Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Original Articles

[English]
Development of a Dietary Fiber Composition Table and Intakes of Dietary Fiber in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES): Soyeong Yeon, Kyungwon Oh, Sanghui Kweon, Taisun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(3):293-300. Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.3.293

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the study was to develop a dietary fiber composition table (DFCT) and to assess dietary fiber intakes in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
METHODS
The DFCT was developed by compiling the food composition tables published by the agencies of Korea, United States, or Japan. When there was no available data from the same species or status (dried, boiled, etc.) of food, the values were imputed by estimating from the same species with different status or substituting familiar species in biosystematic grouping. Using KNHANES VI-2 (2014) microdata and DFCT, intake of dietary fiber of Koreans was estimated.
RESULTS
Among the 5,126 food items of DFCT, the proportion of items of which dietary fiber contents were taken from the analytical values of the same foods was 40.9%. The data from the domestic food composition tables was 37.5%, and the data from the foreign tables was 49.6%. The rest was assumed as zero, or estimated with recipe database and nutrition labeling. Mean daily intake of dietary fiber was 23.2 g, and mean intake per 1,000 kcal was 10.7 g in men and 12.6 g in women. The mean percentage of dietary fiber intake compared to adequate intake was higher than 100%. The major food groups contributing to dietary fiber intakes were vegetables and cereals, and the percent contribution were 32.9% and 23.0% of total dietary fiber intakes, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This DFCT could serve as a useful database for assessing dietary fiber intakes and for investigating the association between dietary fiber intakes and non-communicable diseases.

Citations

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[English]
Effect of Prune Supplementation on Dietary Fiber Intake and Constipation Relief: Young Hee Han, Mi Yong Yon, Tai Sun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(3):426-438. Published online June 30, 2008

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to examine bowel habits, dietary habits, and nutrient intake of constipated adults, and the effects of prune products on relieving constipation symptoms. Fifty one adults with self-reported constipation (mean age 23 years, range 19-41 years, 10 males and 41 females) participated in this study. After a baseline survey on bowel habits and dietary habits, participants were asked to consume at least 50 g of prune and 200 ml of prune juice per day during a 4-week period in addition to usual diet. Nutrient intake was estimated by a 24 hour recall at the baseline and once every week by diet records during the intervention. Data were analyzed after classifying the subjects into mild constipation group and severe constipation group by the severity of the symptoms. During the intervention, the subjects with mild constipation consumed 56 g of prunes (about 5.6 fruits) and 200 ml of prune juice, and the subjects with severe constipation consumed 59 g of prunes (about 5.9 fruits) and 207 ml of prune juice. Average intakes of energy, dietary fiber and water of the subjects in the mild constipation and severe constipation group increased during the intervention compared to the baseline. Average dietary fiber intake of the mild constipation and severe constipation groups significantly increased from 12.5 g and 11.6 g at the baseline to 18.5 g and 16.8 g after consuming prune products, respectively. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the number of bowel movements, a decrease of defecation time, a change to a softer stool consistency, and a decrease of abdominal pain during defecation. Seventy two subjects answered that prune products were effective to improve their overall constipation symptoms. Our data show that supplementation of prune products is effective to provide energy, dietary fiber and water, and to relieve constipation symptoms for constipated adults.

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[English]
A Study on the Defecation Pattern and Lifestyle Factors of Female High School and College Students in Gyeonggi Province: Jong Hyun Lee, Ju Hwan O; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(1):36-45. Published online February 28, 2005

Abstract PDF: The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary and lifestyle factors related to bowel pattern of female high school and college students in Gyeonggi Province. The total of 202 self-administered questionnaires (high school students 77;college students 125) were analyzed. All respondents were devided into four groups based on their self-reported pattern of defecation:18 subjects (9.0%) comprised the normal group, 73 (36.1%) the constipation group, 73 (36.1%) the constipation/diarrhea group, and 38 (18.8%) the diarrhea group. Regularity of exercise was significantly higher in the college students than high school students, and times spending on a chair were longer in the high school students than college students. Most students (72.7%) reported that they had stress. Fourty point six percent of the subjects reported that they had 3 meals per day, which tended to be higher in the normal and diarrhea group than constipation and constipation/diarrhea group. Most students (69.7) skipped breakfast which was lower in the normal group than the other groups. The most preferred dietary fiber food was korean cabbage kimchi. Fifty-eight point four percent of the subjects reported that they had irregular bowel movement. Bowel movement was more irregular in the high school students than college students, and in the constipation group than the other groups. Of the subjects, 77.7% had defecation frequency between three per week and three per day. Those who spent within 10 minutes for defecation were 79.6%, and those had difficulty in evacuating were 76.0%. High school students and those with constipation and constipation/diarrhea had a significantly lower defecation frequency, longer time spent at the toilet, and greater difficulty in evacuating than college students and normal and diarrhea group. The percentage of those who had feelings of residue in the intestine after defecation was 92.5%, and it was greater in the constipation or diarrhea group than in the normal group. Most students (93.5%) reported that they had abdominal pain or discomfort. These results suggest that decreasing times spending on a chair, decreasing stress, keeping 3 meal per day at regular hours, and increasing dietary fiber intake are associated with desirable bowel pattern.

