Eun-Su Lim; Young-Sook Cho; Se-Na Kim; Sook-Bae Kim

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.689

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Original Article
Development and Effects' Analysis of Nutrition Education Pamphlet for the Higherr Grades Elementary Students: Focused on Individual Daily Needed Food Exchange Units: Eun-Su Lim, Young-Sook Cho, Se-Na Kim, Sook-Bae Kim; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2012;17(6):689-706.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.689
Published online: December 31, 2012

Graduate School of Education, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.

¹Department of Agrofood Resources, NAAS, RDA, Suwon, Korea.

²Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.

Corresponding author: Sook-Bae Kim, Chonbuk National University, 664-14, Duk-Jin Dong 1-Ga, Duk-Jin Gu, Jeonju 561-756, Korea. Tel: (063) 270-3823, Fax: (063) 270-3854, sbkim@jbnu.ac.kr

• Received: November 20, 2012 • Revised: December 14, 2012 • Accepted: December 14, 2012

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Abstract
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REFERENCES

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a nutrition education focused on Food Exchange System for the higher grades elementary children. Nutrition education lessons (40 min/lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups', 'daily needed energy and food exchange units', 'good choice of snacks and balanced exercise' were provided to elementary students (5th grade students). This research was based on the data from two groups of elementary school children in the 'education' group (n = 31) and 'non-education' group (n = 31). We assessed the changes in dietary attitude, food habit and nutrition knowledge using questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24hr recall method by nutrition education using the developed pamphlet. After education, there was a significant difference in the dietary attitude score only in attitude of 'balanced meal' (p < 0.001) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In food habit, there were significant positive changes in the type of breakfast and in the priority of choosing snack in the educated group. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'function of carbohydrate' (p < 0.05), 'function of fat' (p < 0.01), 'function of vitamin' (p < 0.01), 'foods of carbohydrate' (p < 0.01), and 'foods of vitamin' (p < 0.01) in the educated group. After education,carbohydrate: protein: fat (CPF) ratio was significantly different between the two groups (education group, 59 : 16 : 26 vs. non-education group, 63 : 15 : 23). In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), there were significant positive effects in energy (p < 0.05), thiamin (p < 0.05), riboflavin (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.05), phosphorus (p < 0.01), Fe (p < 0.01) and zinc (p < 0.01) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In conclusion, the developed 4 times' nutritional education pamphlet focused on individual daily energy requirements and food exchange units using food exchange system for higher grades' elementary student may positively change nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes.
Keywords: Food Exchange System; nutrition education; higher grades elementary school students; pamphlet

NOTES

^*This study was carried out with the support of "Cooperative Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (PJ006488)", Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

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Fig. 1

The developed nutrition education pamphlet.

Table 1

The contents and tools of nutrition education

Table 2

General characteristics of the subjects

1) N (%)

Table 3

Height, weight, obesity index of subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) By ANCOVA test

Obesity index (%) = kjcn-17-689-i013

< -10: underweight, -10 ≤ < 10: normal, 10 ≤ < 20: overweight, 20 ≤ obese

N (%)

^*: p < 0.05 by t-test

NS: Not Significant

Table 4

Dietary attitudes of the subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) By ANCOVA test

3) Denotes a negatively phrased and reversely scored item

^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by t-test

NS: Not Significant

Table 5

Food attitudes of the subjects

1) N (%)

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01 by chi-square test

NS: Not Significant

Table 6

Nutrition knowledge of the subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) By ANCOVA test

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01 by t-test

NS: Not Significant

Table 7

Nutrient intakes of subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) by ANCOVA test

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by t-test

NS: Not Significant

Table 8

Carbohydrate : Protein : Fat(CPF) ratio of subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) ^***: p < 0.001 by ANCOVA test

^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by t-test

CPF: Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat

NS: Not Significant

Table 9

Macronutrient intakes of subjects

1) N (%)

2) EER: Estimated Energy Requirement

3) EAR: Estimated Average Requirement

4) RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intake

5) AI: Adequate Intake

^*: p < 0.05 by Mann-Whitney U Test

NS: Not Significant

Table 10

Vitamin intakes of subjects

1) EAR: Estimated Average Requirement

2) N (%)

3) RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intake

4) UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level

5) AI: Adequate Intake

^*: p < 0.05 by Mann-Whitney U Test

NS: Not Significant

Table 11

Mineral intakes of subjects

1) EAR: Estimated Average Requirement

2) N (%)

3) RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intake

4) By ANCOVA test

5) UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level

6) AI: Adequate Intake

7) Goal: Population nutrient intake goal

^**: p < 0.01 by Mann-Whitney U Test

Table 12

Satisfaction with nutrition education pamphlet of subjects

1) N (%)

2) Values are Mean ± SD

Score) Dissatisfied: 1, Normal: 2, Satisfied: 3

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

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Development and Effects' Analysis of Nutrition Education Pamphlet for the Higherr Grades Elementary Students: Focused on Individual Daily Needed Food Exchange Units

Korean J Community Nutr. 2012;17(6):689-706. Published online December 31, 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.689

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Development and Effects' Analysis of Nutrition Education Pamphlet for the Higherr Grades Elementary Students: Focused on Individual Daily Needed Food Exchange Units

Fig. 1 The developed nutrition education pamphlet.

