Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Research Article

[English]
Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to the Frequency of Milk Consumption in Korean Adolescents: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Ji Hyun Kim, Sook-Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(6):485-501. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.6.485

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to examine the biochemical characteristics and dietary intake of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years according to the frequency of milk consumption. Methods: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used for the study. The study examined adolescents’ (12~18 years) demographic characteristics (house income level, residence region, skipping or not-skipping of breakfast/lunch/dinner, eatingout frequency), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, weight status), biochemical characteristics (fasting plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatine, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin, hematocrit) and nutrient intakes through quantitative and qualitative evaluation using the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRI), index of nutrition quality (INQ), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) of 3 groups (< 1/week, 1~6/week, 1/day) according to the frequency of milk consumption. Results: There were significant differences in gender and income levels among the 3 groups. There were no differences in height, weight, and weight status among groups. There were differences in biochemical characteristics and nutrient intake. In boys, there were differences in the mean of BUN and HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, potassium by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among 3 groups. In girls, there were differences in the mean of blood urea nitrogen, creatine, HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of protein, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among the 3 groups. Conclusions: In Korean adolescents, boys had a higher frequency of milk consumption than girls, and higher the income level, higher the frequency of milk consumption. Consumption of milk appeared to have a positive association with triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and indices related to muscle mass. Regular consumption of milk is an important factor in enhancing the intake of riboflavin, calcium, and phosphorus, which adolescents lack. The results of the study indicate a need to prepare an environment and education program to increase milk consumption in adolescents at home and school.

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Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to Household Income Levels of Korean Adolescents: Using Data from the 6th (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yu-Kyeong Kwon, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(6): 467. CrossRef

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Original Articles

[English]
Milk Intake Patterns with Lactose and Milk Fat in Korean Male Adults: Jung Hyun Kim, Min Sook Kyung, Sung Hee Min, Myung Hee Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(6):488-495. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.488

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OBJECTIVES
This study examined the milk intake patterns with lactose and milk fat in Korean male adults using the following variables: milk intake level, awareness of lactose, and milk fat, health problems, and necessity of milk intake. In addition, the factors affecting milk intake were analyzed by multiple regression analysis.
METHODS
The subjects were 532 males aged 20 years or older among the nationwide milk purchasing group. The subjects were 223 (41.9%) in the 20â€“29 year age group, 188 (35.3%) in the 30â€“49 year age group and 121(22.7%) in the over 50 year age group. The survey was conducted using ANOVA and multiple comparative analysis to examine the differences in age and multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors affecting the intake of milk.
RESULTS
The intake of milk in the subjects was 538.14 Â± 494.23 ml per week. There were statistically significant differences in the subjects' age according to processed milk, low fat, nonfat milk, cheese, and ice cream. The perception of milk and lactose and milk fat was recognized as a good food for skeletal health when milk was consumed. Among the milk nutrients, lactose was highly recognized at the age of 20â€“29, and milk fat was recognized in those over 50 years. In addition to lactose and milk fat, calcium was the most highly recognized among the milk nutrients. Health problems associated with milk were skeletal health, obesity, and lactose intolerance. The perception of lactose intolerance was related to lactose intolerance and fatness, and the dietary behavior was unaffected.
CONCLUSIONS
This study examined the milk intake patterns of adult Korean males. Many variables were found to be related to the intake of milk. In this study, the milk intake was high when there was no problem with the perception and dietary behaviors of milk nutrition (lactose and milk fat). This study focused on lactose and milk fat, which are major nutrients in milk, and it is a new perspective study among milk-related research.

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Association of milk and dairy product consumption with the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence in middle-aged and older Korean adults: a 16-year follow-up of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Yeseung Jeong, Kyung Won Lee, Hyekyeong Kim, Yuri Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(6): 1225. CrossRef

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[English]
Milk Intake is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome: Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2010: Chang Jin Lee, Hyojee Joung; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(6):795-804. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.795

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This study aimed to examine associations between milk intake and metabolic syndrome. The subjects included 1,928 males and 3,103 females, aged 19 to 64 years, from the data of 'The Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2007-2010'. Daily intake of milk and dairy products was obtained by a 24 hour dietary recall method and divided into two categories by equivalent weight of one serving. The average individual intakes of milk and dairy products were 59.4 g and 74.1 g per day respectively. Milk intake was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.54~0.89), central obesity (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62~0.91), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.59~0.90). The total intake of dairy products was also inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.60~0.92), central obesity (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62~0.86), hypertension (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65~0.99). The association between intakes of milk and dairy products and metabolic syndrome was significant in women, but not in men. These results indicate that increased consumption of milk and its products is associated with a reduced likelihood of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome risk factors. Further research on causal relationship and dose-response association between milk intake and metabolic syndrome risk is necessary prior to applying the observed results in nutrition policies and programs to prevent the metabolic syndrome.

