Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

[English]
Association between Picky Eating Behavior, Growth, and Dietary Practices in Preschool Children: Jisun Kim, Sukyoung Kang, Seunghee Kye; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(1):1-11. Published online February 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.1.1

Objectives
This study was conducted to assess the eating behavior, growth, and dietary practices of children aged 3~5 years living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi Provinces. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 237 mothers of preschool children between April and June 2018. Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age were calculated to determine the children’s growth status. Dietary practices were evaluated using the nutrition quotient for Korean preschoolers (NQ-P). Results: In our study, 29.5% of children were in the eating-small-amounts group, 46.8% of children were in the neophobic behavior group, and 61.2% of children were in the refusal-of-specific food group. Specific foods found to have a high frequency of rejection are listed in descending order as follows: shellfish, soy, mushroom, shrimp, vegetables, milk, eggs, yogurt, seaweed, meat, fruits, and fish. The eating-smallamounts group had lower Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age than the non-picky eaters’ group. Compared to the non-picky eaters' group, the eatingsmall-amounts group of picky eaters had lower scores on the moderation and environment items of the NQ-P, the neophobic behavior group had lower scores on the balance and environment items of the NQ-P, and the refusal-of-specific food group had lower scores on the balance, moderation, and environment items of the NQ-P. Conclusions: Children classified with picky eating behavior had lower growth and development, lower diet diversity, less balanced food intake, and had greater difficulty in abstaining from eating unhealthy foods than non-picky eaters. Therefore, a lot of patience and intensive efforts are needed to encourage children to encounter, experience, and accept unfamiliar food. It is more effective to provide eating behavior guidance by gently encouraging children, than by being strict and forceful. Besides, since the eating behavior of children is influenced maximally by the dietary lifestyle at their homes, it is important to ensure that a healthy dietary lifestyle is maintained at home.

Citations

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Use of food to soothe preschoolers and feeding behaviors of mothers: a qualitative study
Perihan Solmaz, Hatice Başkale
Current Psychology.2024; 43(10): 9355. CrossRef

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[English]
The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City: Haeyoung Kang, Eunsil Her, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(3):197-207. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.197

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the sources of vitamin D (duration of exposure to sunlight, intake of major food sources for vitamin D or vitamin D supplements) on the serum 25-(OH) D3 levels, and the physical growth of a child.
METHODS
Subjects were 296 children aged 1 to 5 years who visited S hospital located in Changwon City. Survey data collection was carried out by direct interview method, and the biochemical data were collected using hospital records.
RESULTS
The study subjects were divided into three groups according to their levels of serum 25-(OH) D3 (deficient, relatively insufficient, sufficient) and their percentage were 48.3%, 44.3% and 7.4% respectively. The average concentration of serum 25-(OH) D3 was 20.41 +/- 6.55 ng/mL, which was relatively insufficient. The average duration of exposure to sunlight was 58.86 +/- 49.18 minutes/day. A total score of vitamin D major food sources was 46.71 points (full marks 153), and the most frequently consumed food items were milk, eggs, and cheese. Thirty-four percent of the subjects took vitamin D supplements and their dose were 11.96 microg/day. Three vitamin D sources in sufficient group were higher than deficient or relatively insufficient group significantly. Intake of vitamin D supplements showed positive relation (+) and high explanation power (R2= 0.288) on serum 25-(OH) D3 concentration, but intake of vitamin D major food sources (+) and the duration of exposure to sunlight (+) had a low explanation power (R2= 0.068). The relations between serum 25-(OH) D3 concentration and physical growth (height and weight) were shown as negative (??, and their explanation powers were low as 7.3% and 5.9% respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This study results can be useful when discussing the intake standard of vitamin D and the effective intake method for children. In addition, it will be helpful to build the children's nutrition policy and to plan the nutrition education program to improve the vitamin D status in children.

