major Dish Groups according to Gender, Age, and Region in Korea: Yeon Kyung Lee, Mi Kyeong Choi, Taisun Hyun, Eun Soon Lyu, Haeryun Park, Hee Kyong Ro, Young Ran Heo; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(1):32-47. Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.32

OBJECTIVES
Calcium (Ca) is an insufficiently consumed nutrient, whereas phosphorus (P) intake has exceeded the recommended intake level in Korea over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to analyze dietary Ca and P intakes and their contribution rate according to dish groups.
METHODS
A 24-hour dietary recall survey of 640 healthy adults (aged 19â€“69 years) was undertaken twice in four Korean provinces. Dietary Ca and P intakes and their rates of contribution from 31 major dish groups were analyzed and compared by gender, age group, and region.
RESULTS
The average Ca and P intakes of the subjects were 542.1 Â± 222.2 mg/d and 1,068.3 Â± 329.0 mg/d, respectively. The intakes of Ca and P as percentages of recommended nutrients intake (RNI%) were 71.7 Â± 29.8% and 152.6 Â± 47%, respectively, and the percentages under the estimated average requirement were 60.3% for Ca and 3.8% for P. The RNI% of Ca was not significantly different between males and females, but was significantly higher in subjects in the sixties age group than in other age groups and was significantly lower in the Korean capital than in other regions. The RNI% of P did not significantly differ by gender or age groups, but it was significantly higher in the capital than in Gyeong-sang. The five major dish groups contributing to Ca intake (contribution rate) were milks/dairy products 69.2 Â± 109.2 mg/d (12.6%), soups 55.6 Â± 69.6 mg/d (10.1%), stir-fried foods 53.1 Â± 70.7 mg/d (9.7%), stews 43.4 Â± 85.4 mg/d (7.9%), and kimchi 38.4 Â± 31.8 mg/d (7.0%). The five major dish group contributing to P intake (contribution rate) were cooked rice 160.7 Â± 107.1 mg/d (14.9%), stir-fried foods 88.5 Â± 89.4 mg/d (8.2%), soups 76.7 Â± 85.8 mg/d (7.1%), one-dish meals 63.3 Â± 94.4 mg/d (5.9%), and stews 62.6 Â± 89.3 mg/d (5.8%). The dish groups contributing to Ca and P intakes differed somewhat by gender, age group, and region.
CONCLUSIONS
Programs to improve the nutritional status of Ca and P intakes should consider the differences in Ca and P contribution rates by dish groups as well as by gender, age group, and region.

Citations

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Effects of Lactarius hatsudake fortification on physicochemical, microbiological and antioxidant properties of stirred-type yogurt during cold storage
Hanyu Zhu, Geqing Li, Huijing Liu, Weifeng Sun, Xiaoqian Yao, Rui Wu, Jiajia Hu, Qihui Yang
Food Science of Animal Resources.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Physicochemical Properties of Restructured Black Goat Jerky with Various Types of Ultra-Ground Seaweed Powders
Ui-Bin Baek, Hack-Youn Kim
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Improving the nutrition quotient and dietary self-efficacy through personalized goal setting and smartphone-based nutrition counseling among adults in their 20s and 30s
Dahyeon Kim, Dawon Park, Young-Hee Han, Taisun Hyun
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(4): 419. CrossRef
Longitudinal Effects of Serum Calcium and Phosphate Levels and Their Ratio on Incident Ischemic Heart Disease among Korean Adults
Dong Hyuk Jung, Byoungjin Park, Yong Jae Lee
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Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients With Osteoporosis
Oh Chan Kwon, Ji Seon Oh, Min-Chan Park, Yong-Gil Kim
Frontiers in Medicine.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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[English]
Daily Water Consumption and its Contribution to Calcium Intake in Korean Adults: Eun Sun Park, Yeon Kyung Lee, Mi Hyun Kim, Mi Kyeong Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(1):18-23. Published online February 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.1.18

