Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Research Article

[English]
Investigation of Millennials' Perception of Vegan Trends and Future Needs: Eun-Hye Song, Bok-Mi Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(5):373-386. Published online October 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.5.373

Objectives
This study examined the perception of the vegan trend of millennials and their future needs.
Methods
This study was conducted online from June 21, 2021, to July 15, 2021, targeting 425 adult men and women born between 1980 and 2000. The contents of the survey were divided into four categories: general information, awareness of vegetables, awareness of vegan trends, and future needs for vegan trends.
Results
Most respondents recognized the importance of eating vegetables and perceived vegetarianism and veganism as a lifestyle. Regarding the perception of the vegan trend, the highest response rate was ‘The vegan trend is to be satisfied with my life regardless of other people’, while the lowest response rate was ‘The vegan trend is only a temporary fad’. The reasons for purchasing vegan products with high response rates were ‘interest in the earth and environment’, ‘protection of animal rights’, and ‘thinking about health’. The type of vegan product wanted in the future was delicious food, and convenience level was in the order of ‘completely cooked’, ‘half-cooked’, and ‘pre-processed’. Among the sustainable vegetarian types that millennials responded, ‘semi-vegetarian’, which can consume most animal products excluding red meat, showed the highest response rate.
Conclusions
The positive perceptions about vegetables are expected to increase. Efforts should be made to develop convenient meals using vegetables and provide reasonable prices to expand vegetable intake.

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코퍼스를 활용한 한국 사회 10년 비건 패션, 뷰티 변화 분석
소미 강, 하연 장, 주연 장
Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles.2023; 47(4): 625. CrossRef

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Original Article

[English]
A Study on Dietary Behavior and Food Preference of SramaneraÂ·Sramanerika Monks in Nationwide Buddhist Monk's Universities: Su Jin Han, Sim Yeol Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(5):387-400. Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.5.387

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OBJECTIVES
This study was designed to find out factors that are needed to be improved for the Buddhist training environment of SramaneraÂ·Sramanerika monks, who have been newly adapted for their life style after becoming a monk, and to provide basic data for the development of the standard diet in Buddhist temples.
METHODS
A self-administered questionnaire was applied to 365 SramaneraÂ·Sramanerika monks at 11 Buddhist monk universities. The questionnaire was designed to investigate their dietary habits, dietary evaluation, satisfaction of food service, and food preferences.
RESULTS
The study population consisted of 52.6% men, and 47.4% women. The subjects who had a vegetarian diet before joining the Buddhist priesthood were 27.7% women, and 13.5% men (p<0.01). 42.2% of the total subjects felt that they are healthy now and 19.4% felt weak. The most difficulty of dieting adaptation as soon as entering the priesthood was the strict diet rules (42.9%). The subjects considered health or nutrition (40.0%) highly when having meals. 94.8% women, 84.1% men ate breakfast every day (p<0.001). Women (55.4%) frequently ate snacks more than men (26.6%) (p<0.001). The results of the dietary evaluation indicated that the intake of milk, soy milk or dairy products and beans or tofu received lower than 3 points and women had lower point result than men (p<0.001). Foods with higher preference were grilled mushrooms, grilled laver, miso stew, sweet and sour mushrooms, steamed tofu with seasoning.
CONCLUSIONS
Women were more interested in their health than men but they also required to improve the nutritional eating habits. It appeared that the lower intake rates of the calcium containing food (milk and dairy), and proteins (beans and tofu) could result in nutritional imbalance. Therefore, it is necessary to offer food based on the standard menu plan with consideration given to their food preferences in order to maintain their health and desirable dietary habits.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Dietary Behavior and Food Preferences of Buddhist Monks in Korean Temples
Choong-Sun Lim, Sim-Yeol Lee
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2023; 33(4): 331. CrossRef
Vegetarianism as a protective factor for asymptomatic colonic diverticulosis in Asians: a retrospective cross-sectional and case-control study
Jihun Bong, Hyoun Woo Kang, Hyeki Cho, Ji Hyung Nam, Dong Kee Jang, Jae Hak Kim, Jun Kyu Lee, Yun Jeong Lim, Moon-Soo Koh, Jin Ho Lee
Intestinal Research.2020; 18(1): 121. CrossRef

