Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Original Articles

[English]
Effects of Nutrition Education and Exercise Program on Obesity Index and Behavioral Modification in Moderate Obese Women: Myung Hee Chang, Su Jin Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(4):318-332. Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.4.318

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioral modification of obese adults who underwent nutritional and physical activity education. Twenty obese females, aged 20â€“60 years old, with BMIs (Body Mass Index) >30 or body fat (%) >40 were subjected to this study.
METHODS
The physical activity education program consisted of doing exercise in a gymnasium together or home exercise. Dietary attitudes and dietary intakes were assessed using weight control, physical activity, and eating habits. The nutrition-exercise educational period was 12 weeks.
RESULTS
After the study period, there was significant improvement in physical activity and eating habits score. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the dietary intakes of fiber, iron, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B6, and niacin. Blood pressure, blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels showed a tendency to decrease, but there was no significant difference. BMI, fat mass, abdominal circumference, and visceral fat levels were significantly reduced while muscle mass significantly increased.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that behavioral modification by nutrition and physical activity education with feedback has positive effects on dietary intake and anthropometric biomarkers in obese adults. Therefore, lifestyle interventions of this kind could be recommended as a method for obesity management.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Influence of Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention (LSI) Program on Health, Fatigue, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Women
Su-Jin Jung, Seung-Ok Lee, Min-Jun Choi, Jun Heo, Soo-Wan Chae, Baik-Hwan Cho
Journal of Lifestyle Medicine.2022; 12(3): 127. CrossRef
Effect of Nutrition Counseling by Nutrition Care Process on Diet Therapy Practice and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Tae-Jeong Bae, Na-Eun Jeon, Soo-Kyong Choi, Jung-Sook Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(3): 214. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of an Intensive Management Program for Diabetic Patients on a Blood Biochemical Profile and Diabetes Knowledge: Su Jeong Yeo, Bok Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(2):148-161. Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.2.148

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OBJECTIVES
This study examined the effects of nutrition education and exercise therapies on the hematological status and diabetes knowledge of diabetic patients. For this purpose, a 12-week intensive management program was provided to diabetic patients participating in an exercise program in S health subcenter in Kwangju city and the effects were analyzed.
METHODS
The subjects were 26 diabetic patients, who provided written informed consent. As a preliminary survey, this study examined the general characteristics, physical status, obesity, blood pressure, hematological status, daily activity level, diabetes knowledge, diet performance, and barriers to diet therapy. After the 12-week intensive management program was completed, a post-test was conducted in the same way as the preliminary test. The data were analyzed with using SPSS 18.0. The data from this study are presented as the mean Â± standard deviation. A paired t-test was conducted to compare differences in the means before and after the program. Statistical significance was set to p < 0.05.
RESULTS
The results of the program are presented as follows. The HDL-cholesterol levels changed from 39.8 Â± 10.5 mg/dL to 48.3 Â± 13.1 mg/dL, showing a significant increase (p < 0.001). The blood sugar 2 hours after a meal changed from 175.2 Â± 67.1 mg/dL to 140.5 Â± 42.5 mg/dL, showing a significant decrease (p=0.014). The glycosylated hemoglobin levels decreased significantly from 6.7 Â± 1.1% to 6.3 Â± 1.0% (p=0.010). The total scores of the daily activity levels increased significantly from 3.8 Â± 2.4 to 4.8 Â± 2.5 (p=0.040). The scores of knowledge on diabetes increased from 11.5 Â± 3.6 to 14.0 Â± 3.8 (p=0.001). The scores of knowledge on diet therapy changed from 6.7 Â± 2.2 to 7.9 Â± 1.7, showing a significant increase (p=0.027).
CONCLUSIONS
The 12-week intensive management program intervened by nutrition education and exercise therapies induced positive changes to the HDL-cholesterol, blood sugar 2 hours after a meal, glycosylated hemoglobin, daily activity levels, and knowledge on diabetes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Associated Factors of Medical Treatment in Diabetic Patients
Sun Ju Choi, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Seong Woo Choi
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(3): 302. CrossRef
Association between diabetes mellitus and anemia among Korean adults according to sex: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2016)
Mihye Kim, Sook-Hyun Lee, Kyoung Sun Park, Eun-Jung Kim, Sujung Yeo, In-Hyuk Ha
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Nutrition Counseling by Nutrition Care Process on Diet Therapy Practice and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Tae-Jeong Bae, Na-Eun Jeon, Soo-Kyong Choi, Jung-Sook Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(3): 214. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparison and Analysis of Dieting Practices Using Big Data from 2010 and 2015: Eun Jin Jung, Un Jae Chang; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(2):128-136. Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.2.128

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to compare and analyse dieting practices and tendencies in 2010 and 2015 using big data.
METHODS
Keywords related to diet were collected from the portal site Naver from January 1, 2010 until December 31, 2010 for 2010 data and from January 1, 2015 until December 31, 2015 for 2015 data. Collected data were analyzed by simple frequency analysis, N-gram analysis, keyword network analysis, and seasonality analysis.
RESULTS
The results show that exercise had the highest frequency in simple frequency analysis in both years. However, weight reduction in 2010 and diet menu in 2015 appeared most frequently in N-gram analysis. In addition, keyword network analysis was categorized into three groups in 2010 (diet group, exercise group, and commercial weight control group) and four groups in 2015 (diet group, exercise group, commercial program for weight control group, and commercial food for weight control group). Analysis of seasonality showed that subjects' interests in diets increased steadily from February to July, although subjects were most interested in diets in July in both years.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the number of data in 2015 steadily increased compared with 2010, and diet grouping could be further subdivided. In addition, it can be confirmed that a similar pattern appeared over a one-year cycle in 2010 and 2015. Therefore, dietary method is reflected in society, and it changes according to trends.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A Study on Diet Perceptions and Trends Before and After COVID-19 Using Big Data Analysis
Eunjung Lee, Hyosun Jung, Jina Jang
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2023; 52(6): 659. CrossRef
Trends for weight control strategies in Korean adults using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2017
Chunhoo Cheon, Bo-Hyoung Jang
EXPLORE.2021; 17(4): 320. CrossRef
Seasonal variation of patulous Eustachian tube diagnoses using climatic and national health insurance data
S Lee, S-W Choi, J Kim, H M Lee, S-J Oh, S-K Kong
The Journal of Laryngology & Otology.2021; 135(8): 695. CrossRef

