Minji An; Hyojin An; Hwang-Hyo Jeong; Ho-Jang Kwon; Mina Ha; Yun-Chul Hong; Soo-Jong Hong; Se-Young Oh

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.5.397

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Dietary Factors Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in School-aged Children: Minji An, Hyojin An, Hwang-Hyo Jeong, Ho-Jang Kwon, Mina Ha, Yun-Chul Hong, Soo-Jong Hong, Se-Young Oh; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2018;23(5):397-410.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.5.397
Published online: October 31, 2018

¹Graduate School of Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea, Student.

²Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea, Researcher.

³Department of Food and Nutrition, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea, Professor.

⁴Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea, Professor.

⁵Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Professor.

⁶Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Professor.

⁷Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea, Professor.

Corresponding author: Se-Young Oh. Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Kyunghee University, Seoul 02447, Dongdaemun-gu, Korea. Tel: (02) 961-0602, Fax: (02) 959-0649, seyoung@khu.ac.kr

• Received: July 31, 2018 • Revised: September 7, 2018 • Accepted: September 7, 2018

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
An association between dietary patterns and mental health in children has been suggested in a series of studies, yet detailed analyses of dietary patterns and their effects on ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) are limited.
Methods
We included 4569 children who had dietary intake data as part of the CHEER (Children's Health and Environmental Research) study conducted nationwide from 2005 to 2010. We assessed ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) by the DuPaul's ADHD Rating Scales and dietary intake by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Using intake data, we constructed five dietary patterns: “Plant foods & fish,” “Sweets,” “Meat & fish,” “Fruits & dairy products,” and “Wheat based.”
Results
The overall proportion of ADHD was 12.3%. Boys (17.8%) showed a higher rate of ADHD than girls (6.5%). The total intake of calories (85 kcal) and plant fat (2g) in the ADHD group was significantly higher than that of the normal group. ADHD was significantly negatively associated with dietary habits such as having breakfast and meal frequency, and positively associated with eating speed, unbalanced diet, overeating, and rice consumption. Regarding dietary patterns, the “Sweets” category was relevant to high ADHD risk (OR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.15 for Q5 vs. Q1) in a linear relationship. An inverse, non-linear association was found between “Fruits & dairy products” and ADHD (OR 0.55, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.76 for Q4 vs. Q1).
Conclusions
Our study confirms both positive and negative associations between diet and ADHD in elementary school age children. Moreover, linear or nonlinear associations between diet and ADHD draw attention to the possible threshold role of nutrients. Further studies may consider characteristics of diet in more detail to develop better intervention or management in terms of diet and health.
Keywords: ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder); dietary patterns; dietary habits; food frequency questionnaire; linear or nonlinear association

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Ministry of Environment, Korea.

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Fig. 1

Flow diagram of the study

Table 1

Food grouping used in the dietary pattern analysis

Table 2

Percentage of children who diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the subtypes of ADHD

1) Abbrebiations: AD + HD = Attention deficit + Hyperactivity disorder, AD = Attention deficit, HD = Hyperactivity disorder

Table 3

General characteristics of the study participants by group (N=4,569)

Table 4

Nutrients intakes assessed by semi-food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) by group

1) Analysis by T-test

2) Significantly different by student's t-test between ADHD and normal group (p<0.05)

3) Values are means ± SD

Table 5

Distribution of eating behaviors by group (N=4,569)

1) chi-square test

Table 6

Factor loadings1) for the five dietary patterns derived from semi-food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ)

1) Factor loadings ≥0.3 or ≤−0.3 are shown in bold and shaded

Table 7

Correlation coefficients of daily nutrient intakes and five dietary pattern (N=4,926)1)

1) Adjusted for age as continuous variables and gender as categorical variables. Significantly different at ^*: P<0.05 and ^**: P<0.01

2) Values were shaded, if not significant (p<0.05)

Table 8

Daily nutrient intakes¹⁾ of Q1 and Q5²⁾ by the quintile of dietary pattern scores(N=4,926)

1) Adjusted for age, gender, energy intake

2) Q1–Q5 : The values which estimated nutrient intakes from SFFQ divided into quintile categories. Q1 : the lowset, O5 : the highest