Citations

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Effects of a nutrition education program on metabolic syndrome risk factors in middleaged Korean adults: an intervention study
Minji Kang, Young-Hee Park, Subeen Kim, Eunyoung Tak, Hyun Wook Baik, Hee Young Paik, Hyojee Joung
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(4): 265. CrossRef
Intakes of Dairy and Soy Products and 10-Year Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Korean Adults
Sinwoo Hwang, Ae Wha Ha
Nutrients.2024; 16(17): 2959. CrossRef
Evaluation of Dietary Nutrient Intake and Food Variety by Milk Consumption in Postmenopausal Korean Women: Data Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013～2015
Ae Wha Ha, Woo Kyung Kim, Sun Hyo Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2022; 51(9): 912. CrossRef
Inverse association of improved adherence to dietary guidelines with metabolic syndrome: the Seoul Metabolic Syndrome Management program
Dongwoo Ham, YoungYun Cho, Mi-Suk Park, Yun-Sug Park, Sun-Young Kim, Hye-Min Seol, Yoo Mi Park, Sunok Woo, Hyojee Joung, Do-Sun Lim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(6): 621. CrossRef
Association between dairy product intake and hypertriglyceridemia in Korean adults
Seon-Joo Park, Junghyun Park, Hong Ji Song, Chang-Ho Lee, Hae-Jeung Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(2): 152. CrossRef
Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to the Frequency of Milk Consumption in Korean Adolescents: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ji Hyun Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(6): 485. CrossRef
Association of total dietary antioxidant capacity with oxidative stress and metabolic markers among patients with metabolic syndrome
Dongwoo Ham, Shinyoung Jun, Minji Kang, Sangah Shin, Gyung-Ah Wie, Hyun Wook Baik, Hyojee Joung
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(3): 246. CrossRef
Study on relationship between milk intake and prevalence rates of chronic diseases in adults based on 5thand 6thKorea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data
Sehyug Kwon, Jung-Sug Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(2): 158. CrossRef
Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Whole Milk and Low Fat Milk: Using Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015
Hyun-Chul Moon, Da-Hye Choi, Tae-Young Lee, Taek-Young Kim, Young-In An, Seong-Jee Park, Myung-Chul Jung
Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2017; 17(4): 234. CrossRef
Serum Lipid Levels in Relation to Consumption of Yogurt: The 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Bong-Kyung Seo, Nam-Eun Kim, Kyong-Min Park, Kye-Yeung Park, Hoon-Ki Park, Hwan-Sik Hwang
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2017; 38(5): 249. CrossRef
Comparison of Diet Quality and Diversity according to Obesity Type among 19-64 year old Korean Adults
Hyae Min Gu, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Mi Ah Han, Yeong Eun Son
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(6): 545. CrossRef
Dyslipidemia patterns are differentially associated with dietary factors
SuJin Song, Hee Young Paik, Minseon Park, YoonJu Song
Clinical Nutrition.2016; 35(4): 885. CrossRef
Meat and milk intake in the rice-based Korean diet: impact on cancer and metabolic syndrome
Shinyoung Jun, Kyungho Ha, Sangwon Chung, Hyojee Joung
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.2016; 75(3): 374. CrossRef
Evaluation of Obesity and Nutritional Status by Age among Low-income Women aged over 20 -Using Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-
Hee-Kyung Jang
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(2): 246. CrossRef
Low consumption of fruits and dairy foods is associated with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults from outpatient clinics in and near Seoul
SuJin Song, Eun-Kyung Kim, Soyoung Hong, Sangah Shin, YoonJu Song, Hyun Wook Baik, Hyojee Joung, Hee Young Paik
Nutrition Research and Practice.2015; 9(5): 554. CrossRef
Assessment on Dietary Diversity According to Korean Dietary Pattern Score of Korean Adolescents and Children: Using 2007~2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) Data
Yong-Suk Kwon, Yangsuk Kim
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2015; 31(5): 660. CrossRef
The Association between Dietary Fiber Intake and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-aged Adults in Gyeonggi Province
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Hye-Sang Lee
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Hye-Sang Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(2): 99. CrossRef
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Minji Kang, Hyun Ju Jung, Hyojee Joung, Jae Eun Shim, Sang Eun Lee, Young-Hee Park, Hee Young Paik
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(1): 9. CrossRef
The Factors Influencing Health-Related Quality of Life in the Elderly: Focused on the General Characteristics, Health Habits, Mental Health, Chronic Diseases, and Nutrient Intake Status: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(5): 479. CrossRef
The effect of high-carbohydrate diet and low-fat diet for the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents: Using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 1998-2009
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국민건강영양조사 데이터베이스 활용 사례 연구: 토마토 섭취량 산출 및 대사증후군 위험도와의 상관성
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The Specific Food Consumption Pattern and Blood Lipid Profiles of Korean Adults
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[English]
Effects of Milk Consumption on Calcaneal Quantitative Ultrasound and Bone Turnover Markers of Women Living in Asan: Hee Seon Kim, Min Kyoung Kim, Dong Min Jang, Nam Soo Kim, Jin Ho Kim, Byung Kook Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(4):440-448. Published online August 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of 16-month milk consumption as a part of the health promotion community program for women in Asan. Subjects included 313 women belonging to the milk group (mean age = 69.1, range 47~89 y) and 66 women to the control (mean age = 43.6, range 20~69 y) group. For those in the milk group, one cup (200ml) of partially lactose-digested low-fat milk was provided everyday for 16 months. Each subject was interviewed to assess calcium intake by a 24-h recall after fasting blood was obtained for analyzing bone turnover markers, and calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) was measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) on the left heel before and after the milk supplementation. After 16 months, the calcium intake levels changed from 55% of recommended dietary allowance (RDA) to 85% RDA in the milk group and from 73% RDA to 84% RDA in the control group. BUA were reduced from 67.9+/-8.1 to 64.7+/-17.5 dB/MHz for milk and from 90.4+/-13.0 to 87.2+/-15.2 dB/MHz for control groups. Paired ttest showed the changes of BUA for both groups (-3.24 and -3.15 dB/MHz for milk and control groups, respectively) were significant, but the two groups did not show any differences in absolute changes. When post-BUA was analyzed after age, initial BUA and menopausal status were controlled as covariates in ANCOVA model, the milk group showed significantly (p < 0.05) smaller changes than the control group (-3.50 vs -6.71 dB/MHz, respectively). According to a multiple regression analysis, milk consumption and initial BUA showed significant interaction meaning that those with lower initial BUA showed higher milk effects. We conclude that one-cup a day milk consumption for 16 month can prevent further bone loss and significantly improve calcium intake.