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Evaluation Studies

[English]
A Evaluation Study on Nutrient Intake Status and Diet Quality of Middle and Old Aged Vegetarian Women in Korea: Mi Hyun Kim, Yun Jung Bae, Da Hong Lee, Hye Kyung Cho, Sun Hae Choi, Chung Ja Sung; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):869-879. Published online December 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to evaluate on nutrient intake status and diet quality of middle and old aged vegetarian women in Korea. The research group was composed of vegetarian women (n = 91), all of them were Seven Day Adventists, who had been on vegetarian diets, over 20 yrs. Their anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes, and diet quality indices were compared to omnivores (n = 122). The average age of vegetarians and omnivores were 61.8 yrs and 60.3 yrs, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes of vegetarians and omnivores were 1428.8 kcal and 1424.5 kcal, respectively and there was no significant difference. The vegetarians consumed significantly lower intakes of protein (p<0.05), zinc (p<0.001) and vitamin B2 (p<0.05) compared to omnivores. In the diet quality, zinc and vitamin B2 nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vegetarians were significantly lower than those of omnivores. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of vegetarians and omnivores were 0.80 and 0.77, respectively and there was no significant difference. The KDDS (Korean's Dietary Diversity Score) of vegetarians and omnivores were 3.7 and 4.0, respectively, and there was significant difference (p<0.01). The KDQI (Korean's Diet Quality Index) of vegetarians (1.5) was significantly lower than that (2.1) of omnivores (p<0.001). In conclusion, vegetarian women have low intake status of protein, zinc and vitamin B2, and partly low diet quality. Therefore it was needed that well planed diets to replace the nutrients supplied from excluded food groups in middle and old aged vegetarian women.

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Original Articles

[English]
The Study of Pytoestrogen Intake and Bone Mineral Density of Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Postmenopausal Women: Mi Hyun Kim, Mi Kyeong Choi, Chung Ja Sung; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(1):66-72. Published online February 29, 2004

Abstract PDF: There is some evidence that phytostrogen plays an important role in bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. In this study, we investigated the phytoestrogen intake levels and the relation between dietary phytoestrogens intake and bone mineral density of vegetarian (n = 77) and omnivore postmenopausal women (n = 122). Vegetarian women, all of them were seven day adventists, who had been on vegetarian diet (almost lacto-ovo vegetarians;a few vegans) over 20 yrs. The average age of vegetarians and omnivores were 62.3 yrs and 60.2 yrs, respectively and, there was no significant difference. However, body weight (p < 0.001), body mass index (p < 0.001) of vegetarians were significantly lower than those of omnivores. The mean daily energy intake of vegetarians and omnivores were 1386.1 kcal (76.3% of RDA) and 1424.5 kcal (76.9% of RDA), respectively. The mean calcium intake of vegetarians (456.7 mg, 66.3 % of RDA) was not significantly different from that of omnivores (453.5 mg, 65.2 % of RDA). The mean daily isoflavones (daidzein + genistein) intake of vegetarians and omnivore were 33.9 mg and 23.9 mg, respectively. The vegetarians consumed significantly greater quantities of isoflavones (p < 0.05) and lignans precursor (p < 0.05). In the vegetarians, intake of isoflavones was significantly positively correlated with BMD of femoral neck, after adjusted for age and BMI. Also lignan precursor intake of vegetarians was significantly positively correlated with BMD of spine, after adjusted for age and BMI. In conclusion, in omnivore post menopausal women, intake of phytoestrogen such as isoflavones and lignans was little low, and it is not clear that positive association with bone mineral density. But in vegetarian postmenopausal women, phytoestrogen intakes be important factors related to bone mineral density.

