Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

• 1. Baranauskas M, Stukas R, Tubelis L, Zagminas K, Surkiene G, Svedas E. Nutritional habits among high-performance endurance athletes. Medicina (Kaunas) 2015; 51(6): 351-362.ArticlePubMed
• 2. Position of the American dietetic association, dietitians of Canada, and the American college of sports medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc 2000; 100(12): 1543-1556.ArticlePubMed
• 3. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics, dietitians of Canada, and the American college of sports medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 116(3): 501-528.ArticlePubMed
• 4. Kim EK, Kim GS, Park JS. Comparison of activity factor, predicted resting metabolic rate and intakes of energy and nutrients between athletic and non-athletic high school students. J Korean Diet Assoc 2009; 15(1): 52-68.
• 5. Lee MC, Kim MH, Hong HO, Kim YS. A research for the recommended dietary allowances of Korean competitive athletes according to the different types of sports. J Exerc Nutr Biochem 2000; 4(1): 1-20.
• 6. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans 2015. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2015. p. 26-60.
• 7. Cho SS. Opimal nutrition for sports and exercise. Korean J Community Nutr 2002; 7(3): 410-420.
• 8. Cheong SH, Sung H, Kim SK, Kim K, Cho M, Chang KJ. Eating behaviors, perception of body image, hematological indices and nutrient intake of adolescent female athletes in Incheon. Korean J Community Nutr 2003; 8(6): 951-963.
• 9. Chun YS, Kang SK, Cho HC, Kim JK, Lee KE, Kwon MS. A survey on the nutrient intake according to the training phase and resting phase of female judo players. J Korean Alliance Martial Arts 2015; 17(1): 31-40.
• 10. Kim JW, Yoo BW, So WY. The analysis of physical activity in sports events using accelerometer. Korean Soc Wellness 2014; 9(4): 209-218.
• 11. Lee MY. Criterion and convergent validity evidences of an accelerometer and a pedometer. Korean J Meas Eval Phys Educ Sports Sci 2012; 14(2): 1-13.
• 12. Park KM, Jung JH, Kim MK. Polices and strategies to increase physical activity in children and youth. J Korean Soc Study Phys Educ 2013; 18(3): 205-218.
• 13. Ndahimana D, Kim EK. Measurement methods for physical activity and energy expenditure: a review. Clin Nutr Res 2017; 6(2): 68-80.
• 14. Kim JY, Choi YJ, Ju MJ, Kim EK. Physical activity assessment of preschool children using accelerometer: including comparison of reintegrating counts of different epoch lengths. J Korean Diet Assoc 2016; 22(3): 214-224.
• 15. Hoos MB, Kuipers H, Gerver WJ, Westerterp KR. Physical activity pattern of children assessed by triaxial accelerometry. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58(10): 1425-1428.
• 16. Riddoch CJ, Bo Andersen L, Wedderkopp N, Harro M, Klasson-Heqqebø L, Sardinha LB. Physical activity levels and patterns of 9-and 15-yr-old European children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36(1): 86-92.
• 17. Riddoch CJ, Mattocks C, Deere K, Saunders J, Kirkby J, Tiling K. Objective measurement of levels and patterns of physical activity. Arch Dis Child 2007; 92(11): 963-969.
• 18. Telford RM, Telford RD, Cunningham RB, Cochrane T, Davey R, Waddington G. Longitudinal patterns of physical activity in children aged 8 to 12 years: the look study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10(1): 81-92.
• 19. Lee HM, Kim EK. Assessment of daily steps, physical activity and activity coefficient of the elementary school children in the rural area. Korean J Community Nutr 2007; 12(3): 361-371.
• 20. Chun HJ, Oh JS. The relationship of physical activities of elementary school students at different times during the daily using pedometer. J Korean Phys Educ Assoc Girls Women 2007; 21(6): 37-47.
• 21. Lee YS, Jeon HJ, Kim HJ. Assessment of physical activity on weekdays and weekend for obesity children in elementary school. Korean J Elem Phys Educ 2015; 21(3): 75-83.
• 22. Rodriguez G, Beghin L, Michaud L, Moreno LA, Turck D, Gottrand F. Comparison of the TriTrac-R3D accelerometer and a self-report activity diary with heart-rate monitoring for the assessment of energy expenditure in children. Br J Nutr 2002; 87(6): 623-631.
• 23. Martinez-Gomez D, Puertollano MA, Warnberg J, Calabro MA, Welk GJ, Siostrom M. Comparison of the ActiGraph accelerometer and Bouchard diary to estimate energy expenditure in Spanish adolescents. Nutr Hosp 2009; 24(6): 701-710.
• 24. Shiroma EJ, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Rimm EB, Lee IM. Comparison of self-reported and accelerometer-assessed physical activity in older women. PLoS One 2015; 10(12): e0145950.
• 25. Choi SJ, An HS, Lee MR, Lee JS, Kim EK. Accuracy of accelerometer for prediction of selected activities' energy expenditure and activity intensity in athletic elementary school children. Korean J Community Nutr 2017; 22(5): 413-425.
• 26. Pate RR, Almeida MJ, McIver KL, Pfeiffer KA, Dowda M. Validation and calibration of an accelerometer in preschool children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14(11): 2000-2006.
• 27. Freedson PS, Melanson E, Sirard J. Calibration of the computer science and applications, Inc. accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30(5): 777-781.
• 28. Freedson P, Pober D, Janz KF. Calibration of accelerometer output for children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37(11): S523-S530.
• 29. Yoon JS, Kim KJ, Kim JH, Park YS, Koo JO. A study to determine the recommended dietary allowance of energy and to develop practical dietary education program for Korean adults. Keimyung University, Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2002. p. 93-121.
• 30. Ekelund U, Sjöström M, Yngve A, Poortvliet E, Nilsson A, Froberg K. Physical activity assessed by activity monitor and doubly labeled water in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33(2): 275-281.
• 31. Shin HM, Jeon JH, Kim EK. Assessment of pedometer counts, physical activity level, energy expenditure, and energy balance of weekdays and weekend in male high school students. J Korean Diet Assoc 2016; 22(2): 131-142.
• 32. Kim EK, Kim EK, Song JM, Choi HJ, Lee GH. Assessment of activity coefficient, resting energy expenditure and daily energy expenditure in elementary school children. J Korean Diet Assoc 2006; 12(1): 44-54.
• 33. Kim EK, Lee SH, Ko SY, Yeon SE, Choe JS. Assessment of physical activity level of Korean farmers to establish estimated energy requirements during busy farming season. Korean J Community Nutr 2011; 16(6): 751-761.
• 34. Lee MY. Validity evidences and validation procedures of objective physical activity measures. Korean J Meas Eval Phys Educ Sports Sci 2011; 13(2): 17-37.
• 35. Kim JH, Son HR, Choi JS, Kim EK. Energy expenditure measurement of various physical activity and correlation analysis of body weight and energy expenditure in elementary school children. J Nutr Health 2015; 48(2): 180-191.
• 36. Kim MH, Kim EK. Physical activity level, total daily energy expenditure, and estimated energy expenditure in normal weight and overweight or obese children and adolescents. Korean J Nutr 2012; 45(6): 511-521.
• 37. Bandini LG, Lividini K, Phillips SM, Must A. Accuracy of dietary reference intakes for determining energy requirements in girls. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98(3): 700-704.