3) In each cell, value were shaded when Q1 is higher than Q5, if significant (p<0.001)

Table 9

Odds ratio of Dietary patterns¹⁾ on ADHD and subtypes of ADHD

1) Adjusted for area, age, gender, married status, father education and passive smoking

2) Abbrebiations: AD + HD=Attention deficit + Hyperactivity disorder

AD = Attention deficit

HD = Hyperactivity disorder

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Dietary Factors Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in School-aged Children

Korean J Community Nutr. 2018;23(5):397-410. Published online October 31, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.5.397

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Dietary Factors Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in School-aged Children

Fig. 1 Flow diagram of the study

Fig. 1

Dietary Factors Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in School-aged Children

Table 1

Food grouping used in the dietary pattern analysis

Table 2

Percentage of children who diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the subtypes of ADHD

1) Abbrebiations: AD + HD = Attention deficit + Hyperactivity disorder, AD = Attention deficit, HD = Hyperactivity disorder

Table 3

General characteristics of the study participants by group (N=4,569)

Table 4

Nutrients intakes assessed by semi-food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) by group

1) Analysis by T-test

2) Significantly different by student's t-test between ADHD and normal group (p<0.05)

3) Values are means ± SD

Table 5

Distribution of eating behaviors by group (N=4,569)

1) chi-square test

Table 6

Factor loadings1) for the five dietary patterns derived from semi-food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ)

1) Factor loadings ≥0.3 or ≤−0.3 are shown in bold and shaded

Table 7

Correlation coefficients of daily nutrient intakes and five dietary pattern (N=4,926)1)

1) Adjusted for age as continuous variables and gender as categorical variables. Significantly different at ^*: P<0.05 and ^**: P<0.01

2) Values were shaded, if not significant (p<0.05)

Table 8

Daily nutrient intakes¹⁾ of Q1 and Q5²⁾ by the quintile of dietary pattern scores(N=4,926)

1) Adjusted for age, gender, energy intake

2) Q1–Q5 : The values which estimated nutrient intakes from SFFQ divided into quintile categories. Q1 : the lowset, O5 : the highest

3) In each cell, value were shaded when Q1 is higher than Q5, if significant (p<0.001)

Table 9

Odds ratio of Dietary patterns¹⁾ on ADHD and subtypes of ADHD

1) Adjusted for area, age, gender, married status, father education and passive smoking

2) Abbrebiations: AD + HD=Attention deficit + Hyperactivity disorder

AD = Attention deficit

HD = Hyperactivity disorder

Table 1 Food grouping used in the dietary pattern analysis

Table 2 Percentage of children who diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the subtypes of ADHD

1) Abbrebiations: AD + HD = Attention deficit + Hyperactivity disorder, AD = Attention deficit, HD = Hyperactivity disorder

Table 3 General characteristics of the study participants by group (N=4,569)

Table 4 Nutrients intakes assessed by semi-food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) by group

1) Analysis by T-test

2) Significantly different by student's t-test between ADHD and normal group (p<0.05)

3) Values are means ± SD

Table 5 Distribution of eating behaviors by group (N=4,569)

1) chi-square test

Table 6 Factor loadings1) for the five dietary patterns derived from semi-food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ)

1) Factor loadings ≥0.3 or ≤−0.3 are shown in bold and shaded

Table 7 Correlation coefficients of daily nutrient intakes and five dietary pattern (N=4,926)1)

1) Adjusted for age as continuous variables and gender as categorical variables. Significantly different at ^*: P<0.05 and ^**: P<0.01

2) Values were shaded, if not significant (p<0.05)

Table 8 Daily nutrient intakes1) of Q1 and Q52) by the quintile of dietary pattern scores(N=4,926)

1) Adjusted for age, gender, energy intake

2) Q1–Q5 : The values which estimated nutrient intakes from SFFQ divided into quintile categories. Q1 : the lowset, O5 : the highest

3) In each cell, value were shaded when Q1 is higher than Q5, if significant (p<0.001)

Table 9 Odds ratio of Dietary patterns1) on ADHD and subtypes of ADHD

1) Adjusted for area, age, gender, married status, father education and passive smoking