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[English]
Trans Fatty Acids of Breast Milk Lipids of Korean Women from Week 1 to 6 Months of Postpartum: Kyeong A Kong, Hyeon Sook Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):223-234. Published online June 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was done to determine the trans fatty acid (tFA) composition of human milk from postpartum to sixth months after delivery, to investigate the tFA intake of lactating women, and to estimate the intakes of tFA by infants exclusively fed breast milk. A total of 27 lactating Korean women participated to this study voluntarily, gave their breast milk, and responded to an investigation of their diets. The lactating women consumed 2.3-2.8 g/d of tFAs over the period of the first, second, third, and sixth months postpartum, which was 3.4-4.9% of the total fat intake and 0.8%-1.2% of the total energy intake. The proportions of tFAs in the breast milk were 1.89% in colostrum, 1.78% in transitional milk, and 1.78-2.25 in mature milk of the first, second, third, and sixth months postpartum. The tFAs of the breast milk identified in this study were C16:1n9t, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6t12t, C18:2 n6t12c, C18:2n6c12t and C18:2n6t11t. Among them, C18:1n9t was predominant, which made up 59.26% of all tFAs in colostrum, 62.36% in transitional milk, and 64.42% in mature milk. The proportion of total tFA was unchanged with time, although some significant differences were noted for individual tFAs. The percentages of C18:2n6t12c and C18:2n6c12t decreased over the study period. Estimated tFA intake of the exclusively breast-fed infants was 0.18 g/d when fed colostrum, 0.29 g/d when fed transitional milk, and 0.53 g/d when fed mature milk until the sixth month of postpartum. Those were 0.5%, 0.8%, and 1.1% of the total energy intake. The results in this study indicate that lactating Korean women consume not a large quantity of tFAs, secrete breast milk not containing much tFA, and the estimated intake of tFAs by infants fed exclusively breast milk is not great.

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[English]
A Study on Knowledges and Attitudes about Breast Milk Feeding and Needs for Breast Milk Feeding Education among High School Students: Kyung Suk Choi, Hee Jeong Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(2):191-204. Published online April 30, 2006

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate the experiences of breast milk feeding information and education, breast milk feeding knowledge and attitude and needs for breast milk feeding nutrition education of high school students to encourage breast milk feeding. The subjects were 565 (male: 250, female: 315) high school students from first to third grade. The results obtained were as follows: In this survey, only 30.0% of subjects experienced breast milk feeding information and only 6.1% of subjects had breast milk feeding education. And the subjects showed the average scores of knowledge of breast milk feeding were 0.29 points of 1 point. Subjects knew well about ingredients of breast milk but they didn't know well about the physiology and method of breast milk feeding and benefits of breast milk feeding for mothers. The average scores of attitude of breast milk feeding were 3.03 points of 4 points, showed slight positive attitudes of breast milk feeding, but they had negative attitudes of emotional and practical aspects. The future plan of feeding practices was breast milk feeding 35.9% and 60.0% of formula milk feeding. A concern was that the students showed high ratio of formula milk feeding plan and they decided by incorrect knowledge of breast milk feeding. The 33.5% of students answered high school students will need breast milk feeding nutrition education, and they thought hospital faculties were the proper educators of breast milk feeding education, but dietitians were recomended as educators because of easy access at school and good knowledge of life-cycle nutrition. Therefore, to encourage breast milk feeding by mothers and supporters of breast milk feeding, breast milk feeding nutrition education is needed urgently among high school male and female students. And nutrition education programs will have to contain benefits of breast milk for babies and mothers and physiology and practical methods of breast milk feeding to improve emotional and practical attitudes for breast milk feeding. Nationwide campaign to promote breast milk feeding at public areas will be needed.

