Health Promotion Center, Seoul National Universitiy of Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
1)Major in Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
Health Promotion Center, Seoul National Universitiy of Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
1)Major in Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
Copyright © 2011 Korean Ophthalmological Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Comparison of anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and biochemical indices in men and women groups
Men (n = 156) | Women (n = 73) | t-score | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 49.39 ± 10.101) | 48.72 ± 81.02 | 0.542 |
Height (cm) | 172.86 ± 6.37 | 157.13 ± 5.16 | 18.454∗∗∗ |
BMI (kg/m2)2) | 26.66 ± 2.85 | 26.00 ± 3.80 | 1.315 |
Weight (kg) | 79.79 ± 10.85 | 64.17 ± 9.82 | 10.450∗∗∗ |
WC (cm)3) | 93.48 ± 7.11 | 88.05 ± 7.56 | 5.274∗∗∗ |
SBP (mmHg)4) | 128.14 ± 13.94 | 129.75 ± 14.40 | 0.807 |
DBP (mmHg)5) | 81.03 ± 10.68 | 77.41 ± 9.06 | 2.505∗ |
GGT (IU/L)6) | 56.60 ± 31.52 | 42.33 ± 43.98 | 2.644∗∗ |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 106.44 ± 22.33 | 99.16 ± 17.52 | 2.453∗ |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196.72 ± 36.16 | 212.01 ± 36.14 | 2.983∗∗ |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 175.92 ± 74.40 | 159.71 ± 58.22 | 1.790 |
HDL-C (mg/dL)7) | 43.64 ± 9.22 | 46.18 ± 9.70 | 1.911 |
LDL-C (mg/dL)8) | 109.37 ± 29.77 | 121.90 ± 32.23 | 2.888∗∗ |
hs-CRP (µg/mL)9) | 1.82 ± 2.55 | 1.97 ± 2.78 | 0.406 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 8.10 ± 2.75 | 12.10 ± 4.79 | 6.663∗∗∗ |
1) Values are Mean ± SD, 2) BMI: Body Mass Index, 3) WC: Waist Circumference, 4) SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure, 5) DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure, 6) GGT: Gamma Glutamyl Transferase, 7) HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 8) LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 9) hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, Significantly different between men and women groups by student's t test at ∗: P < 0.05, ∗∗: P < 0.01 and ∗∗∗: P < 0.001
Correlation of inflammatory markers and metabolic syndrome factors
Factors | log hs-CRP | log Adiponectin |
---|---|---|
WC | −0.184∗∗ | −0.165∗ |
Glucose | −0.056 | −0.147∗ |
Triglyceride | −0.078 | −0.193∗∗ |
HDL-C | −0.028 | −0.222∗∗ |
SBP | −0.037 | −0.110 |
DBP | −0.091 | −0.020 |
Significantly different at ∗: P < 0.05 and ∗∗: P < 0.01 Serum hs-CRP and Adiponectin concentrations were logarithmically transformed because of their right-skewed deviation.
Comparison of daily nutrients intake in men and women groups
Men (n = 156) | Women (n = 73) | Total (N = 229) | t-score | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal)1) | 1859.28 ± 7613.14 | 1721.94 ± 7731.72 | 1815.50 ± 7654.80 | 1.483 |
Protein (g) | 7769.97 ± 7734.85 | 7763.95 ± 7732.02 | 7768.05 ± 7734.02 | 1.250 |
Fiber (g) | 7717.73 ± 7779.26 | 7719.44 ± 7710.85 | 7718.28 ± 7779.80 | 1.228 |
Calcium (mg) | 7471.56 ± 7311.86 | 7528.36 ± 7338.89 | 7489.67 ± 7321.07 | 1.249 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 7977.00 ± 7451.78 | 7956.00 ± 7457.85 | 7970.31 ± 7452.82 | 0.326 |