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OBJECTIVES
Although water is essential for life and can supply essential minerals, studies that evaluate calcium intake through drinking water are limited. The aim of this study was to assess calcium contents of natural mineral water (NMW) and its possible contribution to calcium intake in healthy adults.
METHODS
This study examined water consumption in 640 Korean adults with selfselected diet, analyzed the calcium content of 10 different brands of bottled NMWs sold in Korea, and assessed the amount of calcium intake from drinking water and its daily contribution to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium.
RESULTS
Mean calcium content in 10 bottled NMWs was 20.9 mg/l. Daily water intakes from food composition database and calculated using energy intake based on 0.53 ml/kcal were 957.2 ml and 1109.8 ml for men and 848.3 ml and 951.6 ml for women, respectively, with a significant difference by gender (p < 0.001). Daily drinking water intake was significantly higher among men than women (1203.9 ml vs. 1004.3 ml, respectively, p < 0.001). Daily calcium intakes from foods were 564.0 mg for men and 534.2 mg for women. Daily possible calcium intakes from drinking bottled water were 25.2 mg for men and 21.0 mg for women (p < 0.001). The contribution of daily calcium intake from drinking bottled water to RNI of calcium was 3.3% for men and 2.9% for women without significant difference.
CONCLUSIONS
One half of the daily total water intake was consumed as drinking water, and possible calcium intake through drinking water was about 3% of RNI.

Citations

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Assessing contribution of bottled water in nutrient absorption using the bottled water nutritional quality index (BWNQI) in Iran
Masoomeh Askari, Reza Saeedi, Ramin Nabizadeh, Ahmad Zarei, Maryam Ghani, Marzieh Ehsani, Mahmood Alimohammadi, Mehrnoosh Abtahi
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Variability of urinary creatinine, specific gravity, and osmolality over the course of pregnancy: Implications in exposure assessment among pregnant women
Gowoon Lee, Sunmi Kim, Hyunwoong Park, Jeonghwan Lee, Jung Pyo Lee, Younglim Kho, Gyuyeon Choi, Jiwon Park, Suwalee Worakhunpiset, Hyo-Bang Moon, Kyungho Choi
Environmental Research.2021; 198: 110473. CrossRef

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[English]
Development of Nutrition Education Contents for Pregnant Women Based on Effective Communication Strategies: Taeksang Yoo, Young Hee Han, Jung Hyun Kim, Min Jun Lee, Taisun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(2):115-126. Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.115

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OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the study was to develop communication strategies for effective nutrition education targeting pregnant women and to create nutrition education contents.
METHODS
The format and the contents of online resources on nutrition information for pregnant women provided by reliable institutions were analyzed. Possible solutions to overcome barriers of nutrition education as well as communication strategies for effective nutrition education were identified by a brainstorming process. Based on the communication strategies, contents for nutrition education were created. Understandability, level of interest, applicability to daily life, harmony of text and illustration, and overall satisfaction of the contents were evaluated by dietitians and pregnant women.
RESULTS
The four communication strategies were developed; (1) to focus on a few important messages, (2) to provide evidence-based information, (3) to create illustrations or infographics with a minimum amount of text, and (4) to provide tips on how to improve the current diet options. Based on these strategies, the contents were focused on three important nutrients for pregnant women, folate, iron, and calcium. The percentages of the recommended nutrient intakes of the three nutrients on selected menu and its improved version by adding a dish or changing a dish into another dish were calculated and provided. Finally, the contents were delivered as illustrations with a minimum amount of text. Overall, dietitians and pregnant women were satisfied with the contents.
CONCLUSIONS
The contents developed in this study can be used in a pamphlet or a pregnancy diary, or can be shared in social networking services. Further contents on other nutrients and various menu are expected to be developed using these communication strategies.

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Development of Education Materials as a Card News Format for Nutrition Management of Pregnant and Lactating Women
Young-Hee Han, Jung Hyun Kim, Min Jun Lee, Taeksang Yoo, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(3): 248. CrossRef

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[English]
Association of Bone Mineral Density and Blood Pressure, Calcium Intake among Adult Women in Seoul, Kyunggi Area: Based on 2011 KNHANES: Jae Ok Koo; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(3):269-282. Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.3.269

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This study was carried out to investigate bone mineral density (BMD), blood pressure, calcium, sodium intake and related biochemical variables, and to analyze the relationship between BMD, and blood pressure, physical characteristics, nutrient intakes of Korean adult women. The study subjects were 30~80years old, 513 women living in Seoul and Kyunggi area who participated in 2011 KNHANES. The study subjects were divided into three BMD groups; normal, n = 259 (50.4%), osteopenia, n = 169 (32.9%), and osteoporosis, n = 85 (16.7%). Average height and weight and fat free mass decreased with a decrease in BMD. Average BMD of normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis were 0.87, 0.79, 0.70 g/cm2, and T-score were 0.42, -0.66, -1.62, respectively. Higher systolic blood pressure, alkaline phosphatase, and triglyceride were significantly associated with a decrease in the BMD. The rates of hypertension were significantly increased from normal to osteoporosis. i.e. 18.5% in normal, 34.3% in osteopenia and 63.5% in osteoporosis. Average nutrientintakes such as protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin B2, and vitamin C were significantly lower in subjects with lower BMD.n. Average calcium intake of normal, osteopernia and osteoporosis were 528.50, 416.96, 389.56 mg, respectively. There were significant negative correlations between calcium, phosphorus and age, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride. Also, there were negative correlation systolic blood pressure (incomplete sentence). In this study, we found low BMD according to low calcium intake increase the risk of osteoporosis and hypertension rather than sodium intake, also calcium intake decreased with increase age. Therefore, in order to prevent osteoporosis and hypertension, subjects need to be educated regarding the importance of calcium nutrients in diet.

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Effects of Nutrition Education at a Community Health Center on Overweight and Obese Middle-aged Women in Jeonbuk Area-Focused on Personalized Daily Energy Requirement and Food Exchange Units
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(4): 307. CrossRef
Prevalence of Osteopenia/Osteoporosis and Related Risk Factors of Men Aged 50 Years and Older: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2011 Data
Hye-Sang Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(2): 106. CrossRef
The Effects of Korean DASH Diet Education with Calcium/Vitamin D Supplements on Nutrient Intakes, Food Consumption, Bone Turnover Markers and Bone Mineral Density among Korean Elderly Women
Haeyoung Lee, Smi Choi-Kwon, Seung-Hye Choi
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2015; 27(1): 94. CrossRef
Various Factors Affecting the Bone Mineral Density in Korean Young Adult Women: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2011
Kwang-Hyun Jho, Soon-Nam Choi, Nam-Yong Chung
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(2): 110. CrossRef
Association of Anthropometric and Biochemical Factors with Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adult Women Data from the Fourth (2008~2009) and Fifth (2010~2011) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES IV & V)
Soon-Nam Choi, Kwang-Hyun Jho, Nam-Yong Chung
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(3): 157. CrossRef
Analysis of Bone Mineral Density, Biochemical Index and Nutrient Intakes of 30-70 Years Old Women: Based on 2011 KNHANES
Jae Ok Koo, Myung Sook Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(4): 328. CrossRef
Factors associated with the bone mineral density in Korean adults: Data from the 2010-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V
Kyung Sook Kim
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2014; 39(4): 240. CrossRef

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[English]
Calcium Status and Bone Mineral Density by the Level of Sodium Intake in Young Women: Jin Sook Yoon, Mi Jung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(2):125-133. Published online April 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.2.125

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Previous studies have shown that sodium excretion is positively related to calcium excretion in the urine. As excessive sodium intake is a common nutritional problem in Korea, we intended to investigate associations among sodium intake levels and calcium status, evaluated by 24 hour recall method and urinary excretion, and bone status. We collected dietary information for non-consecutive three days from 139 young adult women 19~29 years. After classifying the subjects into 4 groups based on the dietary sodium levels by daily total sodium intake (mg) and sodium density (sodium intake per 1000 kcal energy intake), we compared the bone status, nutrient intakes, urinary calcium and sodium excretions. The results showed a positive association between total daily sodium intake and intake of other nutrients. However, no significant differences in nutrients intakes were observed among subject groups classified by sodium density levels. There were no significant differences of bone density among groups by total daily sodium intake as well as by sodium density. While total daily sodium intake showed significantly positive relationship with urinary sodium (p < 0.05) and calcium (p < 0.05), sodium density was not related to urinary excretion of calcium and sodium. Our results suggested that promoting balanced meals providing appropriate amounts of energy intake is the essential component of nutrition education for improving calcium status of young Korean women with excessive sodium intake.