Fig. 1

Daily (7:00–24:00 h) physical activity patterns of males and females, weekday and weekend using accelerometer. ^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: p<0.001 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney U test

Table 1

Anthropometric measurements of the study subjects

1) Mean±SD (Range)

^*: p<0.05 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney U test

Table 2

Counts per min (CPM), physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and METs by time zone during weekday using accelerometer

1) Metabolic equivalents, 2) Mean±SD

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: p<0.001 Significantly different between males and females in weekday by Mann-Whitney U test

^abcd There were significant differences with different superscripts in a row among time zones

Table 3

Comparison of time spent of each activity between weekday and weekend using physical activity diary

1) Physical activity ratio expressed as multiples of basal metabolic rate (BMR), 2) Average of two weekdays(Tuesday and Thursday), 3) Sunday, 4) Mean±SD

^†: p<0.05, ^††: p<0.01 Significantly different between weekday and weekend by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney U test

Table 4

Physical activity level (PAL)1)and intensity classification of PAL2) using physical activity diary

1) PAL={Σ[Physical Activity Ratio(PAR) × time spent (min)]} / 1,440 (min)

2) Intensity classification of PAL by KDRI 2015: Sedentary 1.00–1.39; Low active 1.40–1.59; Active 1.60–1.89; Very active 1.90–2.50

3) Average of two weekdays(Tuesday and Thursday)

4) Sunday

5) Mean±SD

^†: p<0.05 Significantly different between weekday and weekend by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

There was no significant difference between males and females

Table 5

Comparison of weekday and weekend for the time spent of physical activity levels using accelerometer

1) Pate Preschool (2006): VO₂ (ml/kg/min)=10.0714+0.02366 (counts/15 s)

2) Average of five weekdays (from Monday to Friday)

3) Average of two weekends (Saturday and Sunday)

4) PA: Physical activity

5) ( ): Distribution (%)

6) Sleeping and shower time were not included

7) MVPA: Moderate and vigorous physical activity (Moderate PA+Vigorous PA)

8) Mean±SD

^†: p<0.05, ^††: p<0.01 Significantly different between weekday and weekend by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

^**: p<0.01 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney U test

Table 6

Comparison of weekday and weekend for the time spent of physical activity levels using physical activity diary

1) Average of two weekdays (Tuesday and Thursday), 2) Sunday, 3) PA: Physical activity, 4) ( ): Distribution (%)

5) Sleeping and shower time were not included

6) Mean±SD

^†: p<0.05 Significantly different between weekday and weekend by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Table 7

Comparison of the time spent on physical activity levels between accelerometer and physical activity diary (Unit: min/day)

1) Sleeping and shower time were not included in physical activity diary and accelerometer

2) The average of seven days from Monday to Sunday

3) The average of three days in Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday

4) PA: Physical activity

5) ( ): Distribution (%)

6) Mean±SD

^†: p<0.05, ^††: p<0.01 Significantly different between physical activity diary and accelerometer by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

There was no significant difference between males and females

Table 8

Comparison of total energy expenditure (TEE) and estimated energy requirement (EER, individual PA)

1) The average during a week from Monday to Sunday

2) The average of three days in Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday

3) Mean±SD

^†: p<0.05, ^††: p<0.01 Significantly different between TEE and EER by Wilcoxon signed-rank

^*: p<0.05 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Validation of a physical activity classification table in Korean adults and elderly using a doubly labeled water method
  Hye-Ji Han, Ha-Yeon Jun, Jonghoon Park, Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata, Eun-Kyung Kim
  Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(4): 391.     CrossRef
• Establishment and future tasks of estimated energy requirement in 2020 dietary reference intakes for Koreans
  Eun-Kyung Kim, Oh Yoen Kim, Jonghoon Park, EunMi Kim, Juhyeon Kim
  Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(6): 573.     CrossRef