Sim-Yeol Lee; Seung-Sin Lee; Gyoung-Mi Kim; Soo-Chang Kim

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.302

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A Study on the General and Nutritional Information of Children's Preference Foods Sold in the Middle, High School Stores: Sim-Yeol Lee, Seung-Sin Lee^†,1, Gyoung-Mi Kim², Soo-Chang Kim³; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2012;17(3):302-311.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.302
Published online: December 18, 2012

Department of Home Economics Education, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea

¹Department of Consumer Information Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea

²Incheon Bunae Elementary School, Incheon, Korea

³Food Safety Bureau, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Osong, Korea

Department of Home Economics Education, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea

¹Department of Consumer Information Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea

²Incheon Bunae Elementary School, Incheon, Korea

³Food Safety Bureau, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Osong, Korea

†Corresponding author: Seung-Sin Lee, Department of Consumer Information Science, Konkuk University, Hwang-dong 1, Kwangjin Gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea Tel: (02) 450-3778, Fax: (02) 450-4084 E-mail: Lchung@konkuk.ac.kr

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary data for better safety control over children's preference foods sold in school stores. The survey was conducted from June to July 2009, to collect 749 types of children's preference foods sold in 150 middle and high school stores nation-wide excluding Jeju Island and general and nutrition information were analyzed. Out of 749 types of snack food items, 689 and 602 snacks were sold at high school and middle school stores respectively. Among children's preference foods, cookies, bread, and ice-cream were the main items. Among them, 98% of snacks were domestic products and the price range of each individual snacks were mostly between 600 and 900 won. 27.8% of children's preference foods sold were found to be in the high calorie/ low nutrition food group. Even though the proportion of candy and fruit/vegetable beverages sold were not high, their proportion in high calorie/low nutrition snack group were higher than 68.1%. Among the children's preference foods sold in middleand high school stores, carbonated drinks and ramen were continuously sold in certain middle and high schools, even though sales were prohibited. This study concludes that government, corporations and retailers should work together in developing healthier children's snack distribution environment. In addition, dairy products, which take up 15% of children's preference food, should be diversified to meet their nutrient requirements. (Korean J Community Nutr 17(3) : 302~311, 2012)
Keywords: children's; preference foods; middle; high school store; nutrition information

Table 1.

Children's preference foods sold by school type

Classification		Total	School type
Classification		Total	Middle	High
	Cookies	223 (529.8)¹⁾	193 (532.1)	211 (530.6)
Confectionery	Candies	66 (558.8)	55 (559.1)	55 (558.0)
	Ice-bar	30 (554.0)	23 (553.8)	29 (554.2)
Breads		122 (516.3)	81 (513.5)	112 (516.3)
Chocolates		57 (557.6)	47 (557.8)	56 (558.1)
	Processed	31 (554.1)	27 (554.5)	30 (554.4)
Milk products	Permented	6 (550.8)	5 (550.8)	4 (550.6)
	Ice cream products	75 (510.0)	64 (510.6)	64 (559.3)
Fish products		1 (550.1)	0 (550.0)	1 (550.1)
Fried noodles (Cup ramen)		16 (552.1)	13 (552.2)	16 (552.3)
Beverage	Fruit and vegetable	55 (557.4)	44 (557.3)	52 (557.6)
	Carbonatec drinking	14 (551.9)	9 (551.5)	14 (552.0)
	Lactobacillus beverage	4 (550.5)	4 (550.7)	3 (550.4)
	Mixing beverage	37 (554.9)	28 (554.7)	31 (554.5)
Ready-to-eat foods (Kimbaps, Hamburgers, Sandwiches)		12 (551.6)	9 (551.5)	11 (551.6)
	Total	749 (100.0)	602 (100.0)	689 (100.0)

1) N (%): N refers to the number of snack types, not the total number of snacks

Table 2.

Children's preference foods based on its origin

Classification	Total	Origin
Classification	Total	Domestic	Foreign
Confectionary	319 (542.6)¹⁾	308 (596.6)	11 (3.4)
Breads	122 (516.3)	122 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Chocolates	57 (557.6)	56 (598.2)	1 (1.8)
Milk products	112 (515.0)	112 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Fish products	1 (550.1)	1 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Fried noddles	16 (552.1)	16 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Beverage	110 (514.7)	109 (599.7)	1 (0.9)
Ready-to-eat food	12 (551.6)	12 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Total	749 (100.0)	736 (598.3)	13 (1.7)

1) N (%): N refers to the number of snack types, not the total number of snacks

Table 3.