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[English]
A Study on Dietary Mineral Intakes, Urinary Mineral Excretions, and Bone Mineral Density in Korean Postmenopausal Women: Jee Young Yeon, Chung Ja Sung; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(5):569-579. Published online October 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.5.569

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The purpose of this study was to determine the urinary Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Mn levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in sixty-two postmenopausal women. The study was conducted through anthropometric checkup, 24-hour recall, 24-hour urine and bone mineral density using DEXA. Average age, height, weight and body fat of the subjects were respectively 65.39 years, 150.19 cm, 58.03 kg and 37.22%. The average spine and femoral neck BMD of subjects were -2.19, -3.13. The mean intakes of Ca, P and Mg were 524.7 mg, 993.10 mg, and 254.6 mg and those of Zn, Cu and Mn were 8.6 mg, 1.5 mg, and 3.5 mg. The average 24-hour urinary excretion of Ca (UCa), P (UP) and Mg (UMg) were 161.07 mg, 673.68 mg, and 99.87 mg. The average 24-hour urinary excretion of Zn (UZn), Cu (UCu) and Mn (UMn) were 366.50 microg, 22.57 microg, and 1.55 microg. Ca intake showed significantly positive correlations with urinary UCa (p < 0.05), UMg (p < 0.01) and spine BMD (p < 0.05). P intake showed significantly positive correlations with UCa (p < 0.05), UMg (p < 0.05) and UZn (p < 0.05). Mg intake showed significantly positive correlations with UZn (p < 0.05) and Mn intake showed significantly positive correlations with UCa (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis indicates that Ca intake and UMg is the most important factor to increase spine BMD. On the other hand, UCa is the most important factor to decrease spine BMD. Higher femoral neck BMD was related to UP, while lower femoral neck BMD was related to UCa. In conclusion, Dietary intake of Ca showed positive effect of spine BMD, while excessive P intake showed negative effect on BMD due to increases in UCa, UMg and UZn. Further studies are required to investigate the relationship between bone metabolism and mineral excretion.

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Magnesium intake and dietary sources among Koreans: findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019
Jee-Seon Shim, Ki Nam Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Mi Ock Yoon, Hyun Sook Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(1): 48. CrossRef
Association between dietary intake, body measurements, and urinary bone resorption markers in young adults with osteopenia and osteoporosis: a cross-sectional study
Mi-Hyun Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(4): 282. CrossRef
Daily Intake of Magnesium and its Relation to Urinary Excretion in Korean Healthy Adults Consuming Self-Selected Diets
Mi-Kyeong Choi, Connie M. Weaver
Biological Trace Element Research.2017; 176(1): 105. CrossRef
Prevalence of Osteopenia/Osteoporosis and Related Risk Factors of Men Aged 50 Years and Older: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2011 Data
Hye-Sang Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(2): 106. CrossRef
Analysis of Bone Mineral Density, Biochemical Index and Nutrient Intakes of 30-70 Years Old Women: Based on 2011 KNHANES
Jae Ok Koo, Myung Sook Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(4): 328. CrossRef
The Association between Changes in Food and Nutrient Intakes and Changes in Bone Metabolic Indicators in Postmenopausal Women with Osteopenia after a 12-week Intervention of Nutrition Education and Aerobic Exercise
Seo-Jin Kim, Suh-Jung Kang, Yoon Jung Park, Ji-Yun Hwang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(3): 213. CrossRef
Factors Related to Calceneal Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation, Anthropometric Indexes and Nutrient Intakes among Elementary School Children in Chungnam
Ye-Jung Kim, Yoon Jeong Choi, Hee-Seon Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(4): 312. CrossRef
Association of Bone Mineral Density and Blood Pressure, Calcium Intake among Adult Women in Seoul · Kyunggi Area - Based on 2011 KNHANES -
Jae Ok Koo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(3): 269. CrossRef
Dietary factors affecting bone mineral density in Korean rural postmenopausal women
Jeong Sook Choe, Eun Mi Ahn, Sung Ok Kwon, Young Hee Park, Jinyoung Lee
Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012; 45(5): 470. CrossRef
Evaluation of Dietary Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Selenium Intake in Female University Students
Yun-Jung Bae, Mi-Hyun Kim, Jee-Young Yeon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(2): 146. CrossRef