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[English]
The Nutrient Intakes and their Relationships with the Use of Diuretics, Symptom Severity and Physical Functioning in Heart Failure Patients: Jun Hee Jang, Haejung Lee, Youngjoo Park, Kook Jin Chun, Jong Hyun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(2):190-199. Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.2.190

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OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to identify the differences in nutrient intake according to using diuretics, symptom severity and degree of physical functioning in heart failure patients.
METHODS
A secondary data analysis was conducted by using baseline data of an intervention study for heart failure patients. In this study, 131 heart failure patients were included. Data were collected using medical records, NYHA (New York Heart Association functional classification) class, and 6-minute-walking test and 24-hour diet recall. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test by SPSS 21.0. Nutrient intake was assessed using CAN-pro 2.0.
RESULTS
Majority of the participants consumed total calorie less than Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) and consumed carbohydrates more than 65% of their total calorie intakes. 24.4% of the participants consumed fat more than 30% of their total calorie intakes and 23.7% consumed saturated fat more than 7% of their total calorie intakes. 100.0% of the participants consumed protein less than 7% of their total calorie intakes and 73.3% of the participants consumed more than recommended intakes of sodium. More than 90.0% of the participants consumed less than adequate intakes of potassium (90.1%) and Vitamin D (91.6%), respectively. 100% and 62.6% of the participants consumed less than Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of magnesium and Vitamin B1, respectively. Nutrient intakes in heart failure patients were different for potassium intake according to the usage of diuretics. The participants with symptom severity tended to intake protein less properly and the participants walking more than 300.0 m tended to intake sodium improperly high.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study indicated the need for screening nutrient intakes of heart failure patients. It is necessary to increase the intake of total calories and most nutrients and to restrict sodium intakes among heart failure patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Nutrition Intervention Process for Heart Failure Patients according to Their Nutritional Problems
Hosun Lee, Suk Yong Jeong, Hae Ryeon Choi, Seok-Min Kang
Clinical Nutrition Research.2021; 10(2): 172. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparisons of Body Image Perception, Health Related Lifestyle and Dietary Behavior Based on the Self-Rated Health of University Students in Seoul: Ho Kyung Kwak, Mi Young Lee, Mi Joung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(6):672-682. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.672

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This study was conducted to examine the differences in perceived body weight and image and various lifestyles based on the self-rated health of university students when gender was adjusted. Five hundred fifty-five participants were asked their perceived health condition, and 58, 289, 160 and 48 students answered themselves as "very healthy", "healthy", "normal", and "unhealthy", respectively. As compared to the other 3 groups, "unhealthy" group showed higher proportions in dissatisfaction of body weight and negative perception of body image (P < 0.01). As health related lifestyles, "very healthy" group reported longer sleeping time than "unhealthy" group (P < 0.05), and had a higher proportion of people with regular exercise. Among the dietary behaviors, the frequencies of followings significantly different among the groups: "Regularity of meal time" (P < 0.01), "Eat protein foods more than twice a day" (P < 0.001), "Eat vegetables" (P < 0.01), "Eat fruit and fruit juice" (P < 0.01), "Eat vegetable oil added foods" (P < 0.01), "Eat seaweed" (P < 0.01), "Eat breakfast" (P < 0.01), "Modulation in animal fat and high in cholesterol intake" (P < 0.01). Particularly, higher proportion of subjects answered "very healthy" had higher frequencies (6-7 times/week) of these dietary behaviors. Overall results suggest that healthy lifestyle including adequate sleeping time, regular exercise, and good dietary behaviors might be potential factors affecting positive perception of health. In addition, positive perception of body weight and image were related with positive perception of health.