Children's preference foods by business scale

Classification	Business scale
Classification	Large	Small & medium
Confectionary	216 (567.7)¹⁾	103 (32.3)
Breads	43 (535.2)	79 (64.8)
Chocolates	46 (580.7)	11 (19.3)
Milk products	64 (557.1)	48 (42.9)
Fish products	1 (100.0)	0 (50.0)
Fried noddles	11 (568.8)	5 (31.3)
Beverage	69 (562.7)	41 (37.7)
Ready-to-eat food	2 (516.7)	10 (83.3)
Total	452 (560.3)	297 (39.7)

1) N (%): N refers to the number of snack types, not the total number of snacks Standard: Large companies - Listed within the Top 1,000 companies; data provided by the Korean Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Marketable security/KOSDAQ listed companies and External Auditing Companies listed within the Top 1,000 companies in regard to Total Asset and Sales standard)

Table 4.

Children's preference foods by cost

Classification		Cost (Won)
Classification	Less than 500	600~900	More than 1,000
Confectionary	110 (534.7)¹⁾	120 (537.9)	87 (527.4)
Breads	5 (554.1)	117 (595.9)	0 (550.0)
Chocolates	21 (536.8)	18 (531.6)	18 (531.6)
Milk products	6 (555.4)	87 (577.7)	19 (517.0)
Fish products	1 (100.0)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)
Fried noddles	0 (550.0)	2 (512.5)	14 (587.5)
Beverage	18 (516.5)	79 (572.5)	12 (511.0)
Ready-to-eat food	0 (550.0)	11 (100.0)	0 (550.0)
Total	161 (521.6)	434 (558.3)	150 (520.1)

1) N (%): N refers to the number of snack types, not the total number of snacks

Table 5.

Nutrient contents of children's preference foods sold in school stores

Classification	Cookies	Candies	Ice-bar	Ice cream products	Processed milk	Fermented milk	Breads	Chocolates
Energy (kcal)	180.6 ± 79.7¹⁾	58.3 ± 55.3	131.3 ± 528.6	146.0 ± 54.1	124.2 ± 30.6	126.3 ± 567.9	275.5 ± 569.1	152.5 ± 37.8
Carbohydrate (g)	525.1 ± 12.6	13.2 ± 12.9	526.7 ± 556.5	522.1 ± 56.4	519.2 ± 55.3	565.3 ± 590.0	540.6 ± 511.6	518.4 ± 55.1
Sugars (g)	557.1 ± 55.8	10.3 ± 10.4	523.5 ± 557.0	518.2 ± 55.4	518.0 ± 55.0	513.8 ± 553.6	513.1 ± 557.3	511.5 ± 53.9
Protein (g)	552.4 ± 51.5	50.2 ± 50.4	550.7 ± 550.8	551.7 ± 51.4	554.1 ± 51.2	554.8 ± 552.1	555.5 ± 552.2	551.9 ± 50.9
Fat (g)5	558.1 ± 54.7	50.5 ± 50.7	552.5 ± 552.9	555.4 ± 54.1	554.0 ± 53.0	553.6 ± 553.1	559.8 ± 554.1	557.9 ± 53.1
Saturated fat (g)	553.7 ± 53.2	50.5 ± 50.75	551.5 ± 551.6	553.6 ± 52.7	552.0 ± 51.2	552.9 ± 552.4	554.5 ± 553.5	554.8 ± 52.2
Trans fat (g)	550.1 ± 50.2	−	−	550.0 ± 50.1	550.0 ± 50.2	−	550.1 ± 550.3	550.1 ± 50.2
Cholesterol (mg)	552.6 ± 55.9	−	552.0 ± 553.7	557.9 ± 57.4	511.0 ± 55.3	558.3 ± 510.1	522.3 ± 524.6	553.7 ± 54.2
Sodium (mg)	131.7 ± 98.6	54.9 ± 10.9	545.3 ± 560.4	550.6 ± 33.6	588.3 ± 31.4	566.1 ± 551.5	273.8 ± 145.0	550.4 ± 35.6
Serving size (g)	537.2 ± 16.1	17.4 ± 14.8	121.6 ± 528.7	103.5 ± 40.9	206.3 ± 24.8	105.8 ± 526.6	576.9 ± 516.5	529.5 ± 56.3
Net contents (g)	574.5 ± 58.1	44.4 ± 28.7	145.7 ± 136.5	104.1 ± 41.0	206.3 ± 24.8	185.8 ± 144.3	577.3 ± 515.1	574.7 ± 96.0

1) Mean ± SD

Table 5.