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[English]
A Study of Nutreint Intake States and the Prevalence of Obesity in Buddhist Nuns: Bok Kyeong Cha; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(2):227-233. Published online May 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to verify nutrient intake status and prevalence of obesity in vegetarians non-vegetarians and non-vegetarians. The vegetarian subjects consisted of 127 Buddhist nuns(age:23-79 yrs) from Oonmoon Temple on the Choungdo District of Gyeongsang Bookdo Province and 118 Buddhist nuns practicing Zen meditation at Soodeok Temple in Yeosan District of Chongcheong Namdoo Province. Control subjects were 235 healthy female adults aged from 23 to 79 years old. They were teachers and nurses at the hospital of Gyeongsang National University and housewives living in Chinju, Gyeingsang Namdoo Province. The study was conducted from October 1996 to February 1997, and consisted of a survey and anthropometric measurement. The results are summarized as follows : The average age of the subjects was 44.2 yrs for vegetarians and 40.5 yrs for non-vegetarians. The average body mass index(BMI) of vegetarians and non-vegetarians was 22.4 and 21.0, the waist hip ratio(WHR) was 0.8 and 0.8, and the percentage of body fat was 28.7 and 26.5 respectively. The average duration of vegetarian diet among vegetarians was 13.1 years. The nutrient intakes of vegetarians were above the RDA for all the nutrients expect calcium and vitamin A. The intakes of fat, cholesterol, saturated fatty acid and the energy ratio from fat among the vegetarians were significantly lower than those of the non-vegetarians(p<0.01). However, the vegetarians consumed significantly higher amounts of fiber and vitamin C compared to the non-vegetarians(p<0.01). Also, the ratio of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid was significantly higher in vegetarians. The prevalence of obesity was 13.9% for vegetarians and 11.9% for non-vegetarians by criteria of BMI 25 as obese.

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[English]
Comparison of Nutrient Intakes, Bone Metabolism and Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases between Postmenopausal Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian and Omnivores in Kyunggi-Do: Sun Hae Choi, Chung Ja Sung, Mi Hyun Kim, Sook Yeon Lee, Sook Ja Song; Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(3):412-420. Published online September 30, 1999

Abstract PDF: The amount and type of dietary protein that effects affect bone mineral loss after menopause and different dietary patterns may influence anthropometric measurements, biochemical values, and bone metabolism. Objective : Our objective was to investigate bone metabolism and chronic disease factors in two different dietary patterns. Design: The sample consisted of 40 lacto-ove-vegetarians(LOV) and 49 omnivores aged from 47 to 85 years in good condition without any medical problems. Results : The average energy intake of LOV was 1414.0 kcal and omnivores, 1403.2 kcal. The difference between means was not statistically significant. The differences of means of body weight and BMI between the two groups were not significant but the systolic blood pressure of LOV group was significantly lower than omniovores(p<0.05). The values of serum cholesterol(p<0.05) and glucose(p<0.05) of LOV were signifcantly lower than that of omnivores. The serum albumin level(p<0.01) of LOV was lower than it's counterpart but in a normal range. The intake of crude fiber(p<0.05) of LOV group was significantly higher. The urinary pH of LOV was 7.4 and that of omnivores was 6.3(p<0.001). Plant calcium(p>0.05) and plant iron(p<0.001) had positive correlations with the uninary pH but animal protein(p>0.05) and animal iron(p>0.05) had negative correlations with the urinary pH. The level of urinary biochemical marker of bone resorption, deoxpyidinoline(DPD) of LOV was significantly lower than the other group(p>0.05). The T-scores of bone mineral density for the two sites in the two groups were not significantly different. Conclusions : The DPD level and urinary pH value of LOV were more desirable for the bone metabolism that the omnivores. The diet of LOV had lower risk factors of chronic diseases than the other group.

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