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Individual Characteristics Associated with Fears and Prevention Behaviors Related to Respiratory Infectious Disease among South Korean Adults Using Complex Sample Design
Gunsoo Han, Jae-Ahm Park
Healthcare.2024; 12(19): 1924. CrossRef
Dietary Behaviors Associated with Health Perception of Korean Adolescents from Multicultural Families: based on data from the 2017 ~ 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Surveys
YueRong Hu, SuJin Song
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(3): 192. CrossRef
A Study on Associations between the Exercise Habits and Subjective Health Perceptions of Adolescents in Area of Seoul: Focusing on Middle School Students
Yoon-Ji Lee, Ha-Young Kim
Exercise Science.2022; 31(2): 238. CrossRef
Self-rated health may be a predictor for metabolic syndrome and high hs-CRP prevalences in healthy adults in South Korea: Based on the 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mi Joung Kim, In Woo Kim
Nutrition Research.2022; 102: 71. CrossRef
Comparison of Nutrient Intake and Diet Assessment according to the Subjective Health Perception and Disease Existence : The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data(2013~2017) Analysis
Yi-Na Yoon, Bok-Mi Jung
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2021; 32(3): 395. CrossRef
Clustering of Healthy Behaviors and Related Factors among 19-64 Aged Korean Adults
Hyae Min Gu, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Seong-Woo Choi, Mi Ah Han, Jun Ho Shin
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(3): 267. CrossRef
The Effect of Frequent Use of Convenience Food from Convenience Stores on the Diet Quality of Women’s University Students: Using the Nutrition Quotient for Korean Adults
Sun Hee Lee, Seung-Lim Lee
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2021; 32(4): 581. CrossRef
Development of a Web Application Based on Human Body Obesity Index and Self-Obesity Diagnosis Model Using the Data Mining Methodology
Changgyun Kim, Sekyoung Youm
Sustainability.2020; 12(9): 3702. CrossRef
The Associations between Individual Factors, eHealth Literacy, and Health Behaviors among College Students
Chiao Ling Huang, Shu-Ching Yang, Chia-Hsun Chiang
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(6): 2108. CrossRef
Association between Dietary Habits and Self-rated Health According to Sasang Constitution
Kyoungsik Jeong, Hoseok Kim, Siwoo Lee, Younghwa Baek
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine.2020; 34(1): 53. CrossRef
Comparison of factors affecting weight control experiences by perception types of body shape
Yeo Jeong Gu, Jae Yeon Jeong, Ji Yun Jeong, Hae Jong Lee
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2019; 36(4): 77. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Body Image Discordance Amongst Korean Adults Aged 19–39 Years
Hye-Young Jang, Jung-Won Ahn, Mi-Kyeong Jeon
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2018; 9(4): 197. CrossRef
Body Image Perception and Eating Behaviors among Male Middle and High School Students according to Weight Status in Seoul
Bo-Mi Kim, Kyung-Hee Kim
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2018; 28(2): 123. CrossRef
Body Weight Perception, Mental Health, and Weight Control Behavior in Normal Weight Adolescents: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2015
Eun Jee Lee
Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(2): 249. CrossRef
Comparison of Dietary Habits and Learning Flow According to Alcohol Drinking Status Among Male University Students in Jeonbuk Province
Sol Yoon, Mi Sung Kiｍ, Cheong Min Sohn
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2016; 25(3): 387. CrossRef
Effects of life style on psychosomatic a subjective a symptoms of the dental technology students
Soon-Suk Kwon, Hye-Eun Lee
Journal of Korean Acedemy of Dental Technology.2016; 38(1): 37. CrossRef
Dietary Habits, Dietary Behaviors, Depression and Stress according to Self-Rated Health of University Students in Kyungnam Province
Kyung-Ae Park
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(4): 272. CrossRef
Performance of Weight Control Program on University Students in Daejeon
Joon Ho Lee, Hai Yuan Hou
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2016; 27(3): 477. CrossRef
Survey on Health Status and Food Habits of Male College Students in Wonju Area According to Drinking Behavior
Seung-Lim Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(1): 41. CrossRef
A study on blood lipid profiles, aluminum and mercury levels in college students
Eunim Jung, Whajin Hyun, Yoona Ro, Hongmie Lee, Kyunghee Song
Nutrition Research and Practice.2016; 10(4): 442. CrossRef
Combined effect of body mass index and body size perception on metabolic syndrome in South Korea: results of the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2010-2012)
Sook Hee Yoon, Kyu-Tae Han, Sun Jung Kim, Tae Yong Sohn, Byungyool Jeon, Woorim Kim, Eun-Cheol Park
BMC Public Health.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Night Eating and Nutrient Intake Status according to Residence Type in University Students
Ye-Sook Jun, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Yun-Jung Bae
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(2): 216. CrossRef
Survey on Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Food Habits of College Students in Wonju Area
Seung Lim Lee, Sun Hee Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 96. CrossRef
A Study on Food Habits and Nutrient Intakes according to BMI in Food and Nutrition Major and Non-major Female Students in Kyungnam University
Eun-Hee Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(4): 297. CrossRef
The Associations between Discordance of Body Image and Physical Activities among Adults Aged 19 to 64 Years: Based on the Data from 2010 Community Health Survey
In Ae Chun, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Mi Ah Han, Seong Woo Choi, Dae Sik Ko
The Korean Journal of Obesity.2014; 23(4): 274. CrossRef
Relations of Body Perception, Anxiety, Psychological Flexibility and Abnormal Eating Attitudes of College Students
Hae Ok Jeon
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(6): 3675. CrossRef
Evaluation of Diet Quality according to Self-Rated Health Status of Korean Middle-Aged Women -Based on 2008~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-
Hye-Jin Lee, Kyung-Hea Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2013; 42(9): 1395. CrossRef
A Study on the Eating Habits and Healthy Eating Behaviors of the University Students in Jeonbuk Area
Kye-Hong Min
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2013; 29(4): 399. CrossRef
An Analysis of Factors Affecting Energy Drink Consumption in College Students
Haesun Yun, Su Hee Kim, Chung Yul Lee
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2013; 30(3): 1. CrossRef
Comparisons of dietary behavior, food intake, and satisfaction with food-related life between the elderly living in urban and rural areas
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Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012; 45(3): 252. CrossRef

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[English]
Eating and Exercise Behaviors of University Students by Weight Change Status: Seolhyang Baek, Eunjeong Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(4):374-382. Published online August 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: Young adults are likely to start a new life style which may cause weight gain or obesity since leaving their parents for higher education or university. Whilst young people are slim in general, it is common to see them trying to manage their weight. Few studies have been carried out in Korea to support those changes in lifestyle that can result in weight gain in early adulthood. This study aims to identify prevalence of dieting as well as factors inducing weight gain among university students under unrestricted living conditions. A total of 99 university students were enrolled and asked to complete a questionnaire over a 3-day study period from June to September, 2008. T-test and chi-square-test were applied to compare each behavior between weight gainers and maintainers. Logistic regression was also used for further analysis. Half of the participants used 'eat less' and 'exercise' as a way of dieting, and weight gainers tried to control their weight significantly more than weight maintainers. Most participants were engaged in very little exercise and were more likely to watch TV and use a computer. The time of lunch was proven as the only factor to predict weight change in the participants. As a result of this study, an intervention to promote exercise with friends or as a group is required to makeup for the lack of exercise among young adults. Further studies are also necessary to investigate how each meal time a day relates to the amount of food eaten.