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[English]
The Comparison of Growth and Nutrient Intakes in Children with and without Atopic Dermatitis: Seung Joo Park, Jae Sun Lee, Kangmo Ahn, Sang Jin Chung; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):271-279. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.271

Abstract PDF PubReader

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has increased recently all over the world. Several studies worldwide reported growth retardation associated with AD, but few studies were reported in Korea. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identity the differences in growth and nutrient intakes between Korean children with and without AD. The participants were 71 AD children and age, gender-matched 81 control children aged 10 to 36 months. Demographic information was gathered by questionnaires. Height and weight were measured at clinic and health centers. Height and weight for age, and weight for height were converted as deviation in Z scores using World Health Organization Standard. A 24 hour dietary recall method was performed to estimate nutrient intakes. A higher percentage of AD children had insufficient energy and intakes of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc and vitamin B2 , defined as intakes lower than 75% of the Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean, compared to the control group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001 0.001, P = 0.003, P = 0.001, P = 0.014, P = 0.001, respectively). The percentages of children with height and weight for age Z score below than-1 (stunted) were significantly higher in the AD group (P < 0.001 0.001 and P < 0.001 0.001, respectively). Multiple food restriction, defined as > or = 3 food elimination, was associated with insufficient energy and intakes of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamins A and B2 . In conclusion, children with AD need regular nutrient assessment and education about alternative food choices to avoid r food elimination in order to prevent growth retardation or inadequate nutrient intakes. Further longitudinal studies for growth and nutrient intakes should be performed to understand the patterns of growth in children with AD.

Citations

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Relationship between intake of soft drinks and current prevalence of adult atopic dermatitis: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2015-2016)
Hye Won Kim, Ji-Myung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(5): 501. CrossRef
The status of food allergy and parental burden of preschoolers in Jeju area
Jeong Eun Oh, Eunyoung Kim, Yunkyoung Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(6): 664. CrossRef
Evaluation of nutritional status and adequacy of energy and nutrient intakes among atopic dermatitis children under 12 years of age: based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2013–2015)
Hye Won Kim, Ji-Myung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(2): 141. CrossRef
Food Allergy-related Awareness and Performance of Dietitians at Children's Hospitals in Korea: Comparison of Certificate Possession among Clinical Dietitians
Hye-Ran Shin, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(6): 512. CrossRef
Relation of Nutritional Intake and Allergic Rhinitis in Infants: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013~2016
Eun-Sil Her, Bo-Young Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(4): 321. CrossRef
Food allergic reactions in the community: a questionnaire survey of caregivers
An Deok Seo, Jun Yeol Lee, Song I Yang, Hye Ran Lee, So-Yeon Lee
Allergy, Asthma & Respiratory Disease.2017; 5(1): 27. CrossRef
The change in food allergy prevalence of elementary school children in Seoul since the last 20 years and the risk factor analysis
Yeong-Ho Kim, So-Yeon Lee, Eun Lee, Hyun-Ju Cho, Hyo-Bin Kim, Ji-Won Kwon, Song-I Yang, Eun-Jin Kim, Jeom-Kyu Lee, Soo-Jong Hong
Allergy, Asthma & Respiratory Disease.2016; 4(4): 276. CrossRef
Nutrient intakes of infants with atopic dermatitis and relationship with feeding type
Youngshin Han, Youngmi Lee, Haeryun Park, Sunyoung Park, Kyunghee Song
Nutrition Research and Practice.2015; 9(1): 57. CrossRef
Perception on food allergy labelling and management of nutritional education among higher grade elementary school students in Jeju area
Yunkyoung Lee, Hyun-Hee Kim, Yang-Sook Ko
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(6): 530. CrossRef
Survey of food allergy in elementary school children in Bucheon-city and relationship between food allergy and other allergic diseases
Jae Young Park, Ga Young Park, Young Shin Han, Mee Yong Shin
Allergy Asthma & Respiratory Disease.2013; 1(3): 266. CrossRef
Nutrient Intake and Food Restriction in Children with Atopic Dermatitis
Hyunjin Lim, Kyunghee Song, Ran Kim, Jiyeon Sim, Eunah Park, Kangmo Ahn, Jihyun Kim, Youngshin Han
Clinical Nutrition Research.2013; 2(1): 52. CrossRef