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[English]
Assessment of Intake of Nutrient and Dietary Fiber among Children at the 6th Grade of Elementary School in Gimhae: Suk Hee Jung, Jung In Kim, Sang Ae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(1):12-21. Published online February 28, 2005

Abstract PDF: The aim of this study was to assess dietary fiber intake and the relationship between dietary fiber intake and nutrient intakes of elementary school students. Food consumption of 200 elementary school students (100 boys, 100 girls) in the 6th grade in Gimhae was assessed by 2-day estimated food records. Nutrient intakes were calculated using CAN-pro and total dietary fiber (TDF) intake using the TDF tables of the common Korean foods. The mean height and weight of the boys were 147.7 cm and 42.1 kg. The mean height and weight of the girls were 149.1 cm and 41.1 kg. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the boys (19.3 kg/m2) was significantly higher than that of the girls (18.4 kg/m2, p +/- 0.05). Average daily intake of energy of the boys and girls was 1733 and 1778 kcal, respectively. Intakes of protein, P, and niacin of the boys and girls exceeded 110% of current RDA. Intakes of Fe, vitamin B1, and vitamin B2 of the boys were similar to RDA. Intake of vitamin B1 exceeded 110% of current RDA and intakes of Fe and vitamin A were similar to RDA among the girls. Ca intake of the boys and girls was 74.2% and 60.1% of RDA, respectively. Vitamin C intake of the boys and girls were 63.6% and 71.7% of RDA, respectively. Intakes of fat, Ca, P, and vitamin B2 of the boys were significantly higher than the girls. Intakes of Fe and vitamin A of the boys were significantly lower than the girls. Average daily intakes of TDF of the boys and girls were 11.2 g and 11.1 g, respectively. TDF intake of the children at the 6th grade of elementary school was about 70% of "age (yr) + 5 g", a recommended level for American children. Major food groups to supply dietary fiber were vegetables, grains, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Major sources of dietary fiber were Kimchi, rice, and red pepper powder which supplied 17.85%. 15.71%, and 5.18% of TDF among the boys and 18.02%, 16.22%, and 6.58% among the girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, Ca, P, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, and vitamin C among both the boys and girls. From the results of this study we could conclude that it is recommended to increase dietary fiber intake in elementary school students at upper level.

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[English]
An Assessment of Dietary Fiber Intake in Preschool Children in Busan: Hwa Jae Lim, Jung In Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(2):167-176. Published online April 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: To assess the dietary fiber intake of preschool children in Busan and to evaluate the relationship between of the intake of dietary fiber and nutrient intake. Nutrient intake using 24 hour recall, and total dietary fiber (TDF) intake based on tables of TDF of common Korean floods developed by the modified Prosky Method, were estimated for 176 preschool children. The mean daily intakes of TDF, and TDF after adjusting energy intake, were 10.20 g and 7.69 g/1,000 kcal, respectively. The mean daily intakes of TDF for children aged 1-3 and 4-6 years were 9.20 g and 11.08 g, respectively. The range of TDF intake was 1.86 to 22.16 g. The major sources of TDF were cereals (31.0%), vegetables (18.9%) and fruits (11.9%). The TDF intake showed positive correlations with nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) of iron and Vitamin B1, (p<0.05, p<0.05). The TDF intake per 1,000 kcal showed negative correlations with the NARs of protein, calcium, phosphate, iron, Vitamin A, vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, and niacin (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001) and with the mean adequacy ratio (MAR, p<0.001). When children were stratified into quartiles (Q1-Q4) on the basis of their fiber intake per 1,000 kcal, their NARs for calcium, phosphate, iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2 and niacin (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.001), and their U? (p<0.001) were significantly lower in the children with higher fiber intake per 1,000 kcal (the upper quartile). The NARs fur calcium (0.63), iron (0.60), Vitamin A (0.66), Vitamin B2 (0.74), niacin (0.64), Vitamin C (0.65) and the MAR (0.74) were lower than 0.75 in the children with fiber intakes of more than 9.25 g per 1,000 local (0,), the highest fiber intake per 1,000 kcal. Based on these results, the mean TDF intake of children was higher than the 'age (yr)+5g', the minimum recommended level for American children. Meals with a fiber intake of more than 9.25 g per 1,000 local (Q4) could cause a decreased nutritional status for minerals and vitamins. The result of this study could contribute to the establishment of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for dietary fiber for Korean Preschool children.

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[English]
Estimation of Nutrients Intakes and Dietary Fiber Intake of Teenagers in Urban, Fishing, and Rural Areas.: Mal bun Kim, Yeun Kyung Lee, Hye sung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):281-293. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: Dietary fiber(DF) intake of teenagers was estimated and the major food sources of fiber were analyzed using three-day food records and data from 365 middle school students in urban, rural and fishing areas. Mean dwily DF intake of males was 9.2+/-3.9g in urban, 10.4+/-5.4g in rural, and 7.9+/-4.0g in fishing areas and the intake of female was 10.6+/-5.1g in urban, 10.6+/-5.2g in rural, and 7.7+/-3.3g in fishing areas. When related to energy intake, female consumed more DF(5.7+/-2.5g/1000 kcal, 7.0+/-3.5g/1000 kcal, 4.6+/-2.2g/1000 kcal, in urban, and rural, fishing areas respectively) than males(4.2+/-1.3g/1000 kcal, 4.6+/-1.5g/1000 kcal, 4.4+/-2.0g/1000 kcal in urban, rural, fishing respectively). Mean crude fiber(CF) intake of males was 4.1+/-1.7g, 4.5+/-2.4g, 3.7+/-2.4g, and female's intake was 4.7+/-1.9g, 4.8+/-2.2g, 3.7+/-1.9g in urban, rural, and fishing areas respectively. The mean DF : CF ratio for the subjects was 2.2-2.6, indicating that the DF intake is 2-3 times that of CF intakes. The intakes of the two measures of fiber were highly correlated(r=0.7781) . The major food sources for DF were cereals, vegetables and fruits and the percentage contributions of the food groups to the DF intake were 27-37%, 22-30%, and 11.5-19.7% respectively. The present study indicates that the DF intake of teenagers is considerably lower than the recommended level and they need to consume more DF than that indicated by the present levels. The importance of nutrition education on health and dietary pattern should also be emphasized among teenagers.

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