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[English]
Healthy Eating Habits Related to Normal Weight Maintenance among Female University Students: Seolhyang Baek; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(3):295-305. Published online June 30, 2009

Abstract PDF: In order to investigate how to maintain normal weight under independent living conditions, twenty female university students were enrolled and asked to complete a questionnaire over a 10- day study period. T-test, Spearman's correlation and multiple regression analysis were applied to describe characteristics of weight maintainers'habits on a daily basis. The results were as follows: They always comsumed small or moderate-sized meals. 2~3 co-eaters usually had dinner together at home while not watching TV. They also showed healthy eating behaviors such as no snacking, very little amounts of soft drinks, coffee and alcohol consumption. The always normal weight maintainers, however, were not physically active at all. When being with co-eater(s), they ate larger-sized dinners (beta = 0.585, R2= 30.6), and the more co-eaters they had at the dinner table, the greater BMI they got (beta = 0.547, R2= 29.9). As a result of this study, encouraging young adult people to exercise on a regular basis is required, even though they seem to succeed in maintaining normal weight without being active physically. Further study is necessary to investigate how co-eaters would influence the amount of food eaten.

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[English]
Effectiveness of Nutrition-Exercise Education Program on Weight Control of Adult Women: Mi Yeon Kim, Seo Young Han, Jeong Hee Jeong, Sung Hee Kim, Jin Kyoung Lee, Eun Suk Park, Xian Hua Zhang, Jung Sook Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(2):168-174. Published online April 30, 2009

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a nutrition and exercise education program on weight control of adult women. The subjects of this study were 28 adult women aged 20-59 years residing in the Daegu area. The nutrition-exercise educational period was 12 weeks. The collected data consisted of items on general characteristics, anthropometric data, blood biochemical values, physical strength data, dietary behavior and nutrition knowledge scores of the subjects. During the 12 weeks of weight control, body mass index (BMI), % of body fat, body fat mass and waist-hip ratio significantly decreased. The level of plasma triglyceride decreased, but not significantly. The level of total cholesterol did not change compared to baseline before the program. After the weight control program, back muscle strength, sit-ups, push-ups, and sit-and-reach tests of the subjects significantly improved. The nutrition knowledge scores of the subjects significantly increased. Therefore, these results suggest that the nutrition-exercise education program may contribute effectively to weight reduction with improvement of physical strength in adult women.

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[English]
Do Obese Children Exhibit Distinguishable Behaviours from Normal Weight Children?-Based on Literature Review: Seolhyang Baek; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(3):386-395. Published online June 30, 2008

Abstract PDF: Since obesity has been a crucial issue regarding children's health in Korea, numerous studies have been conducted. However, it is difficult to locate studies that can help researchers and/or medical professionals who want to study behavioral differences between obese and normal weight (non-obese) children. The collected literature about obese childrens behaviors were accumulated by performing 'key word' searches from several web engines: 'obesity' 'children obesity' 'behavior' 'habit' 'eating behavior or habit' 'exercise' 'physical activity' and 'daily behavior'. The information was extracted and the behaviors were reviewed utilizing 30 papers that revealed any differences from normal weight children with at least p .05 level of significance. According to those studies, the obese children tended to skip meals more often as a method of losing weight. They also have an increased appetite, eat larger portions and rarely leave food on their plates. The obese children prefer to eat high fat, high calorie foods and eat faster than their normal weight counterparts. Also, the children usually eat alone and eat at irregular meal times. Beside the behaviors related to the standard three meals a day, obese children have high preferences for snacking. The children reported that with pocket money they usually eat certain types of snacks without parent approval. The children stated that they exercise more on a regular basis. However, when asked about their participation they were not likely to engage actively. Meanwhile, they tend to spend free time doing sedentary activities such as watching TV or playing on the computer. Since these studies used self -reported questionnaires with a small sample, size there may be difficulty in forming a basis about obese children's behaviors. Nevertheless, these findings are in accordance with other studies conducted in local as well as western countries. In conclusion, obese children have different daily behaviors or routines from normal weight children. It is recommended that altering these behavioral patterns to match those of normal weight children should be encouraged.

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[English]
The Effects of Regular Exercise on Obesity Indices and Dietary Factors in Adult Males: Kang Ok Cho, Hyun Joo Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(2):160-167. Published online April 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to investigate the effects of regular exercise on dietary factors and obesity indices among 407 healthy adult males subjects. Subjects were classified into regular exercise group (REG) and irregular exercise group (IREG). Two hundred and thirteen subjects of REG excercised regularly 3 times (more than 30 minutes/time) per week during more than last 1 month or more. One hundred and ninety-four of IREG (n = 194) didn't regularly exercise during the last 1 month. Obesity indices were BMI (Body Mass Index), WHR (Waist Hip Ratio) and PIBW (Percentage of Ideal Body Weight). And the mean BMI, WHR and PIBW of REG were (22.1, 0.90 and 105.8) significantly lower than those of IREG (25.7, 0.98 and 117.7) respectively. The mean daily starches, seeds, meats, eggs, fish, milk, fats and processed food intakes of REG were significantly lower than those of IREG. And the mean daily vegetables, mushrooms and beverages intakes of the IREG were significantly lower than REG. Energy intake of REG and IREG were 1968.2 kcal and 1978.9 kcal respectively. Vitamin C intake of IREG was significantly lower than REG. But niacin and cholesterol intake of REG were significantly lower than the IREG. Exercise regularity was positively related with obesity indices and dietary factors. Therefore, it is necessary to exercise regularly to prevent obesity and cardiovascular disease in Korean adult males.