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[English]
Effect of School Lunch Menu Intervention through Calcium Enriched Menus on Nutrient Intakes of High School Girls: Eon Kyoung Lee, Young Sun Choi, Bok Seon Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(2):265-277. Published online April 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.265

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This study was conducted to improve the nutritional status of high school girls via lunch menu intervention. Surveys were carried out twice to evaluate basal status and status after lunch menu intervention. In the first survey nutrient intakes of 24-hour and school lunch were each estimated by 24-hour recall dietary survey and self-recording, respectively. Calcium intake was the lowest among nutrients, and stir-frying was the most preferred cooking method. Five dishes of school lunch menus which were included in the first survey were replaced with recipes containing foods with higher calcium level; anchovy stir-fried with red pepper paste, anchovy stir-fried with almond, pork stir-fried with shredded kelp, crab meat soup, and tteokbokki with cheese. In the second survey calcium intake from school lunch was significantly (p < 0.001) increased from 45.5% to 50.2% of one thirds of recommended intake (RI) after calcium enriched lunch menu intervention. Intakes of vitamin A and E were also significantly increased, whereas those of energy, thiamin, and vitamin C were decreased. Index of nutritional quality values of nutrients of 24-hour intakes (except thiamin, vitamin B6, vitamin C) is increased by intervention; however, those of calcium, folic acid, iron are still very low. Even though this study shows a possibility of improving nutrient intakes of students through school lunch menu intervention, lunch intervention by itself is not enough action to improve nutritional status of micronutrient for adolescents.

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Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2017; 27(2): 137. CrossRef
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[English]
A Study on the Calcium and Sodium Intakes and Urinary Calcium Excretion of Adults in Busan: Hwa Jae Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(2):215-226. Published online April 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.215

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The purpose of this study was to assess calcium and sodium intakes and urinary excretion of adults in Busan and to evaluate the relationship between urinary calcium excretion (UCa) and the status of anthropometric, blood pressure, urine analysis, and nutrient intake of subjects. Nutrient intake by 24 hr recall, 24 hr urinary calcium and sodium excretion (UNa) were measured with 87 adults aged 20-59 yrs (42 men and 45 women). The mean calcium intake was 88.0% for men and 103.0% for women of Recommended Intake. The mean sodium intake was 283.4% for men and 250.5% for women of Adequate Intake (AI). The mean 24hr UCa was 127.4 mg in men and 107.3 mg in women. The mean 24 hr UNa was 3650.6mg in men and 3276.4mg in women. The intake and urinary excretion of calcium and sodium were not significantly different by gender. UCa showed significantly positive correlations with sodium intake and UNa in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.05) and women (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and with age, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and sodium density in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The UCa/creatinine showed significantly positive correlations with age, sodium intake, sodium density, and UNa in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01). When UCa was stratified into quartile (Q1-Q4), age, SBP, UCa, UNa, sodium intake, and AI percentage of sodium (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in Q4. The mean intake and AI percentage of sodium in Q4 were 4768.8mg and 329.0. Based on the results, UCa was related to age, SBP, UNa, and sodium intake. Therefore, nutritional education of decreasing sodium intake for decreasing UCa is needed.