Iron (mg) | 7711.27 ± 7776.33 | 7711.19 ± 7776.28 | 7711.25 ± 7776.30 | 0.088 |
Sodium (mg) | 2845.75 ± 1827.75 | 2639.56 ± 1699.65 | 2780.02 ± 1786.78 | 0.813 |
Zinc (mg) | 7779.73 ±777 5.93 | 7778.59 ± 7774.50 | 7779.36 ± 7775.53 | 1.455 |
Vitamin A (µgRE) | 7533.74 ± 7403.36 | 7579.57 ± 7441.79 | 7548.35 ± 7415.58 | 0.777 |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 7771.16 ± 7770.60 | 7771.05 ± 7770.55 | 7771.12 ± 7770.59 | 1.345 |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 7771.06 ±777 0.57 | 7771.01 ± 7770.58 | 7771.04 ± 7770.57 | 0.539 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 7771.73 ±777 0.85 | 7771.70 ± 7770.92 | 7771.72 ± 7770.87 | 0.228 |
Niacin (mg) | 7716.47 ± 7778.32 | 7714.84 ± 7777.56 | 7715.95 ± 7778.11 | 1.418 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 7101.81 ± 7773.44 | 7119.30 ± 789.40 | 7107.38 ± 779.10 | 1.564 |
Folate (µg) | 7232.05 ± 7137.35 | 7249.42 ± 7155.88 | 7237.59 ± 7143.40 | 0.853 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 7778.57 ± 7774.43 | 7779.38 ± 7776.89 | 7778.83 ± 7775.34 | 1.067 |
1) Values are Mean ± SD All values are not significantly different between the two groups by student's t-test
Correlation of inflammatory markers and nutrients Intake
Factors | log hs-CRP1) | log Adiponectin2) |
---|---|---|
Lipid | 0.071 | 0.125∗ |
Total sugar | 0.025 | 0.167∗∗ |
Fiber | 0.023 | 0.076 |
β-carotene | 0.015 | 0.101 |
Vitamin C | 0.011 | 0.049 |
Cholesterol | 0.105 | 0.082 |
Total fatty acid | 0.082 | 0.128∗ |
Saturated fatty acids | s −0.067 | 0.099 |
Monounsaturated fa | tty acids −0.073 | 0.116∗ |
Polyunsaturated fatty | y acids −0.122∗ | 0.194∗∗ |
1) Adjustment for waist circumference
2) Adjustment for waist circumference, glucose, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol
Significantly different at ∗: P < 0.05 and ∗∗: P < 0.01
Comparison of Diet Quality index-international(DQI-I) in men and women groups
Score ranges (points) | Men (n = 156) | Women (n = 73) | t-score | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall food group variety | 0 − 15 | 10.48 ± 2.221) | 10.89 ± 2.37 | 1.272 |
Within-group variety for protein source | 0 − 5 | 83.00 ± 1.93 | 82.68 ± 2.05 | 1.127 |
Variety | 0 − 20 | 13.48 ± 3.26 | 13.58 ± 3.66 | 0.197 |
Vegetable group | 0 − 5 | 82.68 ± 1.41 | 82.97 ± 1.55 | 1.422 |
Fruits group | 0 − 5 | 81.90 ± 1.71 | 82.52 ± 1.94 | 2.347∗ |
Grain group | 0 − 5 | 84.29 ± 1.01 | 84.21 ± 1.04 | 0.618 |
Fiber | 0 − 5 | 83.28 ± 1.27 | 83.60 ± 1.28 | 1.774 |
Protein | 0 − 5 | 84.95 ± 0.32 | 84.97 ± 0.23 | 0.574 |
Iron | 0 − 5 | 83.88 ± 1.16 | 83.85 ± 1.29 | 0.207 |
Calcium | 0 − 5 | 82.44 ± 1.43 | 82.56 ± 1.38 | 0.625 |
Vitamin C | 0 − 5 | 83.37 ± 1.50 | 83.68 ± 1.38 | 1.506 |
Adequacy | 0 − 40 | 26.79 ± 5.94 | 28.37 ± 6.14 | 1.850 |
Total fat | 0 − 6 | 85.02 ± 1.64 | 85.10 ± 1.63 | 0.330 |
Saturated fat | 0 − 6 | 85.63 ± 1.10 | 85.42 ± 1.38 | 1.140 |
Cholesterol | 0 − 6 | 83.85 ± 2.48 | 84.44 ± 2.07 | 1.893 |
Sodium | 0 − 6 | 82.68 ± 0.61 | 82.44 ± 0.72 | 2.582∗∗ |
Empty calorie foods | 0 − 6 | 82.23 ± 2.52 | 84.44 ± 2.07 | 7.001∗∗∗ |
Moderation | 0 − 30 | 19.46 ± 4.95 | 21.73 ± 4.00 | 3.378∗∗∗ |
Macronutrient ratio (Carbohydrate : Protein : Fat) | 0 − 6 | 82.13 ± 2.10 | 81.89 ± 2.31 | 0.773 |