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[English]
The Effect of Combined Training at Different Times of Day on Body Composition, Plasma Lipids, Stress Hormones and Nutrient Intakes: Kyoung Young Lee, Si Young Kim, Tae Won Jun; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(1):143-151. Published online February 28, 2006

Abstract PDF: Regular exercise training improves body composition, blood lipid profiles and exercise adaptation. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of exercise training at different times of day on body composition, blood lipids, stress hormones and nutrient intakes. Twenty four male graduate students carried out this experiment. The subjects were divided into three groups; morning exercise group, evening exercise group and control group. Two exercise groups performed running and muscular resistance training at mid intensity for 12 week periods. Body composition, blood lipid profiles, blood cortisol, ACTH and nutrient intakes were analyzed prior to, midway and after training. There were significant differences about interaction between different exercise times and training periods in plasma TG and HDL-C of the evening exercise training (p < 0.05). Also the evening exercise group was showed the decreasing of TC after training (p < 0.05). No significant differences about interaction between different exercise times and training periods were shown in body composition, stress hormones and nutrient intakes in the three groups. But evening exercise training decreased body fat (%) and blood ACTH (p < 0.05). Also the increasing of carbohydrate intakes was shown by the evening exercise training (p < 0.05). In contrast, morning exercise group indicated a decrease of body fat (%) after 6 week training (p < 0.05), but this effect was not maintained after 12 weeks of training. These results suggested that regular evening exercise is more effect than morning exercise from the viewpoint of improving body composition, blood lipids, nutrient intakes and exercise adaptation.

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[English]
Effects of Smoking, Drinking, Exercise on Body Composition, Nutrient Intakes and Serum Lipids in Male High School Students: Jung Hee Kim, Young In Chon; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(1):19-28. Published online February 29, 2004

Abstract PDF: This study was done to investigate effects of smoking, drinking and exercise on body composition, dietary intakes, serum lipids of male high school students in Seoul. Body Composition was analyzed by the Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer. Dietary survey was conducted by 24-hour recall method and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professional (CAN-Pro). All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. Mean and standard error were examined for each items. The significant difference was examined by student's t-test. Body composition data showed that protein mass, mineral mass and lean body mass of regular exercisers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of irregular exercisers. Energy and protein intakes of male high school students were 1868 kcal/day (69.2% RDA), 68 g/day (91.3% RDA), respectively. Ca, Fe and Vitamin B2 intakes were lower than 2000 RDA. Analysis of serum lipids showed that serum levels of HDL-cholesterol of drinkers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of nondrinkers. Overall results imply that smoking and alcohol drinking of adolescent males may not much influence on serum lipids levels because pack-years of smoking or the amount of alcohol drinking was not serious enough to be harmful to health.

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[English]
Factors Affecting Bone Mineral Density in Korean Women by Menopause: Hye Bok Na; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(1):73-80. Published online February 29, 2004

Abstract PDF: Bone mineral density (BMD) focus one's attention on prevention effects of osteoporosis. This study was conducted to investigate BMD (lumbar spin:L2 - L4, femur neck:FN, femur trochanter:TR, femur ward's triangle:WT, wrist) and look into the factors that affect BMD by menopause in 89 nonsmoking healthy Korean women (40 - 60 yr). Anthropometric index and body composition, nutrient intakes, osteocalcin and total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and calcium in serum were determined. Body fat mass, diastolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol concentration of postmenopausal women were significantly higher than those of premenopausal women. FN, TR, WT, wrist BMD of postmenopausal women were not different from those of premenopausal women. However L2 - L4 BMD of postmenopausal women was lower than that of premenopausal women. Significant positive correlations were found between L2 - L4, FN, TR, WT and weight (r = 0.44, r = 0.64, r = 0.58, r = 0.57) and significant positive correlations were found between FN, TR, WT and BMI (r = 0.54, r = 0.45, r = 0.54) of premenopausal women. Whereas significant positive correlation was only found between TR BMD and weight, BMI (r = 0.38, r = 0.29) of postmenopausal women. FN BMD and WC (waist circumstance) of premenopausal women were found significant positive correlation (r = 0.35) whereas L2 - L4 BMD and WC of postmenopausal women was found significant negative correlation (r = -0.31). In premenopausal women, differences of bone BMD were not shown by exercise and alcohol drinking, but in postmenopausal women, significant difference of FN BMD was shown by exercise and alcohol drinking. These results suggested that by menopause, effects of weight, BMI, WC, exercise and alcohol drinking on bone BMD were different. Therefore, by menopause, we should consider the different ways to increase the bone BMD according to different factors.