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[English]
Sensitization of Food Allergen in Breastfed Infant with Atopic Dermatitis: Young Shin Han, Sang Jin Chung, Kang Mo Ahn, Kwang Shin Lee, Hay Mie Choi, Sang Il Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(3):264-270. Published online June 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: Breastfeeding has been known as the best feeding practice to prevent allergies including atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the benefit on the prevention of allergic disease is still controversial. The objectives of this study were to examine the rate of sensitization to the protein of eggs, cow's milk and soy in exclusively breastfed infants and to evaluate antigen-antibody reaction between breast milk and serum of AD infant. Data on feeding and food hypersensitivity were obtained for 62 AD infants (32 male, 30 female) aged < 6 month who had visited Samsung Medical Center from September 2001 to May 2003. Food hypersensitivity was determined by measuring specific IgE to egg, cow's milk and soy. Specific IgE levels > 0.7 kU/L by CAP assay (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) were considered positive. The rates of sensitization in breastfed infants were 41.9% (26/62) to egg, 30.6% (19/62) to milk and 18.0% (11/62) to soy. Immunoblotting analyses were performed using breast milk with the matched serum of seven AD infants (4 male/3 female). Binding patterns of AD infant's IgE to breast milk extract showed visible specific band for immunoglobulin, especially in case of a lactating mother who did not completely restricted ingestion of egg, milk and soy. These results indicate that sensitization to food allergen develops via breast milk feeding. Breast milk feeding should be recommended in infants at risk of developing allergic disease, but maternal intake of highly allergenic food might be restricted for prevention and treatment of food allergy among the babies with AD.

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[English]
Analysis of the Rate of Sensitization to Food Allergen in Children with Atopic Dermatitis: Young Shin Han, Sang Jin Chung, Young Yun Cho, Hay Mie Choi, Kang Mo Ahn, Sang Il Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(1):90-97. Published online February 29, 2004

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to determined the rate of sensitization to food allergen in children with Atopic Dermatitis (AD) in Korea. A total of 3,783 patients (male = 1983, female = 1800) with AD (age under 18 years) who had visited Samsung Medical Center from 1998 to 2003 were enrolled in the study. Food hypersensitivity was measured by specific IgE to egg, cow's milk, soy, peanut, wheat, buckwheat, beef, pork, chicken, shrimp, crab, salmon, mackerel, etc. Specific IgE levels >0.7 kU/L by Captured Allergen Product (CAP) assay were considered positive. Chi-square test at p value < 0.05 was used to examine the difference of the prevalence by sex and age. The rate of sensitization to multiple food allergens was 31.2% and decreased with age. Hypersensitivity to egg showed highest prevalence, which was 24.3%, compared to the prevalence of other foods. High prevalence of hypersensitivity to milk, wheat, soy, peanut, crab or shrimp was observed (11.6 - 17.7%). Low prevalence of hypersensitivity to beef, pork, tuna or chicken was observed (1.9 - 3.5%). Children aged under 3 years had significantly higher prevalence of hypersensitivity to egg, milk, soy and beef than children aged at least 3 years. Our results stress the need for examination of food hypersensitivity aimed at identified and limited each food allergen among children with AD caused by food to help patients outgrow their food allergy.

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[English]
A Comparative Sudy of the Lactose, Total Nitrogen, Total Lipid Content of Preform and Term Human Breast Milk: Hong Seok Ahn, Hyun Sook Bai; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(4):584-594. Published online August 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: The lactose, total nitrogen and total lipid contents of human breast milk were determined longitudinally after protein and term deliveries. Milk samples were obtained from day 2 to 5, on weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6 after preform (PM: n=24) and term (TM: n=22) deliveries. The lactose contents of PM and TM increased from 5.28 g/dl and 5.93 g/dl at days 2 to 5, to 7.95 g/dl,7.87 g/dl at 6 weeks, respectively. The total nitrogen contents of PM and TM decreased significantly during the first 6 weeks after birth (from 374 to 220 mg/dl versus 382 to 220 mg/dl respectively). However the total lipid contents of the PM and TM increased during the same periods. Significant differences in the total lipid contents between the PM and TM were 2.15 versus 3.27 g/dl at 2 weeks, and 3.26 versus 2.52 g/dl at 6 weeks, respectively. The energy intakes of preform infants was 134.8 kcal/kg/d during the 6 weeks of lactation, which satisfied with energy requirements (85-130 kcal/kg/d) of the preform infants.