Nutrient contents of children's preference foods sold in school stores (Continued)

Classification	Fruit and vegetable beverage	Carbonated drinking	Lactobacillus beverage	Mixing beverage	Fried noodles (Cup ramyun)	Ready-to-eat foods (Kimbaps, Hamburgers, Sandwiches)
Energy (kcal)	101.6 ± 530.2¹⁾	108.2 ± 539.2	131.3 ± 528.6	576.0 ± 32.2	5464.5 ± 534.7	272.0 ± 531.4
Carbohydrate (g)	524.8 ± 557.3	527.0 ± 559.6	526.7 ± 556.5	518.7 ± 57.6	5570.3 ± 557.1	533.3 ± 553.0
Sugars (g)	523.8 ± 556.9	526.1 ± 510.9	523.5 ± 557.0	516.2 ± 58.5	5555.9 ± 554.6	557.5 ± 553.7
Protein (g)	550.1 ± 550.4	551.1 ± 553.1	550.7 ± 550.8	551.5 ± 54.7	5558.4 ± 550.9	558.4 ± 550.9
Fat (g)	550.0 ± 550.1	−	552.5 ± 552.9	550.1 ± 53.7	5516.7 ± 552.1	512.1 ± 554.5
Saturated fat (g)	550.0 ± 550.1	−	551.5 ± 551.6	550.0 ± 50.3	5558.5 ± 551.5	555.2 ± 552.5
Trans fat (g)	−	−	−	550.9 ± 53.4	−	−
Cholesterol (mg)	−	−	552.0 ± 553.7	550.2 ± 50.9	5550.5 ± 552.2	555.8 ± 558.5
Sodium (mg)	525.0 ± 520.2	523.2 ± 524.3	545.3 ± 560.4	535.1 ± 29.2	1806.1 ± 464.7	475.5 ± 121.6
Serving size (g)	210.4 ± 545.4	204.3 ± 566.2	121.6 ± 528.7	181.1 ± 66.7	5109.6 ± 559.6	105.6 ± 557.3
Net contents (g)	291.6 ± 354.9	280.0 ± 119.0	145.7 ± 136.5	224.7 ± 84.9	5108.9 ± 559.9	112.5 ± 511.4

1) Mean ± SD

Table 6.

Nutrient contents range of children's preference foods sold in school stores

Classification	Cookies	Candies	Ice-bar	Ice cream products	Processed milk	Fermented milk	Breads	Chocolates
Energy (kcal)	55~525¹⁾	56~380	70~185	80~350	570~195	545~210	69~600	80~265
Carbohydrate (g)	52~588	51~591	17~541	12~540	510~527	513~200	54~581	59~533
Sugars (g)	50~740	50~560	50~250	50~204	545~210	520~120	30~730	56~196
Protein (g)	50~740	50~560	50~250		545~210	520~140	30~730	56~196
Fat (g)	50~534	50~553	50~511	50~520	552~518	551~558	51~524	52~514
Saturated fat (g)	50~551	−	−	50~551	550~551	−	50~552	50~551
Trans fat (g)	50~551	−	−	−	550~551	−	50~552	50~551
Cholesterol (mg)	50~542	−	50~510	50~542	550~525	550~523	50~590	50~520
Sodium (mg)	50~740	50~560	50~250	50~204	545~210	520~140	30~730	56~196
Serving size (g)	52~120	52~560	70~170	65~230	180~310	580~150	25~120	16~550
Net contents (g)	12~650	10~175	70~802	65~230	180~310	100~400	25~120	16~504

1) Minimum~Maximum

Table 6.

Nutrient contents range of children's preference foods sold in school stores (Continued)

Classification	Fruit and vegetable beverage	Carbonated drinking	Lactobacillus beverage	Mixing beverage	e Fried noodles (Cup ramen) (	Ready-to-eat foods (Kimbaps, Hamburgers, Sandwiches)
Energy (kcal)	580~110¹⁾	555~200	560~100	540~175	370~5525	230~340
Carbohydrate (g)	519~525	514~550	512~525	510~544	553~5582	529~539
Sugars (g)	510~540	550~565	520~590	550~596	760~2680	290~590
Protein (g)	510~540	550~565	520~590	550~120	760~2680	290~590
Fat (g)	−	−	−	550~551	514~5522	555~520
Saturated fat (g)	−	−	−	−	−	−
Trans fat (g)	−	−	−	550~514	−	−
Cholesterol (mg)	−	−	−	−	550~5559	550~526
Sodium (mg)	510~540	550~565	520~590	550~120	760~2680	290~590
Serving size (g)	150~180	100~355	100~190	550~340	586~5120	100~120
Net contents (g)	150~180	100~500	180~240	100~600	586~5120	100~130

1) Minimum~Maximum

Table 7.