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[English]
A Comparative Study on the Serum Lipid Levels and the Dietary Intake of Physical Education Major and Non-Major Male Students: Kyoung A Choi, Myung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(5):667-674. Published online October 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: The paper examines the effect of physical exercise on blood lipid with young male students. Our analysis is based on the body measurement, food intake and blood lipid component for 70 male students of Kongju National University who either major in physical exercise (group A) or do not major in physical exercise (group B). The average weight of group A is 71.97 +/- 10.79 kg while that of group B is 67.57 +/- 8.66 kg. The former is significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the latter. The SBP of group A (128.20 +/- 11.40 mmHg) is significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that of group B (136.27 +/- 13.18 mmHg). In terms of the intake of total kcal, group A marks significantly higher than group B; group A goes with 2190.26 +/- 581.96 kcal and group B goes with 2392.94 +/- 769.03 kcal. The comparative analysis of the three nutrient intake shows that the intake proportions for group A are carbohydrate 55.08 +/- 6.03%, protein 15.58 +/- 2.75%, and lipid 29.34 +/- 5.16% while the intake proportions for group B are carbohydrate 57.29 +/- 8.09%, protein 15.62 +/- 3.26%, and lipid 27.10 +/- 6.90%. For group A, the vitamin B1 intake amounts to 1.50 +/- 0.5 mg which fulfills 100% of RDA, and the niacin intake amounts to 16.57 +/- 5.54 mgN.E which is less than RDA. In contrast, both intakes for group B are more than the RDA. In the case with minerals except calcium, both group A and B mark more intake than RDA. Group A's calcium intake is 517.12 +/- 200.63 mg and group B's is 409.56 mg. The total cholesterol intake for group A is 447.00 +/- 245.08 mg which is significantly (p < 0.05) higher than for group B with 352.35 +/- 200.25 mg. The total cholesterol in the lipid of serum is 151.30 +/- 12.92 mg/dl for group A and 182.30 mg/dl for group B, where the dominance of group B over group A is true at the level of significance 0.01. In the case with triglyceride, group A is 107.57 +/- 31.60 mg/dl and group B is 108.07 +/- 33.93 mg/dl so that the group difference is non-significant. The HDLcholesterol for group A is 54.67 +/- 6.49 mg/dl which is significantly higher (p < 0.001) than for group B with 36.13 +/- 4.64 mg/dl. We conclude that regular exercise may have an effect on blood lipid metabolism among young males.

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[English]
Comparison of Anthropometry, Serum Lipid Levels and Nutrient Intakes of Two Groups Based on their Drinking, Smoking, Exercise, Menopause and Obesity Status: In Residents of Youngdong Area: Hae Won Nam, Eun Kyung Kim, Un Hyung Cho; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(5):770-780. Published online October 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to compare the anthropometry, the serum lipid levels and the nutrient intakes of two groups according to their alcohol intake, smoking habits, regular exercise patterns, menopause status and obesity levels. The subjects consisted of 180 clinically normal adults (males 89, females 91) in the Youngdong area. There were significant differences in the triglyceride (TG) concentrations between the alcohol consumers (169.3 +/- 130.0 mg/dl) and the non-alcohol consumers (111.4 +/- 64.5 mg/dl), and the smokers (165.0 +/- 103.6 mg/dl) and the non-smokers (110.8 +/- 39.0 mg/dl). Although regular exercise did not affect the serum lipid levels, the dietary intakes of cholesterol, niacin and phosphate were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the male exercising group than in the male non-exercising group ; and female exercising group consumed more polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05) than the female non-exercising group. The waist/hip ratio, serum total cholesterol (198.4 +/- 36.3 mg/dl) and serum LDL-cholesterol (119.5 +/- 34.9 mg/dl) levels of the postmenopausal females were significantly higher than those of the premenopausal females (p < 0.01). The obese males showed higher serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL, and relative cholesterol levels than those of the normal-weight males ; and the obese females showed higher serum TG levels than that of the normal-weight females (p < 0.01). These results suggested that drinking, smoking, menopause and obesity are risk factors for hyperlipidemia. Thus, moderation in alcohol consumption, non-smoking, regular exercise and the maintenance of normal weight are necessary to prevent hyperlipidemia in middle-aged people.

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[English]
Development of Dietary Supplement for the Growth and Exercise Performance Improvement: Seung Won Yoon, Eun Hee Jung, Dong Sik Yang, Hong Seok Lee, Yoo Sik Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(3):349-355. Published online June 30, 2003

Abstract PDF: We developed a dietary supplement using natural herbs and nutrients for the growth and exercise performance improvement. It called 50-22 supplement containing distilled extracts of natural herbs to remove bitterness and the addition of Vitamin B1, B6, Ca and xylitol. We investigated on the effect of 10-22 supplementation on the maximal exercise performance, IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor-1) concentration and antioxidant activity in SD rat model. In result, JR-22 supplement group was better than control group about 10% in exercise performance test and increased about 63% of IGF-1 concentration in blood. In addition, the oxidative damage induced by exercise was reduced by JR-22 supplementation. Therefore, we suggested that 50-22 supplementation enhanced effectively exercise performance and IGF-1 concentration and reduced to oxidative stress in muscles. Also, we analysed biochemical factors in blood for the safety of JR-22 supplement. We known that there is no change of blood lactic acid, ammonia, inorganic phosphorous ion and creatine kinase activity.

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[English]
Identification of the Dietary Intake Patterns of Korean Adults according to Their Exercise Levels: Young Ok Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(6):769-780. Published online December 31, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to identify the differences in dietary consumption patterns according to the exercise level of Korean adults. The study subjects were the 7,370 Koreans aged 20 years and older of the 1998 Korean Health and Nutrition Survey. The dietary assessment was conducted by means of the 24 hour recall method. Data for individual exercise behavior were collected by interviews as part of the National Health Behavior Survey. Following the analysis of variances the Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used to test the differences in food and nutrient intakes among groups with different levels of exercise. Current exercise practices were reported by 22% of the male subjects and 15% of the female subjects. Unlike observations from the American and European studies, a greater amount of meat intake was observed more frequently among high exercises group than among middle and low exercisers in the case of the male subjects. This was reflected in the increasing levels of protein and fat intake in proportion to the exercise levels. However, the food and nutrient intake patterns of female exercisers were quite different from those of the males. The least intake of fatty foods was observed among the high exercisers. Energy intake from fat was the lowest among the high exercisers. These results may imply that the motivation to exercise was quite different between male and female Koreans. This dietary pattern may have a risk of undernution. Summerizing the results, whatever the motivation of the exercise, the Korean exercisers of both sexes had unhealthy dietary pattern. Therefore, nutritional education should be conducted to encourage the eating of a balanced diet along with exercise, among Koreans of both sexes, in order to promote a healthy lifestyle.