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[English]
The Effect of Breast Feeding on Growth Development, Bone Mineral Density of Carpus, and Nutrient Intakes in Preschool Children: Mi Kyeong Choi, Seung Yeon Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(1):3-11. Published online February 28, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to examine the long term effects of breast feeding on growth, bone development and nutrient intakes in preschool children. Subjects were 62 preschool children. Anthropometric characteristics and bone mineral density of carpus were measured using DEXA. The questionnaire was composed of health status, life style, dietary behaviors, and dietary intakes and was completed by the children's mothers. The average age of the boys was 62.4 months and that of the girls was 62.1 months. Average birth height and weight of the subjects was 50.9 cm and 3.4 kg for boys and 50.3 cm and 3.3 kg for girls, respectively. The average height, weight, % body fat, and obesity index were 111.7 cm, 19.6 kg, 15.0%, -2.1% in boys and 109.4 cm, 18.7 kg, 17.5%, 0.2% in girls, respectively. Forty children were fed colostrum, 21 were fed breast milk, 29 were fed formula, and 12 were fed mixed milk. There was no significant difference in growth status between children who were fed colostrum and those who were not. Children who had mixed feedings were significantly taller than those who did not (p < 0.001), and children who had colostrum had significantly higher bone mineral density than those who did not (0.25 +/- 0.04 g/ cm2 vs. 0.23 +/-0.04 g/cm2, p < 0.05). However, the different feeding methods did not show any difference in bone mineral density. Except vitamin B6, folic acid and vitamin E, vitamin, mineral and calorie intakes did not meet the Korean RDAs. Calcium intake was especially lower than recommendations by as much as 62% and 70% in boys and girls, respectively. There was no significant difference in nutrient intakes between children who had colostrum and those who did not. However, children who were formula consumed significantly more animal fat than those who did not (p < 0.05). Neonatal feeding and breast or formula feeding seems to associate with height, bone mineral density and animal fat intakes in preschool children, based on the results of this study. A longitudinal study is needed to clarify this relationship.

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[English]
Growth and Development of Infants Fed Soy-Based Formulas over 3 Months: Sang Woon Cho, Hae Choul Shin, Heon Soo Sohn, Chai Won Chung, Hee Jung Nam, Hye Ryun Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(5):555-565. Published online October 31, 2004

Abstract PDF: The objective of this study was conducted to investigate growth and development status of infants fed soy-based formulas over 3 months. The height and weight were measured and Z-scores were calculated by using standard of the same age groups. Their mothers were interviewed using questionnaires including general and environmental characteristics, total food intakes, soy based formula intakes and Ewha infant development screening test. Main results were as follows: 1) Nutrient intake levels of subjects were similar to or more than the level of Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances except for intakes of vitamin E (79.89% RDA), and the average status of nutrient intakes of infants were fairly good. 2) Z-scores of height for age (HAZ) and Z-scores of weight for age (WAZ), Kaup index, WLI and Ewha Infant Developmental Screening Test score of subjects were in the normal growth range. 3) There were no significant differences among soy based formula intake percentile groups in HAZ, WAZ, Kaup index, WLI and Ewha Infant Developmental Screening Test score. 4) Total energy intake was positively correlated with HAZ (p < 0.01), WAZ (p < 0.01), and WLI (p < 0.05) in infants less than 12 month. Also, soy based formula energy intake was positively correlated with HAZ (p < 0.05) in infants less than 12 month. However, energy and soy based formula intake levels of infants over 12 month were not significant among variables. Considering results of this study, infants fed soy-based formulas over 3 months showed normal growth and development status. Further studies are needed to evaluate long-term growth and development in infants fed soy based formulas.

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[English]
Development of Dietary Supplement for the Growth and Exercise Performance Improvement: Seung Won Yoon, Eun Hee Jung, Dong Sik Yang, Hong Seok Lee, Yoo Sik Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(3):349-355. Published online June 30, 2003

Abstract PDF: We developed a dietary supplement using natural herbs and nutrients for the growth and exercise performance improvement. It called 50-22 supplement containing distilled extracts of natural herbs to remove bitterness and the addition of Vitamin B1, B6, Ca and xylitol. We investigated on the effect of 10-22 supplementation on the maximal exercise performance, IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor-1) concentration and antioxidant activity in SD rat model. In result, JR-22 supplement group was better than control group about 10% in exercise performance test and increased about 63% of IGF-1 concentration in blood. In addition, the oxidative damage induced by exercise was reduced by JR-22 supplementation. Therefore, we suggested that 50-22 supplementation enhanced effectively exercise performance and IGF-1 concentration and reduced to oxidative stress in muscles. Also, we analysed biochemical factors in blood for the safety of JR-22 supplement. We known that there is no change of blood lactic acid, ammonia, inorganic phosphorous ion and creatine kinase activity.