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[English]
Strategies of Improve Elderly Nutrition through Nutrition Education : Evaluation of the Effectivenss of the Program: Kyeong Sook Yim, Young Hee Min, Tae Young Lee, Young Joo Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(2):207-218. Published online June 30, 1999

Abstract PDF: The increased number of elderly in Korea presents great challenges for community nutrition programs. Strategies to enchance elderly nutrition are needed, as well as dietary advice that are reality-based and tailored to the need of the elderly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overall effectiveness of an elderly nutrition improvement program(ENIP), by assessing changes in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and behavior after program completion. ENIP was conducted in Suwon for 4 months in 1998 at 5 centers for the elderly. The program provided individual nutrition counseling and brief biweekly group education sessions. To stimulate participation and motivation, the elderly in two centers were served free milk packs(200ml) three time a week during the program(milk+education group), and the elderly in 3 other centers were served yoghurt on the program day(education group). Altogether, 102 subjects finished the program(milk+education group 67 ; education group 35). Data about nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, diet records(24 hour recall) and dietary habit was collected before(baseline) and after the program(follow-up). The Drop-out rate for the milk+education group(2.9%) was significantly lower than that for the education group(30.0%)(p<.001). The Nutrition Knowledge fo females milk+education group increased significantly after the program, but no significant differences were observed in other groups. Over 60% of all the elderly showed positive responses to the healthy eating attitudes. Energy, protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, Calcium and Potassium intakes improved in the male milk+education group. The Vitamin C intake improved in the male education group. Energy and vitamin A intakes improved in the female milk+education group and energy, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, Ca nad P in the female education group. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of food intake changes on overall nutrient quality. For all elderly, the fish intake explained 12.6% of the variance, followed by candy intake and vegetable intake(model R2=19.6%). Dietary habits such as meal time regularity and salty food reduction were markedly improved in both groups. Sixty-one percent of the milk+education subjects stated their participation was voluntary and active, while 51% of education subjects did. Sixty four percent of the subjects stated their interest on diet increased remarkably through program participation. Considering the results, it is conjectured that ENIP had a great impact on nutrient intake, dietary attitudes and habits. Milk supplement showed no direct effects on elderly nutrition improvement, but it encouraged the program by reducting drop-out rates and inducing voluntary participation. Therefore milk supplement could enhance the community nutrition education program. Moreover it is strongly suggested that the ENIP be expanded to other communities.

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[English]
The Effect of Milk Supplementation on Bone Density and Iron Status of Elderly: Sook mee Son, Yeh Na Chon; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(5):715-721. Published online November 30, 1998

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to investigate how milk supplementation can benefit the elderly by increasing bone density but possibly harming the iron status concomitantly. Forty one elderly subjects over 65 years of age(male : 9, female : 32) participated. All subjects were apparently healthy, home staying and attending meal service for lunch at the welfare center. They were from low income area of Puchon city. One cup of milk per day was served for 10 months. The mean intake of calcium was significantly increased for females after milk supplementation. Males showed significantly increased means of triceps skinfold thickness, suprailiac skinfold thickness and waist circumference. Females showed significantly increased measurements fo three kinds of skinfold thickness, waist circumference, and hip circumference. There were no significant change in the mean bone density of lumbar spine(L2~L4), femoral neck, ward's triangle and torchanter, but the proportion of osteopenia estimated by the T score of lumbar spine bone density was lowered from 50.0% to 34.6% for females. The mean Hb level was significantly for males. The proportion of anemia estimated by Hb(<12g/dl), Hct(<36%) and serum ferritin(<15mg/ml) were increased from 17.2% to 51.7%, from 20.7% to 44.8% and from 10.3% to 17.2%, respectively for females. It looks like milk supplementation can effect the intakes of several nutrients considered to be commonly deficient in the Korean diet fo elderly people, increase some anthropometric measurements, and decrease the proportion of osteopenia. However it can have adverse effects on iron status of females.