Fatty acid ratio (PUFA : MUFA : SFA) | 0 − 4 | 80.41 ± 0.96 | 80.30 ± 0.86 | 0.828 |
Overall balance | 0 − 10 | 82.54 ± 2.09 | 82.19 ± 2.31 | 1.131 |
Total | 100 | 62.60 ± 8.95 | 65.87 ± 9.86 | 2.525∗ |
1) Values are Mean ± SD
Significantly different between men and women groups by student's t test at ∗: P < 0.05, ∗∗: P < 0.01 and ∗∗∗: P < 0.001
Comparison of DQI-I in the subjects according to serum hs-CRP and Adiponectin level
hs-CRP (µg/mL) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q 1 (n = 47) | Q 2 (n = 44) | Q 3 (n = 47) | Q 4 (n = 45) | Q 5 (n = 46) | Total (N = 229) | |
Variety | 13.51 ± 83.8721) | 13.27 ± 3.252 | 13.26 ± 82.952 | 13.64 ± 3.524 | 13.87 ± 3.344 | 13.51 ± 3.382 |
Adequacy | 27.68 ± 86.058 | 27.23 ± 5.665 | 27.00 ± 85.912 | 26.22 ± 6.153 | 28.33 ± 6.415 | 27.30 ± 6.036 |
Moderation | 21.34 ± 84.620 | 20.43 ± 4.133 | 19.23 ± 85.230 | 19.69 ± 4.709 | 20.27 ± 4.901 | 20.18 ± 4.757 |
Balance | 82.34 ± 81.970 | 82.82 ± 2.414 | 82.64 ± 81.961 | 82.67 ± 2.132 | 82.70 ± 1.942 | 82.63 ± 2.075 |
Total | 64.84 ± 10.163 | 64.38 ± 8.307 | 62.12 ± 89.504 | 62.22 ± 8.468 | 65.45 ± 9.959 | 63.77 ± 9.338 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | ||||||
Q 1 (n = 45) | Q 2 (n = 46) | Q 3 (n = 46) | Q 4 (n = 46) | Q 5 (n = 46) | Total (N = 229) | |
Variety | 13.67 ± 83.268 | 13.26 ± 3.587 | 13.65 ± 83.261 | 13.17 ± 3.440 | 13.80 ± 3.442 | 13.51 ± 3.382 |
Adequacy | 28.73 ± 85.561 | 26.70 ± 6.397 | 26.48 ± 86.257 | 26.24 ± 6.201 | 28.37 ± 5.511 | 27.30 ± 6.036 |
Moderation | 19.71 ± 84.883a | 19.96 ± 4.871ab | 19.47 ± 85.459a | 19.93 ± 4.590ab | 21.93 ± 3.502b | 20.18 ± 4.757 |
Balance | 82.98 ± 81.840 | 82.35 ± 1.946 | 82.83 ± 82.407 | 82.57 ± 2.051 | 82.43 ± 2.105 | 82.63 ± 2.075 |
Total | 65.08 ± 89.253ab | 62.57 ± 8.457a | 62.68 ± 10.394a | 61.82 ± 9.504a | 66.88 ± 8.349b | 63.77 ± 9.338 |
1) Values are Mean ± SD
a, b values with different letters within the same line are significantly different from each other by Duncan's test at P = 0.05
1) Values are Mean ± SD, 2) BMI: Body Mass Index, 3) WC: Waist Circumference, 4) SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure, 5) DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure, 6) GGT: Gamma Glutamyl Transferase, 7) HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 8) LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 9) hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, Significantly different between men and women groups by student's t test at ∗: P < 0.05, ∗∗: P < 0.01 and ∗∗∗: P < 0.001
Significantly different at ∗: P < 0.05 and ∗∗: P < 0.01 Serum hs-CRP and Adiponectin concentrations were logarithmically transformed because of their right-skewed deviation.
1) Values are Mean ± SD All values are not significantly different between the two groups by student's t-test
1) Adjustment for waist circumference 2) Adjustment for waist circumference, glucose, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol Significantly different at ∗: P < 0.05 and ∗∗: P < 0.01
1) Values are Mean ± SD Significantly different between men and women groups by student's t test at ∗: P < 0.05, ∗∗: P < 0.01 and ∗∗∗: P < 0.001
1) Values are Mean ± SD a, b values with different letters within the same line are significantly different from each other by Duncan's test at P = 0.05