Mijin Jo; Young-Ran Heo

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.1.38

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Research Article
Association between Sodium Excretion and Obesity of Adults in Gwangju: Mijin Jo, Young-Ran Heo; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2018;23(1):38-47.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.1.38
Published online: February 28, 2018

¹Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Korea.

²Division of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.

Corresponding author: Young-Ran Heo. Division of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Korea. Tel: (062) 530-1338, Fax: (062) 530-1339, yrhuh@jnu.ac.kr

• Received: January 31, 2018 • Revised: February 14, 2018 • Accepted: February 14, 2018

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
The aim of this study was to analyze the association between sodium excretion and obesity for healthy adults in the Gwangju area.
Methods
The participants included 80 healthy adults aged 19 to 69 years in Gwangju. The dietary intake and sodium excretion were obtained using the 24-hour recall method and 24 hour urine collection. The participants were classified into two groups according to the amount of urinary sodium excretion: (≤ 141.75 mmol/dL, > 141.75 mmol/dL).
Results
After adjusting for sex, age, smoking history, and income, the high excretion of sodium group was significantly higher for weight, body mass index, body fat mass, percent body fat, visceral fat area (VFA), waist circumference, hip circumference, and WHR. The energy and nutrients intake were significant after adjusting for sex, age, smoking history, and income. The LSE group had a significantly higher fat intake and Na/K intake ratio. The HSE group had significantly higher fiber intake, and K intake. As the amount of urinary sodium excretion increased, the risk of obesity before correction was 3.57 (95% CI: 1.13–11.25) times greater, and the risk of obesity of T3 increased significantly by 3.33 times (95% CI: 1.05–10.59). After correcting for sex and age, the obesity risk of T2 increased significantly by 4.23 times (95% CI: 1.11–16.06), and after correcting for sex, age, smoking history, and income, the obesity risk of T2 increased significantly by 6.81 times (95% CI: 1.44–32.19) the risk of obesity.
Conclusions
An association exists between sodium excretion and obesity in Korean adults. In this study, the high excretion of sodium group was obese and the risk of obesity was higher than the low excretion of sodium group.
Keywords: 24 hour urine collection; urinary sodium excretion; obesity; sodium intake

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by a grants from National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation(14162미래식136).

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Table 1

General characteristics of the subjects according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test and chi-square test. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. The unit of the value is years.

4) Values are presented as n (%).

5) Salary is a standard (monthly income), and the unit is ten thousand won.

6) “Yes” of exercise is case of moderate activity or intensive activities once a week for more than 10 minutes.

Table 2

Anthropometric assessments and obesity index according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) By t-test analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

4) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

BMI: Body Mass Index, WHR: Waist-Hip Circumference Ratio

Table 3

Na level, K level and Na/K ratio in serum according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) By t-test analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

4) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 4

Na level, K level and Na/K ratio in urine according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) By t-test analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

4) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 5

Energy and nutrients intake according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) By t-test analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

4) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 6

Correlation between 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and variables

1) Anthropometric, Na and K level in serum and urine were adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income by Partial correlation coefficients.

Energy and nutrients intake by Pearson's correlation coefficients.

A value of P<0.05 was accepted as significant.

BMI: Body Mass Index, WHR: Waist-Hip Circumference Ratio

Table 7

Association between obesity and sodium excretion according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) T1: Lower tertile of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, T2: Middle tertile of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, T3: Upper tertile of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

2) Model-1: unadjusted

3) Model-2: adjusted for age and sex

4) Model-3: adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income

5) By multiple logistic regression analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant

Figure & Data

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Association between Sodium Excretion and Obesity of Adults in Gwangju

Korean J Community Nutr. 2018;23(1):38-47. Published online February 28, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.1.38

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Association between Sodium Excretion and Obesity of Adults in Gwangju

Table 1

General characteristics of the subjects according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test and chi-square test. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. The unit of the value is years.

4) Values are presented as n (%).

5) Salary is a standard (monthly income), and the unit is ten thousand won.

6) “Yes” of exercise is case of moderate activity or intensive activities once a week for more than 10 minutes.

Table 2

Anthropometric assessments and obesity index according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) By t-test analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

4) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

BMI: Body Mass Index, WHR: Waist-Hip Circumference Ratio

Table 3

Na level, K level and Na/K ratio in serum according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) By t-test analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

4) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 4

Na level, K level and Na/K ratio in urine according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) By t-test analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

4) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 5

Energy and nutrients intake according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) By t-test analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

4) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 6

Correlation between 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and variables

1) Anthropometric, Na and K level in serum and urine were adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income by Partial correlation coefficients.

Energy and nutrients intake by Pearson's correlation coefficients.

A value of P<0.05 was accepted as significant.

BMI: Body Mass Index, WHR: Waist-Hip Circumference Ratio

Table 7

Association between obesity and sodium excretion according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) T1: Lower tertile of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, T2: Middle tertile of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, T3: Upper tertile of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

2) Model-1: unadjusted

3) Model-2: adjusted for age and sex

4) Model-3: adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income

5) By multiple logistic regression analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant

Table 1 General characteristics of the subjects according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test and chi-square test. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. The unit of the value is years.

4) Values are presented as n (%).

5) Salary is a standard (monthly income), and the unit is ten thousand won.

6) “Yes” of exercise is case of moderate activity or intensive activities once a week for more than 10 minutes.

Table 2 Anthropometric assessments and obesity index according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) By t-test analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

4) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

BMI: Body Mass Index, WHR: Waist-Hip Circumference Ratio

Table 3 Na level, K level and Na/K ratio in serum according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) By t-test analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

4) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 4 Na level, K level and Na/K ratio in urine according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) By t-test analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

4) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 5 Energy and nutrients intake according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) LSE: low 24-urinary sodium excretion group (≤141.75 mmol/dL), HSE: high 24-urinary sodium excretion group (>141.75 mmol/dL)

2) By t-test analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

3) By t-test analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.

4) Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 6 Correlation between 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and variables

1) Anthropometric, Na and K level in serum and urine were adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income by Partial correlation coefficients.

Energy and nutrients intake by Pearson's correlation coefficients.

A value of P<0.05 was accepted as significant.

BMI: Body Mass Index, WHR: Waist-Hip Circumference Ratio

Table 7 Association between obesity and sodium excretion according to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

1) T1: Lower tertile of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, T2: Middle tertile of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, T3: Upper tertile of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

2) Model-1: unadjusted

3) Model-2: adjusted for age and sex

4) Model-3: adjusted for age, sex, smoking history and income

5) By multiple logistic regression analysis. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant