Haeyoung Kang; Eunsil Her; Kyung-Hea Lee

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.197

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Research Article
The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City: Haeyoung Kang, Eunsil Her, Kyung-Hea Lee; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2015;20(3):197-207.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.197
Published online: June 30, 2015

¹Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea.

²Department of Food and Nutriton, Changshin University, Changwon, Korea.

Corresponding author: Kyung-Hea Lee. Department of food and nutrition, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichanggu, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do 641-773, Korea. Tel: (055) 213-3514, Fax: (055) 281-7480, khl@changwon.ac.kr

• Received: May 26, 2015 • Revised: June 26, 2015 • Accepted: June 26, 2015

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the sources of vitamin D (duration of exposure to sunlight, intake of major food sources for vitamin D or vitamin D supplements) on the serum 25-(OH) D₃ levels, and the physical growth of a child.
Methods
Subjects were 296 children aged 1 to 5 years who visited S hospital located in Changwon City. Survey data collection was carried out by direct interview method, and the biochemical data were collected using hospital records.
Results
The study subjects were divided into three groups according to their levels of serum 25-(OH) D₃ (deficient, relatively insufficient, sufficient) and their percentage were 48.3%, 44.3% and 7.4% respectively. The average concentration of serum 25-(OH) D₃ was 20.41 ± 6.55 ng/mL, which was relatively insufficient. The average duration of exposure to sunlight was 58.86 ± 49.18 minutes/day. A total score of vitamin D major food sources was 46.71 points (full marks 153), and the most frequently consumed food items were milk, eggs, and cheese. Thirty-four percent of the subjects took vitamin D supplements and their dose were 11.96 µg/day. Three vitamin D sources in sufficient group were higher than deficient or relatively insufficient group significantly. Intake of vitamin D supplements showed positive relation (+) and high explanation power (R²= 0.288) on serum 25-(OH) D₃ concentration, but intake of vitamin D major food sources (+) and the duration of exposure to sunlight (+) had a low explanation power (R²= 0.068). The relations between serum 25-(OH) D₃ concentration and physical growth (height and weight) were shown as negative (??, and their explanation powers were low as 7.3% and 5.9% respectively.
Conclusions
This study results can be useful when discussing the intake standard of vitamin D and the effective intake method for children. In addition, it will be helpful to build the children's nutrition policy and to plan the nutrition education program to improve the vitamin D status in children.
Keywords: children; vitamin D sources; serum 25-(OH) D₃ levels; physical growth

REFERENCES

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Table 1

Distribution of independent variables

1) Range

Table 2

The general characteristics of the subjects by serum 25-(OH) D₃ levels

1) N (%)

2) Mean ± SD

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at a=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 3

Comparison of the duration of exposure to sunlight and methods of ultraviolet block by the serum 25-(OH) D₃ levels

1) Mean ± SD

2) N (%)

3) Multiple responses

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at a=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^**: p < 0.01

Table 4

Intake frequency scores of vitamin D food sources by serum 25-(OH) D₃ levels

1) Mean ± SD

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at α=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^**: p < 0.01

Table 5

Comparison of intake of vitamin D supplements and their daily dose by serum 25-(OH) D₃ levels

1) N (%)

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at α=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^***: p < 0.001

Table 6

Regression analysis of the influence of vitamin D sources on serum 25-(OH) D₃ concentrations

1) Standard error

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 7

Comparison of physical growth characteristics by serum 25-(OH) D₃ levels

1) Mean ± SD

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at α=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^***: p < 0.001

Table 8

Regression analysis of influence of the serum 25-(OH) D₃ concentration on height and body weight

1) Standard error

^***: p < 0.001

Table 9

Regression analysis of the influence of age on height, body weight and serum 25-(OH) D₃ concentrations

1) Standard error

^***: p < 0.001

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City

Korean J Community Nutr. 2015;20(3):197-207. Published online June 30, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.197

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The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City

Table 1

Distribution of independent variables

1) Range

Table 2

The general characteristics of the subjects by serum 25-(OH) D₃ levels

1) N (%)

2) Mean ± SD

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at a=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 3

Comparison of the duration of exposure to sunlight and methods of ultraviolet block by the serum 25-(OH) D₃ levels

1) Mean ± SD

2) N (%)

3) Multiple responses

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at a=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^**: p < 0.01

Table 4

Intake frequency scores of vitamin D food sources by serum 25-(OH) D₃ levels

1) Mean ± SD

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at α=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^**: p < 0.01

Table 5

Comparison of intake of vitamin D supplements and their daily dose by serum 25-(OH) D₃ levels

1) N (%)

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at α=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^***: p < 0.001

Table 6

Regression analysis of the influence of vitamin D sources on serum 25-(OH) D₃ concentrations

1) Standard error

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 7

Comparison of physical growth characteristics by serum 25-(OH) D₃ levels

1) Mean ± SD

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at α=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^***: p < 0.001

Table 8

Regression analysis of influence of the serum 25-(OH) D₃ concentration on height and body weight

1) Standard error

^***: p < 0.001

Table 9

Regression analysis of the influence of age on height, body weight and serum 25-(OH) D₃ concentrations

1) Standard error

^***: p < 0.001

Table 1 Distribution of independent variables

1) Range

Table 2 The general characteristics of the subjects by serum 25-(OH) D3 levels

1) N (%)

2) Mean ± SD

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at a=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 3 Comparison of the duration of exposure to sunlight and methods of ultraviolet block by the serum 25-(OH) D3 levels

1) Mean ± SD

2) N (%)

3) Multiple responses

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at a=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^**: p < 0.01

Table 4 Intake frequency scores of vitamin D food sources by serum 25-(OH) D3 levels

1) Mean ± SD

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at α=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^**: p < 0.01

Table 5 Comparison of intake of vitamin D supplements and their daily dose by serum 25-(OH) D3 levels

1) N (%)

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at α=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^***: p < 0.001

Table 6 Regression analysis of the influence of vitamin D sources on serum 25-(OH) D3 concentrations

1) Standard error

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 7 Comparison of physical growth characteristics by serum 25-(OH) D3 levels

1) Mean ± SD

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at α=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

^***: p < 0.001

Table 8 Regression analysis of influence of the serum 25-(OH) D3 concentration on height and body weight

1) Standard error

^***: p < 0.001

Table 9 Regression analysis of the influence of age on height, body weight and serum 25-(OH) D3 concentrations