Comparison of children's preference foods by high calorie·low nutrition classification

Classification		High calorie·low nutritious foods	Others
	Cookies	15 (556.8)¹⁾	206 (593.2)
Confectionery	Candies	40 (569.0)	18 (531.0)
	Ice-bar	9 (560.0)	6 (540.0)
Breads		12 (510.0)	108 (590.0)
Chocolates		10 (517.9)	46 (582.1)
	Processed	−	31 (100.0)
Milk products	Fermented	−	6 (100.0)
	Ice cream products	29 (541.4)	41 (558.6)
Fish products		−	−
Fried noodles (Cup ramyun)		16 (100.0)	−
	Fruit and vegetable	44 (588.0)	6 (512.0)
Beverage	Carbonated drinking Lactobacillus beverage	7 (570.0) 1 (525.0)	3 (530.0) 3 (575.0)
	Mixing beverage	11 (531.4)	24 (568.6)
Ready-to-eat foods		2 (522.2)	7 (577.8)
	Total	196 (528.0)	505 (572.0)

1) N (%): N refers to the number of snack types, not the total number of snacks

Table 8.

Distribution of high calorie·low nutrition food on children's preference foods by business scale

Classification	Large scale		Small & medium scale
Classification	High calorie · low nutritious foods	Others	High calorie · low nutritious foods	Others
Confectionary	49 (524.3)¹⁾	153 (75.7)	15 (516.3)	77 (83.7)
Breads	4 (559.3)	39 (90.7)	8 (510.4)	69 (89.6)
Chocolates	6 (513.3)	39 (86.7)	4 (536.4)	7 (63.6)
Milk products	13 (521.7)	47 (56.1)	16 (534.0)	31 (66.0)
Fish products	1 (100.0)	−	−	−
Fried noddles	11 (100.0)	−	5 (100.0)	−
Beverage	44 (573.3)	16 (26.7)	19 (548.7)	20 (51.3)
Ready-to-eat food	−	−	2 (100.0)	−
Total	128 (530.0)	296 (70.0)	69 (524.8)	209 (75.2)

1) N (%): N refers to the number of snack types, not the total number of snacks

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Figure & Data

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A Study on the General and Nutritional Information of Children's Preference Foods Sold in the Middle, High School Stores

Korean J Community Nutr. 2012;17(3):302-311. Published online June 30, 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.302

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A Study on the General and Nutritional Information of Children's Preference Foods Sold in the Middle, High School Stores

Table 1.

Children's preference foods sold by school type

Classification		Total	School type
Classification		Total	Middle	High
	Cookies	223 (529.8)¹⁾	193 (532.1)	211 (530.6)
Confectionery	Candies	66 (558.8)	55 (559.1)	55 (558.0)
	Ice-bar	30 (554.0)	23 (553.8)	29 (554.2)
Breads		122 (516.3)	81 (513.5)	112 (516.3)
Chocolates		57 (557.6)	47 (557.8)	56 (558.1)
	Processed	31 (554.1)	27 (554.5)	30 (554.4)
Milk products	Permented	6 (550.8)	5 (550.8)	4 (550.6)
	Ice cream products	75 (510.0)	64 (510.6)	64 (559.3)
Fish products		1 (550.1)	0 (550.0)	1 (550.1)
Fried noodles (Cup ramen)		16 (552.1)	13 (552.2)	16 (552.3)
Beverage	Fruit and vegetable	55 (557.4)	44 (557.3)	52 (557.6)
	Carbonatec drinking	14 (551.9)	9 (551.5)	14 (552.0)
	Lactobacillus beverage	4 (550.5)	4 (550.7)	3 (550.4)
	Mixing beverage	37 (554.9)	28 (554.7)	31 (554.5)
Ready-to-eat foods (Kimbaps, Hamburgers, Sandwiches)		12 (551.6)	9 (551.5)	11 (551.6)
	Total	749 (100.0)	602 (100.0)	689 (100.0)

1) N (%): N refers to the number of snack types, not the total number of snacks

Table 2.

Children's preference foods based on its origin

Classification	Total	Origin
Classification	Total	Domestic	Foreign
Confectionary	319 (542.6)¹⁾	308 (596.6)	11 (3.4)
Breads	122 (516.3)	122 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Chocolates	57 (557.6)	56 (598.2)	1 (1.8)
Milk products	112 (515.0)	112 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Fish products	1 (550.1)	1 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Fried noddles	16 (552.1)	16 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Beverage	110 (514.7)	109 (599.7)	1 (0.9)
Ready-to-eat food	12 (551.6)	12 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Total	749 (100.0)	736 (598.3)	13 (1.7)

1) N (%): N refers to the number of snack types, not the total number of snacks

Table 3.