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[English]
Serum Concentration of Major Minerals, Trace Elements, Lipids and Fatty Acids Composition Related to Whole Cow's Milk Feeding in Infancy & Young Childhood: Hong Seok Ahn, hyun Sook Bai, Sung Hye Park, Eun jung Chung, Kyung Hwan Oh; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(4):477-485. Published online October 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to determine the effect of large amounts of whole cow's milk intake on serum levels of minerals and lipids. Subjects were normal infants who were brought to the pediatric hospital for vaccination at the age of 7-26 months after birth, living in Eumsung-Choongbuk area. The serum concentrations of the imnerals(calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper), lipids and fatty acids composition were analyzed in 38 infants which consumed large amount of whole cow's milk(over 700ml/day). The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) The mean levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the serum of the total subjects were 7.56+/-0.51mg/dl, 11.12+/-0.72mg/dl and 1.62+/-0.13mg/dl respectively. The serum concentrations of iron, zinc and copper in total subjects averaged 72.42+/-1.62 microgram/dl, 76.29+/-3. 62 microgram/dl and 86.44+/-2.98 microgram/dl respectively. 2) The mean serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL in the total number of subjects were 96.84+/-9.22mg/dl, 133.45+/-6.30mg/dl, 32.79+/-1.77mg/dl and 81.29+/-4.81mg/dl respectively. 3) The average percentages of SFA, MUFA and PUFA inth total serum fatty acids were 38.98+/-2.42%, 25.82+/-0.98% and 37.30+/-1.09% respectively and the mean omega6/omega3 fatty acids ratio was 13.48. In general, the levels of serum minerals and omega3 fatty acid composition in the subjects of this study, who were whole cow's milk fed infants were lower than those reported in breast milk or formula fed infants. Therefore, the intake of large amount of whole cow's milk in the weani ng period should be controlled and adequate for the infant's nutritional status.

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[English]
Ecological Studies of Maternal-Infant Nutrition and Feeding in Urban Low Income Areas - II. Anthropometric Measurements, Dietary Intakes, Breast Milk Components and Serum Lipid/Fatty Acid Composition of Lactating Women: Hong Seok Ahn, Yoon Shin Park, Ji Yoon Jeongm, sung Hye Park; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(3):305-318. Published online August 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study was aimed at evaluating the nutritional status of Korean lactating women, who were attending peripheral community clinics in low-income areas, by anthropometric measurement, estimating dietary intakes and analyzing the contents of breast milk components, serum lipid content and fatty acid composition. Regarding anghropometric measurements, maternal circumferences decreased significantly at the trunk but not at the limbs. The skinfold thickness on all regions had the tendency to decrease during lactation. It was found that intakes of energy, protein, lipid and carbohydrates were desirable while calcium, zinc, copper and vitamin A were low and sodium was excessive. The energy % of fat was 22.41% of the total energy which is higher than the RDA for adults but it is proper for lactating women, but energy % from each fatty acid was usually low and an intake ratio of omega6/omega3 fatty acids was desirable. Accordingly, it is thought that dietary fat intake was balanced in quality. Concentrations of the nutrients in matured human milk showed the same range as that reported form different regions with the exception of calcium and magnesium which were relatively low. Serum lipid contents were decreased with the time postpartum and the average serum lipid content of lactating women were similar to the normal range of adults. Serum polyunsaturated fatty acids. especially omega6 fatty acids have gradually increased with the time postpartum, but the composition were not greatly influenced by dietary intakes.

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