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[English]
A Study on feeding Practices and Growth Status of Infants and the Correlation of Mothers' Perceptions of Breast Feeding with Infant Feeding Methods in the Pocheon Area: Kyungsuk Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(4):569-577. Published online December 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate the feeding practices, growth status and correlation with maternal perceptions of breast feeding and lactation with infuts' feeding methods in the Pocheon area. The subjects were 103 infants ranging from 3 to 21 postpartum months and their mothers. The results obtained were as follows : In this survey, 36.9% of the infants were breast-feeding, while 53.4% of them were bottle-feeding, and 9.7% of them were mixed-feeding. The reason for bottle-feeding was due mainly to the lack of breast-milk secretion. Z-scores of weight-f3r-age and height-for-age were similar to Korean standards, but malnutrition and overnutrition were also noticed by kaup index and WLI. The average maternal perceptions of breast-feeding and lactation was 3.7 out of 10 possible points, the breast-feeding group scored 4.7, and formula-feeding and mixed-feeding group scored 3.0. That of BF group was higher than FF+MF groups and was positively correlated with growth status. Therefore to ensure proper growth of infants and to promote breast-feeding, efforts should be given to community nutritional services including nutrition education for the importance of colostrum and breast-milk, practical breast-feeding methods, and nutritional management during pregnancy. Also nutrition education for mothers will be continued to 1-3 postpartum months to promote successful breast-feeding.

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[English]
A Longitudinal Study of the Iron and Zinc Intakes of Korean Infants from 1 to 3 Months-Breast-Fed vs Formula-Fed Infants: Kyungsuk Choi, Sumi Mo, Haymie Choi, Jaeok Koo; Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(1):30-36. Published online March 31, 1999

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to longitudinally investigate the iron and zinc intakes and correlation with growth performance of 25 male breast-and formula-fed infants from 1 to 3 months postpartum, longitudinally. There were four groups breast fed(BF) and three formula fed groups((FFM, FFN and FFP). Milk intakes and the concentration of iron and zinc from human milk and the formulas were measured. The iron content of human milk was 2.07+/-1.05(0.63~5.65) microgram/ml. The zinc content was 2.43+/-1.14(0.70~5.30) microgram/ml. Both were not significantly different among postpartum months. The average iron intake of the breast-fed and formula-fed infants was 1.6+/-0.7mg/day and 8.4+/-2.3mg/day, respectively. The iron intake of breast-fed infants was higher than previous reports. And that of formula-fed infants was higher than the RDA. The average zinc intake of the breast-fed group was 1.9+/-0.9mg/day and formula-fed infants' was 2.7+/-0.7mg/day, which was higher than the RDA. There was no correlation between these mineral intakes and the growth performance during 1 to 3 postpartyum months. So, extensive studies of the iron content of human milk and wide cross-sectional studies for establishing iron and zinc recommended dietary allowances for infants are needed.