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[English]
An Analysis of the Correlation between Health-related Habits and the Biochemical Characteristics of the Blood of Bus Drivers in the Masan Area: Gi Ryun Kim, Hyun Sook Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(2):232-244. Published online April 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: This study investigated the correlation between health-related habits and the biochemical characteristics of the blood of Korean bus drivers. A total of 178 bus drivers working in the Masan area participated in this study. The general characteristics and health-related habits of the subjects were surveyed using a serf-administered questionnaire. The biochemical date were collected from regular health check-ups done through their workshop health insurance company in lune, 1999. The results were as follows : The average age of the subjects was 38 years, and 44.2% had a driving career of between 10 and 19 years. About 90% of the subjects ate irregularly, and 36% ate. health floods. Their rates of drinking, smoking and exercise were 74.6%, 83.6% and 70.8%, respectively. Their frequency of drinking was significantly increased as the length of their driving career increased (p<0.001). Their levels of total serum cholesterol, in relation to the length of their driving career was significantly higher in the over 20 year group than in the below 10 year group (p<0.05). Their systolic blood pressures, according to age, were significantly higher in the 51 to 60 age group than in the other groups (p<0.05). Their total um cholesterol levels signiscantly increased with increasing age (p<0.001). Their diastolic blood pressures (p<0.001) and blood glucose levels (p<0.05) were significantly higher among the subjects who drinking alcohol almost everyday, than among other subjects. Their systolic blood pressures who significantly increased with increasing frequency of their drinking (p<0.001). The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were positively related to age, the amount of drinking, the frequency of drinking and the obesity index, and negatively related to exercise and the duration of exercise. The hemoglobin was positively related to age, preference for a meat diet and the obesity index. The blood glucose was positively related to the amount of drinking, and the total serum cholesterol was positively related to age, length of driving career, period of smoking and the obesity index. The results of this study indicated that bus drivers need regular exercise, moderation of their drinking and smoking, and control of their body weights so as to prevent chronic diseases.

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Randomized Controlled Trial

[English]
The Effects of Nutrition Counseling on Food Intakes and Bloodlipids in Cardiac Patients: Soo Gyoung Wang, Seon Mi Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(1):92-101. Published online February 28, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether nutrition counseling and exercise could be beneficial to patients with acquired cardiac disease (ACD). Twenty-five ACD patients participated in this program, which was based on guidelines for serum lipid management. To measure the effects of the nutrition counseling and exercise education, outpatients with ACD were selected and randomly assigned to three groups which were a control group, a diet only group and a diet and exercise group. Nine diet only group patients and nine diet and exercise group patients received nutrition counseling or nutrition counseling and exercise education every other week. Patients who served as a non counseled control group did not receive any counseling during the same study period. Various markers of disease risk, including lifestyle, anthropometric indices, eating behaviors, and serum lipid levels were measured before and after the program. The program lasted up to 12 weeks, depending on the individuals involved. Database management and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 7.5 software. As a result, BMI and %IBW showed decreased trends in the diet only and the diet and exercise group. Food habit scores were significantly increased in the diet only group and the frequency of saturated fatty acid, dietary cholesterol, salty food and instant food intake were decreased in the diet only group. Comparisons of the daily nutrient intakes of the groups showed their total calorie, carbohydrate and protein intake had decreased significantly, and also the total fat and dietary cholesterol intake had decreased in the nutrition counseling group. The serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol decreased after 12 weeks in the nutrition counseling group. The diet and exercise group showed less interest in diet control than the diet only group. These results show that a well-planned nutrition counseling program would reduce the risks of ACD and cardiovascular disease and help to care such diseases.

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Original Articles

[English]
A Comparative Study of Obese Children and Normal Children on Dietary Intake and Environmental Factors at an Elementary School in Inchon: Youn Jin Lee, Kyung Ja Chang; Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(4):504-511. Published online December 31, 1999

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this survey was to investigate the relationship among obese children, dietary intake and environmental factors. Therefore, this survey compared obese children with normal children on dietary intake and environmental factors. The survey were 110 obese children and 110 normal children whose age, height, and sex were same as the obese children of 21 elementary school in Inchon. The statistical analysis of data was completed using SAS program. The results were summarized as follows : 1) The student's obesity was related to parent's obesity and number of their siblings. There were significant differences between obese groups and normal group for these two factors. 2) Meal time of the obese group showed more irregularity than that of the normal group. Otherwise, the normal group were more "piclity" about special food than the obese group(p<0.05). Also obese children showed unconsious eating while reading or watching TV(p<0.01). The normal group attended physical education class more eagerily the obese group(p<0.001). There was no significant difference between obese children and normal children for learning habits. 3) Obese children shoed higher intake of nutrients compared to normal children. Among all the nutrients, minerals and vitamins showed significant differences. Therefore, further study on obese children and their intake of minerals and vitamin is needed. Also, in order to prevent factors which influence obesity, nutrition education at home as well as school was needed.