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Association between dietary intake, body measurements, and urinary bone resorption markers in young adults with osteopenia and osteoporosis: a cross-sectional study
Mi-Hyun Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(4): 282. CrossRef
Sex- and age group-specific associations between intakes of dairy foods and pulses and bone health in Koreans aged 50 years and older: Based on 2008~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Hyun-Bi Seo, Young-Sun Choi
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(3): 165. CrossRef
Comparison of sodium content of workplace and homemade meals through chemical analysis and salinity measurements
Eun-Kyung Shin, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2014; 8(5): 558. CrossRef
Calcium Status and Bone Mineral Density by the Level of Sodium Intake in Young Women
Jin-Sook Yoon, Mi Jung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(2): 125. CrossRef
A Study on Dietary Mineral Intakes, Urinary Mineral Excretions, and Bone Mineral Density in Korean Postmenopausal Women
Jee-Young Yeon, Chung Ja Sung
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2011; 16(5): 569. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of Milk Consumption on Calcaneal Quantitative Ultrasound and Bone Turnover Markers of Women Living in Asan: Hee Seon Kim, Min Kyoung Kim, Dong Min Jang, Nam Soo Kim, Jin Ho Kim, Byung Kook Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(4):440-448. Published online August 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of 16-month milk consumption as a part of the health promotion community program for women in Asan. Subjects included 313 women belonging to the milk group (mean age = 69.1, range 47~89 y) and 66 women to the control (mean age = 43.6, range 20~69 y) group. For those in the milk group, one cup (200ml) of partially lactose-digested low-fat milk was provided everyday for 16 months. Each subject was interviewed to assess calcium intake by a 24-h recall after fasting blood was obtained for analyzing bone turnover markers, and calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) was measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) on the left heel before and after the milk supplementation. After 16 months, the calcium intake levels changed from 55% of recommended dietary allowance (RDA) to 85% RDA in the milk group and from 73% RDA to 84% RDA in the control group. BUA were reduced from 67.9+/-8.1 to 64.7+/-17.5 dB/MHz for milk and from 90.4+/-13.0 to 87.2+/-15.2 dB/MHz for control groups. Paired ttest showed the changes of BUA for both groups (-3.24 and -3.15 dB/MHz for milk and control groups, respectively) were significant, but the two groups did not show any differences in absolute changes. When post-BUA was analyzed after age, initial BUA and menopausal status were controlled as covariates in ANCOVA model, the milk group showed significantly (p < 0.05) smaller changes than the control group (-3.50 vs -6.71 dB/MHz, respectively). According to a multiple regression analysis, milk consumption and initial BUA showed significant interaction meaning that those with lower initial BUA showed higher milk effects. We conclude that one-cup a day milk consumption for 16 month can prevent further bone loss and significantly improve calcium intake.

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[English]
Association of Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Density by Vitamin D Receptor Genotype among Elderly Women Living in Rural a Area: Ji Sun Kim, Hee Seon Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(4):534-540. Published online August 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: Recent studies have shown that environmental, biochemical, nutritional or genetic factors affect bone mineral density (BMD). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gentotype and nutritional status on BMD of elderly women living in a rural area. Three hundred thirty five elderly women over 65 years in Asan participated the study. Data for demographic and nutrient intakes were obtained by survey with a two day 24 hr recall method. BMD was measured by broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) using quantitative ultrasound (QUS). VDR genotypes of the subjects analyzed with Bsm I restriction enzyme were bb (92%), Bb (7%) and BB (1%). No differences were found between genotypes bb and Bb/BB in age, menopausal age, body mass index and body fat. BUA of bb genotype was higher (62.5 +/- 15.6 dB/MHz) than Bb/BB genotype (56.1 +/- 17.6 dB/MHz) by Student's t-tests. Correlation analyses showed strong negative correlation of BMD and age, but positive correlation with BMI, energy and calcium intake. When subgroup analyses were conducted after stratification by the median calcium intake level (412.9 mg/d), the above median calcium intake group showed significant difference in BUA by VDR genotype while the lower median calcium intake group did not show significant difference. The current study confirmed interaction of calcium intake and VDR genotype in association with BMD. Further nutritional intervention will be needed to improve calcium status of the elderly women living in rural areas.