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[English]
Evaluation of Growth between Breast-Fed and Formula-Fed Korean Infants from 1 to 3 Postpartum Months: Compared with the Korean Standard and NCHS Reference: Kyungsuk Choi, Jaeok Koo; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(4):533-541. Published online October 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: This study compares the growth performance(weight-for-age Z-score, height-for-age Z-score, weight-for-height Z-score) of one- to three-month-old Korean infants(n=232) with the Korean standard(1994) and NCHS reference(1983). The weight-for-age Z-scores(WAZ) by the Korean standard were -2~1,5 for males and -3~1 for females. The NCHS reference, WAZ results were -1~2.5 and -2.5~3.5 for males and females, respectively. The WAZ compared Korean standard showed no subjects with overnutrition. But 1.3% of the infants showed signs of malnutrition. Comparison with NCHS reference revealed that 0.4% of the infants were malnourished and 7.0% of the infants were overnourished. The WAZ of formula-fed infants were distributed higher than breast-fed infants, but that was not significant. The height-for-age Z-score(HAZ) by the Korean standard were -4.5%~1.5% for males and -4~1.5% for females. According to the NCHS reference, HAZ were -2.5%~2.5% and -3~3 for males and females, respectively. When the WAZ was compared with the Korean standard, there was no overnutrition but 16% of the infants showed signs of malnutrition. The NCHS reference, revealed that 6.9% of the infants were malnourished and 1.8% of the infants were ovemourished. The weight-for-height Z-scores(WHZ) by the Korean standard were -2~5 for males and -2.5~5 for females. The NCHS reference WAZ scores were -1~4 and -1.5~4.5 for males and females, respectively. When the WHZ was compared with the Korean standard, 2.2% of infants were malnourished and 19.5% were overnourished. There were no malnourished subjects according to the NCHS reference and 19.1% of the infants were overnourished. When the three Z-scores are considered together, 92.0% of the infants should a normal growth status, there was no malnutrition, and 8.0% of the infants were overnourished. The growth performance was evaluated differently according to the type of standards. Thus, it is necessary to set proper growth standards for infants, according to which classification of feeding methods is chosen. A longterm and careful assessment of infants's growth performances to develop any group of standards.

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[English]
Ecological Studies of Maternal-Infant Nutrition and Feeding in Urban Low Income Areas: III. Infant's Nutrient Intakes and Growth pattern: Hong Seok Ahn, Ji Yoon Jeong; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(2):174-189. Published online May 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and growth of Korean infants, who were atending peripheral community clinics in low income areas, by anthropometric measurements and estimating dietary intakes. Dietary intakes and growth were compared among different feeding patterns of 143 infants until age 9 months. The overall mean nutrient intakes of infants in this study were below the recommended allowances except the calcium intake from significant difference in each groups; however, calcium, zinc and iron intake of the formula fed infant(FF) was higher than the breast fed infant(BF) or the mixed fed infant(MF). Form ages 4-6 months, the nutrient intakes were shown to be higher in groups that were given supplementary foods than groups that were not. From ages 7-9 months, all nutrient intakes were higher in or the formula and supplementary foods fed(ESF) infants than in the breast and supplementary food(BSF) or the formula and supplementary food(FSF) groups, All subjets in this study showed a large Z-score. The growth of infants up to 6 months of age showed no significant difference in the feeding pattern, however, after 7 months of age the BSF group had significantly lower weight than the FSF or the ESF groups, There were significant positive relationships between infants weight gain at age 7-9 months from birth and the current protein or zinc intakes. As a result the average status of nutrient intakes of infants in this area was loser than the RDA, however, the growth pattern was fairly good. Although the breast milk is beneficial for infants, mothers should be educated for the importance of supplemental food and its practice to support good nutrition.

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[English]
Enviromental Factors and Factors Associated with Feeding on Infant's Growth.: Young Sun Choi, Kee Wha Oh, Kyung Mee Yang, Jung Sook Seo, Son Moon Shin; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(1):3-11. Published online February 28, 1998

Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

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[English]
Cross-sectional Study of Growth of Korean Breast Fed Formula Fed Infants from 1 to 3 Postpartum Months: Kyungsuk Choi, Haymie Choi, Sang Jin Chung, Jaeok Koo, Hyeon Sook Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(1):3-12. Published online February 28, 1997

Abstract PDF: One-to three -month-old infants(n=252) were compared their growth performance(weight, length, head circumference, chest circumference) by feeding methods in cross-sectional study. There were two groups : breast-fed(BF) and formula-fed groups(FF). The weights of infants at 1, 2, and 3 postpartum month were 4.50+/-.48kg, 5.76+/-0.62kg and 6.67+/-0.68kg, respectively. The weigh of male infants was higher than females. The length were 53.7+/-2.6cm, 57.4+/-3.3cm, 61.1+/-3.1cm at one to three postpartum months, respectively. The length of male infants was higher than females, too. Overall there were no significant differences between feeding methods in weight, length, head and chest circumferences, and monthly weight and length velocity. But 3-month-old formula-fed male infants showed bigger significantly in weight, monthly weight velocity and chest circumference than the breast-feds. By Korean standards, weight-for-height Z-score were distributed from 0 to +2. Not only was there a few malnourished infants but also overnourished were noticed, especially in formula-fed group.

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