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[English]
Drug Use and Nutritional status of the Elderly in chungbuk area: IV. effects of drug Use & Health-Related Habits (Alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking & exercise) on Nutritional status: Kyung Hee Han, Ki Nam Kim, Dong Yean Park; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(3):397-409. Published online August 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of drug use & the health-related habits(alcohol drinking, smoking and exercise) on the nutritional status of elderly. subjects were 362 free-living elderly aged over 65(male 131, female 231) in Chungbuk area. Interviews with questionaire on drug use, health-related habits, and nutrient intakes, anthropometric measurement and biochemical blood test were carried out from August to October in 1996. Energy intakes of the males who used drug were lower than those of males who did not use any drug, while energy intakes of the females who used drug were higher than those of females who did not. In biochemical indices, LDL-cholesterol level of the males who used drug was higher than that of males who did not have drug. serum triglycerides, VLDL-cholesterol and obesity degree(BMI & TS) of the females who used drug were higher than those of females who did not have drug. Alcohol drinking, smoking and exercise habits of the elderly who used drug had little effects on the nutrient intakes while those habits had considerable effects on biochemical indices and obesity degree. Among drug users, male drinkers showed higher triglycerides & HDL-cholesterol level, and female drinkers showed higher triglycerides and lower total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level, compared to non drinkers. Among female drug users, smokers showed lower body mass index(BMI) compared to non smokers. Males and females who had both drinking and smoking habits showed higher serum triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol level. Especially females who had both drinking and smoking habits showed lower BMI & Tricep skinfold thickness compared to those who had netiher drinking nor smoking habits.

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[English]
Effects of Eating Behavior and Body Fat on Exercise Performance of High School Students in Sungnam Area: Young Mee Lee, Sang Won Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(2):190-201. Published online May 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out with 505(243 boys and 262 girls in the Sungnam area) high school students to investigate the effects of eating behavior and anthropometric variables of weight and height on excercise performance. General characteristics about subjects and eating behavior were surveyed by questionnaire, anthropometric data were collected using two methods. The weight and height of subjects in 1996 were measured, but the same data in 1995 were collected from health records of each student. Body fat content of subjects was measured by BIA(Body Impedance Analysis). The grades of exercise performance, which were evaluated by physical education teachers were collected from records of a physical strength test score of each subject. From these, the following result were found. Groups with different eating behaviors such as skipping meals, overeating, food preference for a specific food(milk, carbonated drink etc.) were significantly different in their weight and height and body fat contents. The growth rate of height in first and second grade boys was significantly higher than that for grade boys. The amount of weight gain from second grade to third grade was significantly more than that of other grades both for boys and girls. The mean of BMI was 21.66+/-2.95 in boy, 21.50+/-2.62 in girls. The percentage of body fat was 24.91+/-6.55% in boy 34.73+/-4.88% in girls. Amounts of body fat were significantly increased in third grade. The group with higher fat content and the higher BMI group had lower values of physical strength. And the ability to exercises perform decreased significantly by promotion of grade. The other variables such as degree of concern about weight control and preference of exercise, and frequencies of exercise per week were significant factors in body fat content and physical strength. As a countermeasure for these problems, nutrition and health education must be developed for adolescents and a practical, proper physical activity guidance campaign for them is necessary.

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[English]
Nutritional Status of the Elderly Living in Cheongju - I. Health-Related Habits, Dietary Behaviors and Nutrient Intakes: Ki Nam Kim, Joung Won Lee, young Sook Park, Tai Sun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(4):556-567. Published online October 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: The health-related habits dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes of the elderly living in Cheongju were investigated by interviews with a questionnaire from August to September in 1996. The responses of 169 free-living elderly aged over 65(male 91, female 78) were analyzed. Thirty-six percent of the subjects smoked currently, 33%, drank alcoholic beverages, and 52% exercise regularly. Exercise was mostly in the from of walking for 1/2-1 hour. Significantly higher proportions of males smoked, drank, and exercised as compared to females. Food groups eaten at every meal were examined on a 5-point scale, and the consumption scores were compared with groups according to sex, age, smoking, drinking, and exercise habits. The elderly who exercised regularly got significantly higher scores in their calcium intakes and the variety of the 6 food groups than the elderly who did not exercise. The dietary assessment data showed that the energy intakes of males and females were 81.9% and 72.8% of the RDAs, respectively. The proportions of the elderly consuming less than 75% of RDAs of vitamin A and calcium were 96.5% and 91.1% of the total subjects, respectively. Higher educational status, more pocket money and regular exercise had positive effects on nutrient intakes, while smoking and drinking among females, but not males, had negative effects. Therefore, to improve nutritional status of the elderly, intake of vitamin A-and calcium-rich food such as milk with regular exercise should be emphasized on the education program.

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[English]
Nutritional Status of the Elderly Living in Cheongju - II. Anthropometric, Biochdemical and Clinical Assessment: Tai Sun Hyun, Ki Nam Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(4):568-577. Published online October 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: To assess the nutritional and health status of the elderly, anthropometric measurements and blood test for analyzing biochemical indices were carried out from August to September in 1996. Data on the incidence of a specific disease and clinical symptoms were also collected by interviews with a questionnaire. Among the total of 169 free-living elderly interviewed(91 men, 78 women), 86 elderly(57 men, 29 women) participated in the anthropometric measurements, and 73 elderly(52 men, 21 women) in blood tests. Average heights and weights were much lower than the standards established in the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances. While average triceps skinfold thickness of men and women were above the 50 percentile of the reference data, mid-arm muscle circumferences were lower than the 50 percentile. Prevalences of anemia, assessed by hemoglobin using WHO definition, were 38.5% for men and 33.3% for women. Blood levels of total protein and albumin were above the normal limit for all participants. Mean blood cholesterol levels of men and women were 163.9mg/dl and 185.8mg/dl, and triglyceride levels were 138.2mg/dl and 161.9mg/dl, respectively. Women older than 75 years generally had high levels of BMI, total cholesterol and triglyceride. Health status assessed by clinical symptoms generally showed no significant difference by age, and their smoking, and drinking habits. Males and the elderly who exercised regularly had better health status. It was suggested that exercise was a good way to improve health status.

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