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[English]
Dietary Risk Factors Related to Bone Mineral Density in the Postmenopausal Women with Low Bone Mineral Density: Eun Joo Lee, Sook Mee Son; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(5):644-653. Published online October 31, 2004

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to determine the dietary and lifestyle factors related to bone the mineral density (BMD) of postmenopausal women with decreased BMD. The subjects (N = 163) were recruited from women who visited a orthopedic clinic for BMD check up. A trained dietition interviewed subjects individually to obtain data about dietary behavior, consumption frequency of foods known as main dietary source of calcium and potassium, and clinical symptoms. The risk factors were identified by correlation and multiple regression analysis of variables. The mean age of the subjects was 66.8 years. Most of them showed low levels of education and monthly income. The mean age of menarche and menopause were 17.2 and 48 year, respectively. The mean menopause duration was 18.7 year. Most of the consumption of calcium was centered to vegetable foods. Education level were positively correlated (r = 0.272, p < 0.05) with BMD whereas age, menarch age, menopause duration, number of children were negatively correlated (r = -0.355, r = -0.240, r = -0.283, r = -0.193, respectively, p < 0.05) with BMD. The consumption of soybean, radish were positively correlated (r = 0.187, r = 0.158, respectively, p < 0.05) with BMD. Potassium intake with rice showed significantly negative correlation with BMD (r = -0.189, p < 0.05), but calcium intake with brown seaweeds, bean sprouts were positively correlated (r = 0.247, r = 0.254 respectively, p < 0.05) with BMD. Protein intake with roasted pork was also positively correlated (r = 0.216, p < 0.05) with BMD. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most prominent negative predictor influencing the BMD was age. Minor negative factors influencing the BMI were age of menarche, potassium intake from rice. But the significantly positively factors influencing the BMD were consumption of radish and soybean intake, education, and protein intake with roasted pork. In conclusion brown seaweeds, radish or soybeans can be promoted as cheap foods replacing milk and milk products for menopausal women with low income.

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[English]
The Correlation of Usual Dietary Isoflavone Intake and Serum Osteocalcin: Hong Seok Ahn, Yoon Shin Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(1):38-46. Published online February 29, 2004

Abstract PDF: Few studies have conducted the bone health benefits of usual dietary isoflavone intake in Korean college-student women. To elucidate this benefitial effects and correlations between dietary isoflavone and nutrients intake and bone formation marker (ALPase, osteocalcin), questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, serum mineral (Ca, P, Mg) concentrations were analyzed. Fifty three subjects were used in this study. The average age, height, body weight, BMI, body fat content and triceps skinfold thickness were 21.43 year, 161.07 cm, 52.81 kg, 20.48 kg/m2, 20.72% and 17.59 mm respectively. Soy food intake frequencies were soybean > soybean curd > soypaste stew > soybean milk. The average calorie, protein and Ca intake were 1766.21 +/- 62.54 kcal, 66.45 +/- 2.00 g and 549.62 +/- 27.55 mg respectively. Serum ALPase activity and osteocalcin concentration were 115.74 +/- 3.6 u/L and 7.15 ng/ml respectively. Usual dietary isoflavone intake was positively related to calory, protein, Ca, P intake and serum Ca, Mg concentration. Serum osteocalcin concentration was negatively correlated with isoflavone intake (r2=0.28, p < 0.05). In these results, usual dietary isoflavone can support an additive effect to bone health and Ca nutrition.

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[English]
A Study of Premenstrual Syndrome(PMS) and the Nutritional Intake of College Women Residing in Busan Metropolitan City: Hye Jin Hwang, Young Man Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(6):731-740. Published online December 31, 2002

Abstract PDF: This study was designed to identify premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and to investigate the correlation between premenstrual syndrome and nutritional intakes. The subjects of this study were 138 college women residing in Busan Metropolitan City. The subjects were asked to complete Menstrual Discomfort Questionnaire (MDQ) regarding PMS, food intake frequencies and nutritional intake. We studied the correlation between PMS symptoms and nutritional intake. The average height and weight of anemic subjects were 161.42 +/- 3.50 cm and 51.87 +/-5.42 kg. The average BMI (body mass index, kg/m2) was 19.92 +/-2.14 and PIBW (percent ideal body weight) were 93.02 +/-9.75%. Except for phosphorous, vitamin A and vitamin C intakes, the intake levels of all other nutrients were below the Korean RDA. The average calorie intake of the subjects was 1645.65 +/-352.63 kcal (82.2% of the Korean RDA) and iron intake of the subject was 11.06 +/-4.03 mg (69.1% of the Korean RDA). The calcium and vitamin B6 intakes were 512.26 +/-183.12 mg (73.1% of the Korean RDA) and 1.12 +/-0.14 mg (80.0% of the Korean RDA), respectively. With regard to their menstrual state, 45.9% subjects responded that their menstrual cycles were 'irregular'. The frequency of PMS of the subjects was 30.2% (over 3 points) on 5 point scale (1 : no. 5 : severe). The common symptoms of PMS of the subjects were pain (2.32 +/-1.01), negative effects (2.27 +/-0.87), behavioral changes (2.26 +/-0.85), water retention (2.07 +/-0.78), arousal (1.79 +/-0.84), autonomic reactions (1.77 +/-0.87), lack of control (1.69 +/-0.75) and decreased concentration (1.68 +/-0.75). There was significant correlation between all the PMS symptoms and calcium (p < 0.01), vitamin E (p < 0.05), carbohydrate (p < 0.05). This suggests that PMS represents the clinical manifestation of nutrient deficiency states especially calcium. Therefore we concluded that calcium supplementation is likely to be of benefit in relieving PMS symptoms.