Children's preference foods by business scale

Classification	Business scale
Classification	Large	Small & medium
Confectionary	216 (567.7)¹⁾	103 (32.3)
Breads	43 (535.2)	79 (64.8)
Chocolates	46 (580.7)	11 (19.3)
Milk products	64 (557.1)	48 (42.9)
Fish products	1 (100.0)	0 (50.0)
Fried noddles	11 (568.8)	5 (31.3)
Beverage	69 (562.7)	41 (37.7)
Ready-to-eat food	2 (516.7)	10 (83.3)
Total	452 (560.3)	297 (39.7)

Table 4.

Children's preference foods by cost

Classification		Cost (Won)
Classification	Less than 500	600~900	More than 1,000
Confectionary	110 (534.7)¹⁾	120 (537.9)	87 (527.4)
Breads	5 (554.1)	117 (595.9)	0 (550.0)
Chocolates	21 (536.8)	18 (531.6)	18 (531.6)
Milk products	6 (555.4)	87 (577.7)	19 (517.0)
Fish products	1 (100.0)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)
Fried noddles	0 (550.0)	2 (512.5)	14 (587.5)
Beverage	18 (516.5)	79 (572.5)	12 (511.0)
Ready-to-eat food	0 (550.0)	11 (100.0)	0 (550.0)
Total	161 (521.6)	434 (558.3)	150 (520.1)

1) N (%): N refers to the number of snack types, not the total number of snacks

Table 5.

Nutrient contents of children's preference foods sold in school stores

Classification	Cookies	Candies	Ice-bar	Ice cream products	Processed milk	Fermented milk	Breads	Chocolates
Energy (kcal)	180.6 ± 79.7¹⁾	58.3 ± 55.3	131.3 ± 528.6	146.0 ± 54.1	124.2 ± 30.6	126.3 ± 567.9	275.5 ± 569.1	152.5 ± 37.8
Carbohydrate (g)	525.1 ± 12.6	13.2 ± 12.9	526.7 ± 556.5	522.1 ± 56.4	519.2 ± 55.3	565.3 ± 590.0	540.6 ± 511.6	518.4 ± 55.1
Sugars (g)	557.1 ± 55.8	10.3 ± 10.4	523.5 ± 557.0	518.2 ± 55.4	518.0 ± 55.0	513.8 ± 553.6	513.1 ± 557.3	511.5 ± 53.9
Protein (g)	552.4 ± 51.5	50.2 ± 50.4	550.7 ± 550.8	551.7 ± 51.4	554.1 ± 51.2	554.8 ± 552.1	555.5 ± 552.2	551.9 ± 50.9
Fat (g)5	558.1 ± 54.7	50.5 ± 50.7	552.5 ± 552.9	555.4 ± 54.1	554.0 ± 53.0	553.6 ± 553.1	559.8 ± 554.1	557.9 ± 53.1
Saturated fat (g)	553.7 ± 53.2	50.5 ± 50.75	551.5 ± 551.6	553.6 ± 52.7	552.0 ± 51.2	552.9 ± 552.4	554.5 ± 553.5	554.8 ± 52.2
Trans fat (g)	550.1 ± 50.2	−	−	550.0 ± 50.1	550.0 ± 50.2	−	550.1 ± 550.3	550.1 ± 50.2
Cholesterol (mg)	552.6 ± 55.9	−	552.0 ± 553.7	557.9 ± 57.4	511.0 ± 55.3	558.3 ± 510.1	522.3 ± 524.6	553.7 ± 54.2
Sodium (mg)	131.7 ± 98.6	54.9 ± 10.9	545.3 ± 560.4	550.6 ± 33.6	588.3 ± 31.4	566.1 ± 551.5	273.8 ± 145.0	550.4 ± 35.6
Serving size (g)	537.2 ± 16.1	17.4 ± 14.8	121.6 ± 528.7	103.5 ± 40.9	206.3 ± 24.8	105.8 ± 526.6	576.9 ± 516.5	529.5 ± 56.3
Net contents (g)	574.5 ± 58.1	44.4 ± 28.7	145.7 ± 136.5	104.1 ± 41.0	206.3 ± 24.8	185.8 ± 144.3	577.3 ± 515.1	574.7 ± 96.0

1) Mean ± SD

Table 5.

Nutrient contents of children's preference foods sold in school stores (Continued)