Fig. 1

Development and Effects' Analysis of Nutrition Education Pamphlet for the Higherr Grades Elementary Students: Focused on Individual Daily Needed Food Exchange Units

Table 1

The contents and tools of nutrition education

Table 2

General characteristics of the subjects

1) N (%)

Table 3

Height, weight, obesity index of subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) By ANCOVA test

Obesity index (%) =

< -10: underweight, -10 ≤ < 10: normal, 10 ≤ < 20: overweight, 20 ≤ obese

N (%)

^*: p < 0.05 by t-test

NS: Not Significant

Table 4

Dietary attitudes of the subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) By ANCOVA test

3) Denotes a negatively phrased and reversely scored item

^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by t-test

NS: Not Significant

Table 5

Food attitudes of the subjects

1) N (%)

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01 by chi-square test

NS: Not Significant

Table 6

Nutrition knowledge of the subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) By ANCOVA test

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01 by t-test

NS: Not Significant

Table 7

Nutrient intakes of subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) by ANCOVA test

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by t-test

NS: Not Significant

Table 8

Carbohydrate : Protein : Fat(CPF) ratio of subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) ^***: p < 0.001 by ANCOVA test

^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by t-test

CPF: Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat

NS: Not Significant

Table 9

Macronutrient intakes of subjects

1) N (%)

2) EER: Estimated Energy Requirement

3) EAR: Estimated Average Requirement

4) RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intake

5) AI: Adequate Intake

^*: p < 0.05 by Mann-Whitney U Test

NS: Not Significant

Table 10

Vitamin intakes of subjects

1) EAR: Estimated Average Requirement

2) N (%)

3) RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intake

4) UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level

5) AI: Adequate Intake

^*: p < 0.05 by Mann-Whitney U Test

NS: Not Significant

Table 11

Mineral intakes of subjects

1) EAR: Estimated Average Requirement

2) N (%)

3) RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intake

4) By ANCOVA test

5) UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level

6) AI: Adequate Intake

7) Goal: Population nutrient intake goal

^**: p < 0.01 by Mann-Whitney U Test

Table 12

Satisfaction with nutrition education pamphlet of subjects

1) N (%)

2) Values are Mean ± SD

Score) Dissatisfied: 1, Normal: 2, Satisfied: 3

Table 1 The contents and tools of nutrition education

Table 2 General characteristics of the subjects

1) N (%)

Table 3 Height, weight, obesity index of subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) By ANCOVA test

Obesity index (%) =

< -10: underweight, -10 ≤ < 10: normal, 10 ≤ < 20: overweight, 20 ≤ obese

N (%)

^*: p < 0.05 by t-test

NS: Not Significant

Table 4 Dietary attitudes of the subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) By ANCOVA test

3) Denotes a negatively phrased and reversely scored item

^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by t-test

NS: Not Significant

Table 5 Food attitudes of the subjects

1) N (%)

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01 by chi-square test

NS: Not Significant

Table 6 Nutrition knowledge of the subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) By ANCOVA test

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01 by t-test

NS: Not Significant

Table 7 Nutrient intakes of subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) by ANCOVA test

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by t-test

NS: Not Significant

Table 8 Carbohydrate : Protein : Fat(CPF) ratio of subjects

1) Values are Mean ± SD

2) ^***: p < 0.001 by ANCOVA test

^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by t-test

CPF: Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat

NS: Not Significant

Table 9 Macronutrient intakes of subjects

1) N (%)

2) EER: Estimated Energy Requirement

3) EAR: Estimated Average Requirement

4) RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intake

5) AI: Adequate Intake

^*: p < 0.05 by Mann-Whitney U Test

NS: Not Significant

Table 10 Vitamin intakes of subjects

1) EAR: Estimated Average Requirement

2) N (%)

3) RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intake

4) UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level

5) AI: Adequate Intake

^*: p < 0.05 by Mann-Whitney U Test

NS: Not Significant

Table 11 Mineral intakes of subjects

1) EAR: Estimated Average Requirement

2) N (%)

3) RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intake

4) By ANCOVA test

5) UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level

6) AI: Adequate Intake

7) Goal: Population nutrient intake goal

^**: p < 0.01 by Mann-Whitney U Test

Table 12 Satisfaction with nutrition education pamphlet of subjects

1) N (%)

2) Values are Mean ± SD

Score) Dissatisfied: 1, Normal: 2, Satisfied: 3