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[English]
Relationship between Nutrient Intake and Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism in Korean Postmenopausal Women: Haeng Shin Lee, Da Hong Lee, Chung Ja Sung; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(5):765-772. Published online December 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: To delineate the relationship between the nutrient intake from diet and the serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism, 56 postmenopausal women of 50 to 77 years of age were recruited. The biochemical markers including osteocalcin, calcium, phosphorus, estradiol and free testosterone were measured in fasting blood. Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured also by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the nutrient intake of earth individual subject was estimated by 24-hour recall of 3 days. The age of the subjects was 64.8 +/- 7.7 years, and the BMDs of the subject were 0.86 +/- 0.26g/cm2(Lumbar spine), 0.60 +/- 0.10g/cm2 (Femoral neck), 0.49 +/- 0.10g/cm2(Trochanter), and 0.41 +/- 0.14g/cm2(Ward's triangle). There were no significant differences among age and nutrient intake level groups due to the small sample size. The biochemical markers showed certain degree of relationship with nutrient intake levels. The results were compared among 3 groups with different nutrient intake level classified by the percentage of Recommended Daily Allowances(RDA) for Koreans as follows low < 75% RDA, 75% RDA < or = adequate< 125% RDA, high > or = 125% RDA. The low energy and low riboflavin groups showed significantly higher serum osteocalcin levels than those of the high intake groups(p<0.05). On the other hand, there was a trend for serum Ca level to be higher with high nutrient intake. In this case, protein and thiamin were the only nutrients that reached a statistical significance(p<0.05). And the groups with low intake for protein and Ca showed significantly lower serum free testosterone levels than that of other intake groups(p<0.05). This study suggests an important role of nutrient intake levels on blood biochemical markers of bone metabolism.

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[English]
Effect of Ca Supplementation on Serum Ca Level and Psychological Conditions in Perimenopausal Women: Soon Myung Hong, Hyun Joo Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(4):628-634. Published online October 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of serum calcium and magnesium level to depression and anxiety symptoms in 66 perimenopausal women. Daily nutrient intakes and dietary sources of calcium were analyzed by convenient method. General status was conducted by a questionnaire whereas the questionnaire of CED-S(the Center for Epidemiological studies-Depression Scale) was used for depression and Spielburger's STAI-S(state-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State) was used for anxiety. Fasting blood samples were collected, and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations were measured before and after calcium supplementation. The age distribution of the subjects was 49-55 years. Results indicated that serum calcium concentrations were significantly(P<0.05) increased to normal ranges after calcium supplementation. Depression and anxiety scores of the subjects with calcium supplementation were significantly(p<0.05) lower than those before calcium supplementation. There were significantly(P<0.05) decreased between serum magnesium concentration and depression and anxiety scores, but calcium concentration was not significantly decreased. These results suggest that psychological conditions of perimenopausal women are possibly effected by serum calcium and magnesium levels. More studies are needed to measure the long-term effects of calcium supplementation on psychological conditions in perimenopausal women.

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[English]
Effects of Dietary Protein and Calcium Levels on Iron and Zine Balance in Young Korean Women: Kisun Nam, Kyungwon Kim, Jaoeok Koo, Haymie Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(2):218-227. Published online May 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

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